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7,438 results for “surface”
SBC LTER: Hourly photon irradiance at the surface and seafloor, ongoing since 2008
These data represent mean hourly values of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (in units of mol m-2 s-1) at five subtidal reefs and one coastal location off Santa Barbara, California. Sensors record instantaneous irradiance at one-minute or 30 second intervals, and data are averaged hourly. Sensors are mounted on the sea floor at five sites (Arroyo Quemado, Carpinteria, Naples Reef, Isla Vista, and Mohawk Reef). A surface sensor is deployed on an unobstructed coastal rooftop at the UC Santa Barbara campus; some historical observations are available from sensors mounted above the sea surface at a subset of the five sites.
Surface Elevation Data for the Upper Phillips Creek Marsh at the Virginia Coast Reserve 1998-2025
This dataset contains data from Surface Elevation Tables (SETs), Root SETs (RSET), and Marker Horizons (MH) located at the Virginia Coast Reserve. NOTE: These research plots are highly sensitive to disturbance and should not be approached by anyone not engaged in taking measurements. Mark Brinson, Robert Christian and Linda Blum conceived the experimental design, installed (1997), and measured (1997-2011) the SET and MH. After Mark Brinson died in 2011, Robert Christian and Linda Blum continued SET and MH measurements through 2017. VCR Staff and Keryn Gedan assumed responsibility for SET and MH measurements subsequent to 2017. Linda Blum and Pat Willis installed the RSET (2003). Pat was responsible for measuring the RSET between (2003-2005). Between 2005-2017, Linda Blum was responsible for measuring the RSET in addition to the SET and MH. Subsequent to 2017, Cora Johnson Baird and Keryn Gedan assumed responsibility for RSET measurements.
Surface water quality from the Seagrass Recovery Experiment, South Bay, VA 2020-2022
To understand intra-meadow stability, the Seagrass Recovery Experiment was designed to ask 1) is recovery faster at sites with less thermal stress owing to greater exchange with cooler oceanic water at the meadow edge? 2) what is the shape of recovery? and 3) what are the recovery mechanisms? To conduct this experiment, aboveground seagrass biomass was removed from 28.3 m2 plots within the interior and along an edge of a restored seagrass meadow in South Bay, VA. Sites 1-3 correspond to the meadow interior while sites 4-6 correspond to the northern edge. Each site was comprised of a control (i.e., C) where no seagrass was disturbed and a treatment (i.e., T) where seagrass was removed (n = 12 sites total, e.g., 1C, 1T, 2C...). To further characterize differences between the meadow interior and edge, surface water quality samples were also collected and include turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, TSS ash-free dry weight, TSS percent organic matter, pelagic chlorophyll concentration, dissolved oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity, water temperature, and specific conductivity. These discrete samples were collected monthly between June-October 2020, May-October 2021, and April-October 2022 using a 1-L Nalgene bottle and a handheld YSI Pro Plus Multiparameter meter.
Global monthly catches from tuna surface fisheries by 1° grid (1958-2023) (FIRMS level 0)
<p>We compiled a comprehensive dataset of geo-referenced catches from global tuna fisheries that use fishing gears set at the water's surface. This dataset was created by harmonizing public domain data from the five tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (t-RFMOs) for the period 1958-2023. Under the auspices of the Fisheries and Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), we developed a systematic data flow process in collaboration with the t-RFMO Secretariats. This process involved the implementation of a data exchange format adhering to the standards of the FAO Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics (CWP), facilitating the seamless integration of data into the dataset.</p> <p>Geo-referenced catch data from tuna surface fisheries are reported in either the number of fish or live-weight equivalent (metric tonnes), with some strata providing catches in both units. The catches primarily represent the quantities of retained fish either landed or transhipped at sea and in ports. The data are stratified by year, month, fishing fleet, fishing gear, fishing mode, 1° grid area of longitude and latitude, and taxon.</p> <p>The dataset encompasses 42 medium- and large-sized pelagic species found in both neritic and oceanic habitats of the world's oceans. This includes 14 species of tunas, 9 species of billfish, 4 species of Spanish mackerels, 2 species of bonitos, and wahoo. Despite uncertainties and incomplete data due to under-reporting, the dataset also includes reported catches for 12 species of pelagic sharks and rays that may be either targeted or incidentally caught in tuna and tuna-like fisheries.</p> <p>The dataset serves as a benchmark for the monitoring and assessment of both artisanal and industrial fisheries using surrounding nets, gillnets, entangling nets, and pole-and-lines from over 70 fishing fleets across 69 countries that have exploited tuna and tuna-like species for subsistence and commercial purposes over more than six decades.</p>
Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the Gobabeb Site in Namibia
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu; Ruddick et al. 2024) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical satellite products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu; Kuusk et al. 2024) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. This instrument has been deployed over various sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. Here, we provide the first fully quality-checked data for the Gobabeb HYPERNETS site in Namibia (GHNA). The HYPERNETS data products were processed using the HYPERNETS_processor (De Vis et al. 2024b).</p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2B hypernets products with surface reflectances, their associated uncertainties and error-correlation information. The reflectance in these products is the Hemispherical-conical Reflectance Factor (HCRF) defined as: HCRF = π L / E where L is the conical upwelling radiance (with field of view of 5 degrees) and E is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance). These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for a given geometry (combination of viewing zenith and azimuth angle). In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, number of valid scans used, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The GHNA site has minimal daily variation in surface cover and weather conditions and is an ideal location for sustained, homogeneous measurements. The site is well characterised as it is very close to an instrument already recognised as a radiometric calibration site (GONA) as part of the RadCalNet network (Bialek et al. 2016). The HYPERNETS site itself (23.60153 degrees S, 15.12589 degrees E) is 650 m from the RadCalNet site, and is located on a gravel plain near a dry riverbed which separates it from the neighbouring dune sea. The HYPSTAR®-XR sensor was installed May 2022 at the top of a 9m mast on an extended 1 m horizontal boom to minimise interruption of the field of view. Data are collected every 30 minutes between 9am and 6pm local time (UTC+02) between viewing zenith angles of 0 and 60 degrees. No measurements are taken at 2pm and 2:30pm local time to avoid the hottest part of the day.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-XR (eXtended Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR and a SWIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1700 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm and the SWIR sensor has 220 channels between 1000 and 1700 nm with a FWHM of 10 nm. The hypernets_processor (De Vis et al. 2024b) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. All of the products have associated uncertainties (divided into random and systematic uncertainties, including error-correlation information) which were propagated using the CoMet toolkit (www.comet-toolkit.org). For an example using these data for satellite vicarious calibration, see De Vis et al. 2024a).</p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full GHNA data record and omit data that does not pass the relevant quality checks (QC). Some QC are performed during the near-real time processing done by the hypernets_processor (see https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/content/atbd/processing/quality_checks.html) to produce the L2A files. Then, a number of site-specific QC are performed as post-processing to produce the L2B files. These site-specific QC cover things such as removing flags in the L2A data, avoiding periods with bad deployment conditions, removing unsuitable viewing and solar angles, as well as poorly performing wavelength ranges and individual sequences. Any potential misalignment of the sensor is also corrected, affecting L1D irradiances, and L2B reflectances. These corrected data are then used in a more stringent clear sky check, and in a check that verifies the reflectances are within realistic ranges for a given angle and time of year for the given site. </p> <p>There was a rain event in Gobabeb in March 2025, resulting in the growth of grass at the site. We expect the site will be back to its normal surface cover in the near future. Since the rain event, less data passed the site-specific QC. A dedicated QC will be developed for this period, as the data with grass surface cover will still be useful for satellite validation. These updated data will be made available in the future. </p>
Dataset on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal undrained peatlands in Finland, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) and Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
<p><strong>Dataset on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal undrained peatlands in Finland </strong></p><p><strong>Creators: </strong>Larmola T, Anttila J, Turunen J, Laine-Petäjäkangas A, Ovaskainen J, Laatikainen M </p><p>The dataset consists of peat properties in a subset of 16 undrained peatland sites (32 peat samples) in Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) national peatland inventory. These sites were sampled between 2002 and 2017 and the subset selected from GTK peat sample archives. These 16 sites represented two pine-<i>Sphagnum-</i> dominated site types (IR, KR) and two treeless sedge fen types (VSN, RhSN) all in 4 replicates and sampled in 2 depths 20-40, 40-60cm). </p><p><strong>Peat analyses</strong> The peat samples were analyzed for C:H:N:S and ash concentration with Leco 628 CHNS analyzer following standard SFS EN13039 with FINAS accredited adjustments JOK3023. The dry matter content was analyzed after drying the sample at 105 ℃ and ash content based on loss on ignition at 550 ℃. The O concentration was determined by difference: %O = 100 - % (ash + total C + N + H + S).</p><p><strong>Stoichiometric calculations</strong>The O concentration was determined by difference: %O = 100 - % (ash + total C + N + H + S). Atomic ratios of C:N, H:C and O:C were calculated based on the individual sample mass values. The C oxidation state (Cox), the oxidative ratio (OR), and the degree of unsaturation (DU) were calculated following equations in the study by Masiello et al. (2008). The analyses are described in more detail in Turunen et al. (manuscript). </p><p>Related datasets used in the same publication are:</p><p>Larmola T, Anttila J, Alm J Dataset on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal forestry-drained peatlands in Finland</p><p>Turunen J. (2023). Surface peat data, Geological Survey of Finland (Version 1) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.8434148&data=05%7C01%7Cluke.tuula.larmola%40valtion.mail.onmicrosoft.com%7Cc48ffad4c0e341d0fa5808dbcaff0289%7C7c14dfa4c0fc47259f0476a443deb095%7C0%7C0%7C638326968887189768%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AyYOxR7Mas2ef8y3wI7oCrzHWSyqBzt%2FJB0CMN%2BJUiU%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434148</a></p><p> </p><p><strong>Data column description </strong></p><p>ID - Site identifier</p><p>site - undrained peatland (UDP) for all rows</p><p>ncoord - North coordinate (latitude), degrees.</p><p>depth - Sampling depth. 20: 0-20 cm, 40: 20-40cm, 60: 40-60cm.</p><p>type - Site type classification according to the Finnish peatland site type system.</p><p>origin - UDP site type. I: treed peatland (peat typically Sphagnum-wood), II: treeless peatland (or sparsely treed, peat typically Sphagnum-sedge)</p><p>type_num - Nutrient level according to site type. 1 is the most nutrient rich and 4 is the least.</p><p>Cmol - Molar carbon concentration in the sample</p><p>Hmol - Molar hydrogen concentration in the sample</p><p>Nmol - Molar nitrogen concentration in the sample</p><p>Omol - Molar oxygen concentration in the sample</p><p>Smol - Molar sulphur concentration in the sample</p><p>bd - Bulk density, kg/m3</p><p>cox - C oxidation state</p><p>or - Oxidative ratio</p><p>du - Degree of unsaturation</p><p>hc - H:C ratio</p><p>cn - C:N ratio</p><p>oc - O:C ratio</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Masiello CA, Gallagher ME, Randerson JT, Deco RM, Chadwick OA (2008) Evaluating two experimental approaches for measuring ecosystem carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio, Journal of Geophysical Research 113, G03010, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000534">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000534</a></p><p>Turunen J, Anttila J, Laine-Petäjäkangas A, Ovaskainen J, Laatikainen M, Alm J, Larmola T 2023. Impacts of forestry drainage on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal peatlands in Finland. <i>manuscript.</i></p>
Dataset on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal forestry-drained peatlands in Finland, Natural Resources Institute Finland
<p><strong>Dataset on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal forestry-drained peatlands in Finland</strong></p><p><strong>Creators: Larmola T, Anttila J, Alm J </strong></p><p>The dataset consists of peat properties in a subsample of 30 drained peatland forests in Finland selected from the permanent sample plots of the 8th National Forest Inventory (systematic sample of plots on drained peatland forests, e.g., Hotanen et al. 2006). The subsample included equally different site types of forestry-drained peatlands of those parts of Finland where drainage for forestry is economically viable (Latitude 60-66 ºN, annual temperature sum > 750 dd). </p><p><strong>The site selection criteria</strong> were average peat layer thickness of over 20 cm, no clear-cut areas, site drained before 1995 and ditching had detectably altered hydrology or vegetation. <strong>Peat analyses</strong> Finnish Forest Research Institute (now Natural Resources Institute Finland) sampled peat cores with a box corer in 2002, samples were analysed for bulk density, archived and remaining samples at depths 20-30, 30-40 cm (total of 58) were analysed in 2021. The peat samples were analyzed for C:H:N:S and ash concentration with Leco 628 CHNS analyzer following standard SFS EN13039 with FINAS accredited adjustments JOK3023. The dry matter content was analyzed after drying the sample at 105 ℃ and ash content based on loss on ignition at 550 ℃. </p><p><strong>Stoichiometric calculations</strong>The O concentration was determined by difference: %O = 100 - % (ash + total C + N + H + S). Atomic ratios of C:N, H:C and O:C were calculated based on the individual sample mass values. The C oxidation state (Cox), the oxidative ratio (OR), and the degree of unsaturation (DU) were calculated following equations in the study by Masiello et al. (2008). The analyses are described in more detail in Turunen et al. (manuscript). </p><p>Related datasets used in the same publication are:</p><p>Larmola, T. Anttila J, Turunen J, Laine-Petäjäkangas A, Ovaskainen J, Laatikainen M Dataset on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal undrained peatlands in Finland, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Version 1) [Dataset]. Zenodo. doi.org/<strong>10.5281/zenodo.10068486</strong></p><p>Turunen J. (2023). Surface peat data, Geological Survey of Finland (Version 1) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.8434148&data=05%7C01%7Cluke.tuula.larmola%40valtion.mail.onmicrosoft.com%7Cc48ffad4c0e341d0fa5808dbcaff0289%7C7c14dfa4c0fc47259f0476a443deb095%7C0%7C0%7C638326968887189768%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AyYOxR7Mas2ef8y3wI7oCrzHWSyqBzt%2FJB0CMN%2BJUiU%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434148</a></p><p> </p><p><strong>Data column description</strong></p><p>ID - Site identifier</p><p>site - Forestry-drained peatland (FDP) for all rows</p><p>ncoord - North coordinate (latitude), degrees.</p><p>depth - Sampling depth. 30: 20-30 cm, 40: 30-40cm, avg: average of both depths.</p><p>type - Site type classification according to the Finnish peatland site type system.</p><p>origin – Origin of the FDP site type at undrained state. I: treed peatland (peat typically Sphagnum-wood), II: treeless peatland (or sparsely treed, peat typically Sphagnum-sedge)</p><p>type_num - Nutrient level according to site type. 1 is the most nutrient rich and 4 is the least.</p><p>Cmol - Molar carbon concentration in the sample</p><p>Hmol - Molar hydrogen concentration in the sample</p><p>Nmol - Molar nitrogen concentration in the sample</p><p>Omol - Molar oxygen concentration in the sample</p><p>Smol - Molar sulphur concentration in the sample</p><p>bd - Bulk density, kg/m3</p><p>cox - C oxidation state</p><p>or - Oxidative ratio</p><p>du - Degree of unsaturation</p><p>hc - H:C ratio</p><p>cn - C:N ratio</p><p>oc - O:C ratio</p><p>n - Number of samples. 2 for averages from both depths, 1 for all other rows.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Hotanen JP, Maltamo M, Reinikainen A (2006) Canopy stratification in peatland forests in Finland. Silva Fennica 40:53–82.</p><p>Masiello CA, Gallagher ME, Randerson JT, Deco RM, Chadwick OA (2008) Evaluating two experimental approaches for measuring ecosystem carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio, Journal of Geophysical Research 113, G03010, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000534">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000534</a></p><p>Turunen J, Anttila J, Laine-Petäjäkangas A, Ovaskainen J, Laatikainen M, Alm J, Larmola T 2023. Impacts of forestry drainage on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal peatlands in Finland. <i>manuscript.</i></p><p> </p>
Ice sheet surface elevation change from ablation stake measurements on bare ice in the western Greenland ablation zone during July 2016
<p>Measurements of ice surface elevation change from a network of twelve bamboo ablation stakes installed in the western Greenland ice sheet ablation zone (67.0496o N, 49.0201o W, 1215 m a.s.l.). Stakes were installed by drilling 3 m deep holes into the ice, inserting the bamboo stakes, and allowing them to freeze into the ice for 24 hours. Following the 24 hour freeze-in period, measurements of the distance from the top of the stake to its base were recorded at nominal 3 hour intervals continuously from 12:00 local time (UTC-2) on 6 July 2016 to 23:00 local time on 12 July 2016. Prior to each measurement, a 24×24 cm square wooden ablation board was placed at the base of the stake and oriented to true north. This board operated as a datum from which the stake height above the ice surface was measured.</p>
German image spectral library of urban surface materials
<p>The German image spectral library consists of 5102 labelled image spectra of urban surface materials covering the spectral wavelength range between 455 nm and 2449 nm. The spectra have been extracted from high resolution imaging spectroscopy data (HyMap) acquired over the German cities of Dresden (18/05/1999, 01/08/2000, 20/07/2003), Potsdam (18/05/1999) and Munich (17/06/2007, 25/06/2007). This image data package ensures the collection of the most typical urban surface materials including their variations due to different illumination, alteration, observation conditions, regional specifications and data processing characteristics.</p> <p>The collection was done in two main steps: (1) manual collection of spectrally pure urban surface material pixels from the Dresden and Potsdam data sets including additional information, such as the results of field investigations, a field spectral library and color infrared aerial imagery (Heiden et al., 2007 ) and subsequent reduction for redundant pixel spectra; (2) spectral dissimilarity analysis to include and label meaningful unknow spectra from the Munich data set (Jilge et al. 2017 ). </p> <p>The image spectra are labelled based on three sets of spectra labels: one for EAGLE land cover (EAGLE_LCC, consult the “Explanatory Documentation of the EAGLE Concept” from the Copernicus Land website) , one for generalized material groupings (GENLIB_LCH_BuC_MG) and one for more detailed artificial material type (GENLIB_LCH_BuC_AMT).</p> <p>While every effort was made to ensure accurate information, this data set is presented "as is" without warranties of any kind. The authors accept no liability or responsibility to any person as a consequence of any reliance upon the data presented here. The user assumes all responsibility and risk for the use of this data.</p>
Data for "Measurement of the atom-surface van der Waals interaction by transmission spectroscopy in a wedged nano-cell"
<p>The data presented in publication <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.02783">"Measurement of the atom-surface van der Waals interaction by transmission spectroscopy in a wedged nano-cell"</a> . Published version: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.100.022503">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.100.022503</a></p> <p>The data are in HDF5 format, with associated metadata.</p> <p>To see examples of how to use the data, and the theoretical model for analysis, see <a href="https://github.com/thermal-vapours/TAS-Transmission-Atom-Surface">https://github.com/thermal-vapours/TAS-Transmission-Atom-Surface </a></p>
2005-2099 High resolution bioclimatic variables for the surface and bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.
<p><em><span>This dataset provides annual statistical descriptors (mean, minimum, maximum, range and standard deviation) of key biogeochemical and physical variables for the Mediterranean Sea. It covers the period 2005-2099 under the RCP8.5 scenario, with a spatial resolution of 1/24 degree (~4km²). Variables include temperature, salinity, pH, water velocity, nutrients (NO3, PO4, NH4), dissolved inorganic carbon, oxygen, and net primary production. Data are available for both surface and at bathymetry level. The original projections were generated using OGSTM-BFM and MFS16 models at daily time and 1/16 degree grid resolution. We downscaled these to 1/24 degree and applied Quantile Delta Mapping bias correction using CMEMS reanalysis products for 2005-2020. The dataset is provided in a user-friendly format, making it accessible for various ecological and environmental modelling applications.</span></em></p>
Natural frequency of oscillations of a solid surface (without holes) and perforated sieve with holes of complex geometry in the shape of five-petal epicycloid
<p>The experimental determination of the structural function of the frequency response consists in identifying the natural frequencies of oscillation of the test surfaces, for which the laboratory equipment was developed, and the following methodology was used. </p> <p>To determine the structural function of the frequency response, it is necessary to obtain two data channels: the input force and the corresponding response of the test object (test surface). In impact measurement, the input force is provided by a modal impact hammer, and the output response of the test object (test surface) is measured using an accelerometer.<br>The basic elements of the scheme are a special impact pulse type hammer PCB 084A17 for creating excitations (oscillations); cables for signals transmission; accelerometer sensor PCB 352V10 with highly sensitive piezoelectric elements for fixing oscillations; signal amplifier SIEMENS model SCADAS Mobile; computer with Simcenter Testlab 2019.1 software for processing and visualization test results.</p> <p>The study was conducted according to the following algorithms:<br>1. Test setup: boundary conditions; determination of test scheme and parameters; frequency range; determination of excitation source and force level.<br>2. Testing: installation and control of accelerometers; object excitation and frequency response measurement; check of measurement quality and coherence.<br>3. Post-test: modal curve fitting; validation of the modality against the assurance criterion and modal synthesis.<br>The research was carried out using the following algorithm. </p> <p>The perforated surface prototype was rigidly fixed to the prefabricated frame. With this type of fixation, the investigated surface at the periphery is fixed and unable to move.<br>The surface of the prototype was marked by overlaying a coordinate grid with the specified step.<br>This data of natural frequency of oscillations of a solid surface under various modes, which are obtained experimentally. The obtained oscillation frequencies are needed to determine the difference between the construction of a solid plate and a perforated surface with holes of complex geometry.</p>
Satellite-observed surface flow speed within Russell sector, West Greenland, bi-weekly average of 2015-2019
<p>An average horizontal surface ice velocity of Russell sector (Greenland) with 2-week temporal and 150m spatial resolution. Derived from satellite images collected between 2015 and 2019 by Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2. The details on the data processing can be found in https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-170.</p> <p><br> Dataset contains 24 independent NetCDF files (one per 2-weeks time step) with maps of vx and vy velocity components, maps of associated uncertainties per velocity component (STD of the 2-weeks averaged raw satellite measurements), and map of number of averaged measurements.</p>
Seasonal evolution of basal conditions within Russell sector, West Greenland, inverted from satellite observations of surface flow
<p>An annual set of model-inferred basal and surface properties of ice flow at Russell Gletcher sector in Western Greenland with half-month temporal resolution. Derived using the Elmer/Ice ice-flow model by inversion of satellite-observed ice surface velocity (10.5281/zenodo.5535532). The details on the data creatoin can be found in 10.5194/tc-15-5675-2021 .</p> <p>Dataset contains 24 independent NetCDF files (one per 2-weeks time step) with:<br> * alpha - inverted be model basal friction coefficient in log10 (log10(MPa m-1 a)<br> * base - basal topography altitude (m)<br> * lithk - ice thickness (m)<br> * orog - surface altitude (m)<br> * strbasemag - magnitude of basal friction tb (MPa)<br> * xvelbase, yvelbase, zvelbase - 3D basal velocity (m/yr)<br> * xvelmean, yvelmean - vertically average mean horizontal velocity (m/yr)<br> * xvelsurf, yvelsurf, zvelsurf - 3D surface velocity (m/yr)<br> * n - effective pressure (MPa)</p> <p>The additional WinterMeanState NetCDF file (inversion from the mean velocity of january, Febriary, Mars) contains the same set of variables (except the effective pressure), and in addition contains the <em>As</em> Weertman sliding coeffitient.</p> <p>The results have been interpolated from the native unstructured model grid to the regular grid used for the observed velocity (10.5281/zenodo.5535624).</p>
Surface water and flooding dynamics data set based on seasonally continuous Landsat data (1986-2011) in a dryland river basin
<p>Animations of the data are available here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2438110">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2438110</a></p> <p>If you are using this data set, please cite the following publication:</p> <p>Tulbure, M.G. and M. Broich (2018). Spatiotemporal patterns and effects of climate and land use on surface water extent dynamics in a dryland region with three decades of Landsat satellite data. Science of the Total Environment. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718347466 </p> <p>The data represent statistically validated surface water and flooding extent dynamics derived from seasonally continous Landsat TM/ETM+ data and random forest models, and summarised to the maximum extent of surface water per season between 1986-2011 over Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. The overall accuracy was over 99% and producer's accuracy for water 87% +/- 3%. </p> <p>The method is described in the following publication: <br> Tulbure, M.G., M. Broich, S.V. Stehman, A. Kommareddy. (2016). Surface water extent dynamics from three decades of seasonally continuous Landsat time series at subcontinental scale in a semi-arid region. Remote Sensing of Environment. 178: 142-157</p> <p>URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425716300621 </p> <p>Data are provided in GeoTIFF format per season per year. File naming convention is as follows:<br> yy_inund_freq_season_SamplingMethod. For example, "99_inund_freq_winter_max" will represent inundation frequency for winter 1999 resampled using a maximum resampling method. </p> <p>Inundation frequency represents the number of times a pixel has been flagged as flooded out of the times that pixel had valid observations * 100. Valid observation exclude no data values and clouds. The valid range of inundation frequency is 0-100 [%], with 255 indicating no data values. Data type is eight bit unsigned integer (uint8). </p> <p>The data were resampled to 120m resolution to reduce file size. The resampling methods used include max (e.g. selects the max value of all non-NODATA contributing 30m pixels) and mean (median and min can be provided upon request). If you are unsure which resampling to use, you may want to start with the mean. </p>
Spectral reflectance data of Mercury's surface collected by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) instrument during orbital observations of the NASA MESSENGER mission between 2011 and 2015 resampled to a [55399 × 396] tabular data format.
<p>MASCS is a three sensor point spectrometer with a spectral coverage from 200 nm to 1450 nm.<br> Single spectra are resamples in to steps to a format useful for our ML application : a datacube with ~400 spectral channel covering the whole surface of Mercury.<br> The final dataset has dimension [N×M] where N is the number of grid cells (360 × 180 = 64, 800) and M is the number of spectral features (396).<br> Due to the incomplete coverage and data filtering, some grid cells are empty.<br> After removing these empty cells, the size of the dataset is [55399 × 396].</p> <p>This specific product is stored as a gzip compressed json, where each element is a grid cell.<br> We are in the process to publish a complete pipeline to produce this product from RAW data on https://github.com/epn-ml/MESSENGER-Mercury-Surface-Cassification-Unsupervised_DLR/ .</p> <p>Spectral reflectance data of Mercury’s surface collected by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) instrument during orbital observations of the NASA MESSENGER mission between 2011 and 2015.<br> MASCS is a three sensor point spectrometer with a spectral coverage from 200 nm to 1450 nm.<br> Single spectra are resamples in to steps to a format useful for our ML application : a datacube with ~400 spectral channel covering the whole surface of Mercury.<br> The final dataset has dimension [N×M] where N is the number of grid cells (360 × 180 = 64, 800) and M is the number of spectral features (396).<br> Due to the incomplete coverage and data filtering, some grid cells are empty.<br> After removing these empty cells, the size of the dataset is [55399 × 396].</p> <p>0. Pre-filtering<br> We used the most recent dataset that had large-scale photometric corrections and thus was almost free from observation geometry effects.<br> However, extreme geometry are still present and are typically associated with high noise and some residual instrumental effects.<br> Based on our empirical tests, we filtered out observations with an emission/incidence angle ≥80∘.<br> We also calculated the median value per wavelength and per cell grid when constructing the global hyperspectral data cube and filtered out observations falling under the 2nd percentile and above 99.9th percentile to clean some residual geometry effects.<br> With this approach we create an effective noise filter while retaining enough observations to be able to analyse the entirety of the surface of the planet.</p> <p>1. Spectral resmpling<br> Unprocessed MASCS spectra could have 512 or 256 channes, depending on binning.<br> We resampled the data in the spectral dimension to a common wavelength range from 260 nm to 1052 nm with a 4 nm resolution (2 nm spectral sampling), resulting in 396 spectral channels.<br> This approach slightly oversamples the original 4.77 nm spectral resolution and removes some points from the original 200-1050 nm range.<br> The resulting data matrix is expressed in tabular form, with each row representing a single grid cell or pixel on the surface.<br> The elements of each row are the spectral reflectance values from the VIS instrument at 396 (resampled) wavelengths.</p> <p>2. Spatial resmpling<br> The whole dataset of ∼ 5 million spectra is resampled to a planet-wide rectangular grid of 1×1deg in the latitudinal band between ± 80.<br> The cell longitudinal size varies between ∼ 40 km at the equator to a minimum of ∼ 10 km at ±80∘.<br> Thus, the area spanned by each grid cell depends on the latitude. However, the same is true for the acquisition process, where higher spatial resolution is reached near the equator and lower resolution at the poles.</p>
Look-Up Table of A Prototype of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Continuous Control of the Reflection Phase
<p>Tabulated values (look-up table) of the magnitude (dB) and phase (degres) of the unit-cell versus voltage, experimentally characterized, for a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface prototype based on varactors described in :</p> <p>R. Fara, P. Ratajczak, D. -T. Phan-Huy, A. Ourir, M. Di Renzo and J. de Rosny, "A Prototype of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Continuous Control of the Reflection Phase," in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 70-77, February 2022, doi: 10.1109/MWC.007.00345.</p> <p>also accessible here: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2105/2105.11862.pdf</p>
Dataset for paper "Ejecta cloud distributions for the statistical analysis of impact cratering events onto asteroids' surfaces: a sensitivity analysis"
<p>Dataset for the paper "Ejecta cloud distributions for the statistical analysis of impact cratering events onto asteroids' surfaces: a sensitivity analysis" published in Icarus.</p>
MEaSUREs Greenland Surface Melt Daily 25km EASE-Grid 2.0, Version 1.1.1 (JJA 1980-2022)
<p>This data set offers users a 25 km daily record of surface/near-surface melting on the Greenland Ice Sheet. The presence of melting is determined from brightness temperature data acquired by three satellite-borne microwave radiometers: the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS).</p> <p>Included in this archive are files for the June-July-August (JJA) summer months during 1980-2022, formatted as a separate file for each year.</p> <p>Version 1.1 includes data for 2021-2022 to supplement the original 1980-2020 dataset from version 1.</p> <p>Version 1.1.1 corrects the 2022 file to include data for 2022-08-24 that was missing in version 1.1.</p>
Data from: Coastal upwelling drives ecosystem temporal variability from the surface to the abyssal seafloor.
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Long-term biological time series that monitor ecosystems across the ocean’s full water column are extremely rare. As a result, classic paradigms have yet to be tested. One such paradigm is that variations in coastal upwelling drive changes in marine ecosystems throughout the water column. We examine this hypothesis by using data from three multi-decadal time series spanning surface (0 m), midwater (200-1000 m), and benthic (~ 4000 m) habitats in the central California Current Upwelling System. Data include microscopic counts of surface plankton, video quantification of midwater animals, and imaging of benthic seafloor invertebrates. Taxon-specific plankton biomass and midwater and benthic animal densities were separately analyzed with principal component analysis. Within each community, the first mode of variability corresponds to most taxa increasing and decreasing over time, capturing seasonal surface blooms and lower-frequency midwater and benthic variability. When compared to local wind-driven upwelling variability, each community correlates to changes in upwelling damped over distinct timescales. This suggests that periods of high upwelling favor increases in organism biomass or density from the surface ocean through the midwater down to the abyssal seafloor. These connections most likely occur directly via changes in primary production and vertical carbon flux, and to a lesser extent indirectly via other oceanic changes. The timescales over which species respond to upwelling are taxon-specific and are likely linked to the longevity of phytoplankton blooms (surface) and of animal life (midwater and benthos), that dictate how long upwelling-driven changes persist within each community.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data set description</strong></p> <p>This data set includes 3 files, one for each community. The files contain plankton biomass (for the surface community) or animal density (for midwater and benthos communities) as a function of sampling time and taxonomic group. </p> <ul> <li>surface.csv: autotrophic and heterotrophic surface plankton sampled in Monterey Bay by CTD-rosette and analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry</li> <li>midwater.csv: midwater animals observed by ROV in the Monterey Bay mesopelagic zone from 200-1000m</li> <li>benthos.csv: benthic animals observed by ROV in a ~ 4000 m abyssal seafloor habitat at the base of the Monterey deep-sea fan</li> </ul> <p><strong>Detailed description </strong>(see additional details and references in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2214567120">Messié et al., 2023</a>):</p> <p><strong>Surface time series:</strong> Plankton biomass was estimated from surface plankton counts collected using ship-based CTD-rosette at station M1 in Monterey Bay (122.022°W, 36.747°N). This station is part of a 3-station time series program operating in Monterey Bay since 1989 at 3-4 week intervals. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to enumerate and size auto- and heterotrophic plankton. Starting in 1998, flow cytometry samples provided more precise numbers for <em>Synechococcus</em> and eukaryotic picoplankton (<em>Prochlorococcus</em> was not included as no information is available prior to 1998). Standard geometric equations (e.g., ellipsoid, sphere, cylinder, pennate diatom shape) were used to calculate biovolumes of individual cells, and biomass of each plankton group was assessed using biovolume-based carbon conversions. For picoplankton an average value per cell was used: 82 fgC cell<sup>-1</sup> for <em>Synechococcus</em> and 530 fgC cell<sup>-1</sup> for eukaryotic picophytoplankton (red fluorescing picoplankton). Diatom biovolumes were converted to biomass using log<sub>10</sub>(Biomass) = 0.76 log<sub>10</sub>(Volume) - 0.29 where Biomass is in gC and Volume is in 𝜇m<sup>3</sup>. The ciliate conversion was Biomass = 0.08 * Volume. For all other plankton we used log<sub>10</sub>(Biomass) = 0.94 log<sub>10</sub>(Volume) - 0.6.</p> <p><strong>Midwater time series: </strong>Quantitative mesopelagic video transects were conducted at a single station in Monterey Bay (Midwater 1, 36°42′N, 122°02′W). The station is located over the axis of the Monterey Submarine Canyon, where the water column is approximately 1600 m deep. Data were collected using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Estimates of animal densities using ROV imaging underestimate some groups (notably fishes), but provide a more complete view of life in the ocean than traditional methods such as nets and acoustics, particularly for gelatinous animals. The ROVs conducted horizontal video transects while moving at about 0.5 m s<sup>-1</sup> for 10 min. Data for this paper come from approximately monthly transects made at 100 m intervals between 200 - 1000 m from 1997-2017. These years were chosen because the entire mesopelagic water column was more evenly surveyed than in the years prior. In each transect, the community of animals was annotated by professional annotators using the open-source Video Annotation and Referencing System (VARS) software. Annotators identified organisms in transect video to the lowest taxon possible; in many cases to species. We selected 63 taxonomic groups defined at the highest possible taxonomic resolution; annotations not included represent 31% of the total (84% of which are euphausiids, chaetognaths, and unidentified appendicularians). Calibrated cameras on MBARI ROVs and accurate measurement of ROV speed through water, allow for the calculation of volume for each transect. Animal density was calculated for each taxonomic group and each depth-specific transect as the number of individuals divided by the corresponding transect volume, further averaged over the water column from 200 - 1000 m. Midwater transecting methods and their efficacy are well-documented.</p> <p><strong>Benthic time series: </strong>Two comparable methods were used to assess benthic communities at Station M (34°50′N, 123°00′W). From 1989-2005, the identification to the lowest possible taxon, and quantity of benthic animals were recorded from images taken by a camera-sled towed along a horizontal transect above the sea floor at a speed of approximately 1 m s<sup>-1</sup>, taking a film image every 4-5 seconds (water depth ~ 4,100 m). The developed film was projected by a Beseler model 23C-II enlarger for annotation of identifiable animals in images. From 2006-2018, benthic communities were assessed using ROV video transects recorded from approximately 1.3 m above the sea floor, with a view of approximately 1 m wide, and length typically approximately 1 km. Water depth for these transects was approximately 4,000 m, the lower depth limit of the ROV. Animals visible in the video were identified and annotated using VARS. The 2006 change in sampling method and in time series location and depth was found to have little impact on the megafauna time series. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.