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49 results for “spider silk”
Silk-borne chemicals of spider nuptial gifts elicit female gift acceptance
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Rapid mid-jump production of high-performance silk by jumping spiders
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Code and data associated with 'The web architecture, dynamics, and silk investment in the social spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum'
<p>Location of the main files and folders relevant to the paper:</p> <p>All R based analyses were done with a combination of a Windows 8 laptop and a Linux Mint 19.2 Cinnamon.<br> The nparLD analyses require R version 2.15.3, and the other analyses were done with R version<br> 3.4.4. Multiple versions of R can be installed and run on the same system using the Rbuild and Renv packages. Please see the parts of the Rmd files describing the nparLD analyses to see how this was done.</p> <p>## Silk investment and topology related analyses are in the folder 'web-construction FINAL round- raw data/analysis-FINALround/analysis-results/feb_2016_Rmdfiles/</p> <p>R Markdown notebook files and associated HTML outputs used to replicate figures and results in paper:</p> <p>### Pore-size and coordination number analysis</p> <p>- beleyur_et_al_topology_analyses.Rmd</p> <p>### Silk investment and per-capita analyses</p> <p>- beleyur_et_al_silk_analyses.Rmd</p> <p>### Weight-loss analysis</p> <p>- weight_loss_analysis.Rmd</p> <p>### nparLD analysis scripts</p> <p>- poresize_CN_nparLD.R<br> - silk_nparLD.R</p> <p>## Coordination number and pore size calculations</p> <p>Code and data used to quantify the coordination number and pore size in 'AllResults.zip' - a combination of raw images, .mat data files and .m files that can be analysed using the MATLAB platform.</p> <p>All data and code in 'AllResults.zip'</p> <p> </p> <p>## Raw data location:</p> <p>'web-construction FINAL round- raw data/pics-till 11th March/pics by date and batch/'</p> <p>All raw JPG images are placed according to their batch (A-J), and group size. Please note that not all webs can be finally analysed as having the labelled group size because despite all efforts spiders somehow managed to move between colonies in some cases! Please refer to the actual colonies used in the manuscript, these webs have definitely been built by the specified number of spiders.</p> <p>## Hand-cropped images of only web with retreat</p> <p>'web-construction FINAL round- raw data/pics-till 11th March/cropped_photos_in_one_place/'</p> <p>These are TIF files made after manual cropping of the web pictures. Please see the note above explaining how to choose the webs with valid group sizes.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Web building and silk properties functionally covary among species of wolf spider
While phylogenetic studies have shown covariation between the properties of spider major ampullate (MA) silk and web building, both spider webs and silks are highly plastic so we cannot be sure whether these traits functionally co-vary or just vary across environments that the spiders occupy. Since MaSp2-like proteins provide MA silk with greater extensibility, their presence is considered necessary for spider webs to effectively capture prey. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) are predominantly non-web building, but a select few species build webs. We accordingly collected MA silk from two web building and six non-web building species found in semi-rural ecosystems in Uruguay to test whether the presence of MaSp2-like proteins (indicated by amino acid composition), silk mechanical properties, and silk nanostructures, were associated with web building across the group. The web building and non-web building species were from disparate subfamilies so we estimated a genetic phylogeny to perform appropriate comparisons. For all of the properties measured we found differences between web building and non-web building species. A phylogenetic regression model confirmed that web building and not phylogenetic inertia influences silk properties. Our study definitively showed an ecological influence over spider silk properties. We expect that the presence of the MaSp2-like proteins and the subsequent nanostructures improves the mechanical performance of silks within the webs. Our study furthers our understanding of spider web and silk co-evolution and the ecological implications of spider silk properties.
FIGURES 7–16. Stenoterommata spp. 7–11 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 7–16. Stenoterommata spp. 7–11. Stenoterommata pavesii sp. nov. 7–9. Male holotype, left palpal bulb. 7. prolateral view. 8. Dorsal view. 9. Retrolateral view. 10, 11. Female, spermathecae, paratype IBSP 166062. 10. Dorsal view. 11. Frontal view. 12–16. Stenoterommata gugai sp. nov. 12–14. Male holotype, left palpal bulb. 12. Prolateral view. 13. Dorsal view. 14. Retrolateral view. 15, 16. Female, spermathecae, paratype IBSP 166079. 15. Dorsal view. 16. Frontal view. Abbreviations: bd = spermathecal basal dome; du = receptaculum duct; e = palpal embolus; k = keels; r = receptaculum; rk = retrolateral keel with triangular apical end; sb = spermathecal base; tg = tegular grooves. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURES 49–55. Stenoterommata spp. 49–53 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 49–55. Stenoterommata spp. 49–53. Stenoterommata sevegnaniae sp. nov. 49–51. Male holotype, left palpal bulb. 49. Prolateral view. 50. Dorsal view. 51. Retrolateral view. 52, 53. Female, spermathecae, paratype IBSP 114756. 52. Dorsal view. 53. Frontal view. 54, 55. Stenoterommata pescador sp. nov., female holotype, spermathecae. 54. Dorsal view. 55. Frontal view. Abbreviations: bd = spermathecal basal dome; du = receptaculum duct; r = receptaculum; sb = spermathecal base. Scale bars: Figs 49, 51–55 = 1 mm; Fig. 50 = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 1–6. Stenoterommata spp. from eastern Santa Catarina state, Brazil. 1, 3–6. Habitus. 1, 2 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 1–6. Stenoterommata spp. from eastern Santa Catarina state, Brazil. 1, 3–6. Habitus. 1, 2. Stenoterommata pavesii sp. nov., female (IBSP 166059) from Parque Nacional da Serra do Itajaí (PNSI), Blumenau. 2. Spider burrow, frontal view. 3, 4. Stenoterommata gugai sp. nov. from Parque Municipal da Lagoinha do Leste, Santa Catarina Island, Florianópolis. 3. Male (IBSP 166213). 4. Female (IBSP 166212). 5. Stenoterommata leticiae sp. nov., female (IBSP 166201) from PNSI. 6. Stenoterommata pescador sp. nov., female (IBSP 166232) from Pântano do Sul, Santa Catarina Island, Florianópolis. Photos: R.P. Indicatti.
FIGURES 41–48. Stenoterommata spp. 41–43 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 41–48. Stenoterommata spp. 41–43. Stenoterommata peri sp. nov., male holotype, left palpal bulb. 41. prolateral view. 42. Dorsal view. 43. Retrolateral view. 44–48. Stenoterommata leticiae sp. nov. 44–46. Male holotype, left palpal bulb. 44. Prolateral view. 45. Dorsal view. 46. Retrolateral view. 47, 48. Female, spermathecae, paratype IBSP 166201. 47. Dorsal view. 48. Frontal view. Abbreviations: ap = anterior projection of the basal dome; bd = spermathecal basal dome; du = receptaculum duct; r = receptaculum; sb = spermathecal base. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURES 29–40 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 29–40. Stenoterommata pavesii sp. nov., male (IBSP 166077). 29, 30. Cuspules on maxilla. 30. Cuspule, detail, lateral view. 31. Sigillum. 32–37. Right leg I. 32. Megaspine on tibia, retrolateral view. 33. Tarsal organ, dorsal view. 34. Tarsal trichobothria, dorsal view. 35. Claws, retrolateral view. 36. Scopula, detail. 37. Claw, ventral view. 38–40. Spinnerets. 39. Posterior median spinneret. 40. Pumpkiniform spigots, posterior lateral spinneret.
FIGURES 56–64 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 56–64. Stenoterommata sevegnaniae sp. nov., male (IBSP 114755). 56–58. Right palpal bulb, retrolateral view. 57. Embolus and keels. 58. Keels, detail. 59, 60. Serrula, frontal view. 61–64. Right leg I, retrolateral view. 61. Megaspine on tibia. 62. Tarsus and scopula, general view. 63. Scopula and claws, retrolateral view. 64. Scopula, detail.
FIGURES 17–28 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 17–28. Stenoterommata pavesii sp. nov., male (IBSP 166077). 17–23. Left palpal bulb. 17, 18. Prolateral view. 19. Embolus and keels, dorsal view. 20. Tegulum with grooves, detail, prolateral view. 21, 22. Embolus and keels, dorsal view. 22. Keel, detail. 23. Palpal tibia excavation. 24, 25. Carapace, dorsal view. 25. Detail of eye tubercle. 26. Left chelicera, prolateral view. 27. Intercheliceral tumescence, detail. 28. Serrula, frontal view.
FIGURES 65–70 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 65–70. Collecting site of Stenoterommata pavesii sp. nov., Stenoterommata leticiae sp. nov. and Stenoterommata sevegnaniae sp. nov. 65–68. Parque Nacional da Serra do Itajaí, Blumenau. 69, 70. Morro da Aguada, Balneário Camboriú, both in state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
FIGURES 71–74 in Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil
FIGURES 71–74. Collecting site of Stenoterommata gugai sp. nov., Stenoterommata peri sp. nov. and Stenoterommata pescador sp. nov. 71, 72. Parque Municipal da Lagoa do Peri. 73. Sandbank (restinga), Pântano do Sul beach and Parque Municipal da Lagoinha do Leste (PMLL) in the background. 74. General view of PMLL (below) and sandbanks (restinga), Pântano do Sul beach in the background, both in southern Santa Catarina Island, Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Cribellar silk combing and line adding behaviours of the North American spider Filistatinella domestica Desales-Lara, 2012 (Araneae: Filistatidae)
<p>Video to accompany: Cribellar silk combing and line adding behaviours of the North American spider <em>Filistatinella domestica</em> Desales-Lara, 2012 (Araneae: Filistatidae). <em>Arachnology</em> <strong>19</strong>(3): 645–647.</p>
Spider silk tensile performance does not correlate with web use
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Data from: Web building and silk properties functionally covary among species of wolf spider
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Data from: Spider silk colour co-varies with thermal properties but not protein structure
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An analysis of silk density in spider webs
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Meta-analysis reveals materiomic relationships in major ampullate silk across the spider phylogeny
<p>Spider Major Ampullate (MA) silk, with its combination of strength and extensibility, outperforms any synthetic equivalents. There is thus much interest in understanding its underlying materiome. While expression of the different silk proteins (spidroins) appears an integral component of silk performance, our understanding of the nature of the relationship between the spidroins, their constituent amino acids, and MA silk mechanics is ambiguous. To provide clarity on these relationships across spider species we performed a meta-analysis utilizing phylogenetic comparative methods. These showed that glycine and proline, both of which are indicators of differential spidroin expression, had effects on MA silk mechanics across the phylogeny. We also found serine to correlate with silk mechanics, probably via its presence within the carboxyl and amino terminal domains of the spidroins. From our analyses we concluded that spidroin expression shifts across the phylogeny from predominantly MaSp1 in the MA silks of ancestral spiders to predominantly MaSp2 in the more derived spider's silks. This trend was accompanied by an enhanced ultimate strain and decreased Young's modulus in the silks. Our meta-analysis enabled us to decipher between real and apparent influences on MA silk properties, providing significant insights into spider silk and web co-evolution and enhancing our capacity to create spider silk-like materials.</p>
Data from: Silk wrapping of nuptial gifts aids cheating behaviour in male spiders
Sexual traits, such as nuptial gifts, are costly and often condition-dependent. Males should be under selection to reduce these costs without impairing their reproductive success. Spider gifts consist of silk-wrapped food, but may also consist of worthless (non-nutritive) donations that successfully lead to mating, despite yielding shorter copulations. Worthless gifts may either represent a cheaper cheating strategy or the inability to produce genuine gifts due to resource limitations (i.e. poor body condition). Unless energetic constraints limit expenditure in silk, males should apply more silk to worthless gifts to compensate for their lower reproductive value. We ask whether in Pisaura mirabilis 1) worthless gifts are condition-dependent and 2) males strategically use silk based on gift type (genuine vs worthless). We tested whether male body condition explains the gift-giving strategy and compared silk amounts covering each gift type, in gifts collected from the field and produced in the laboratory by males given different feeding regimes. Our findings show that worthless gifts are not promoted by poor body condition or limited resources. They rather result from a cheating strategy evolved to opportunistically reduce the costs of genuine gifts while ensuring nutritional advantages, with cheaters gaining body mass. Males applied more silk to worthless gifts regardless of their body condition or feeding state, suggesting they can strategically adjust silk expenditure despite its costs. By masking gift contents and prolonging female feeding, silk is crucial for the maintenance of cheating, likely resulting from an evolutionary arms race between male deception and female assessment.
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