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46 results for “surface cover”
Otomys cheesmani previously was included in O.typus but shown to be a distinct spe-cies based on morphological and molecular grounds. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to two known lo-calities in NW Ethiopia, S ofLake Tana. Descriptive notes. Head-body 165-210 mm, tail 77-106 mm, ear 22-24 mm, hindfoot 28-31 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Cheesman's Vlei Rat has shaggy dark pelage and is larger than all other species of Otomys, except the Angolan Vlei Rat (O. anchietae). Fur of Cheesman's Vlei Rat is bright brown, with reddish shade above and pale yellowish gray below. Ears are blackish, and inner surfaces are covered with short rufous hairs. Forefeet and hindfeet are dark gray above. Tail is relatively short (49-3% of head-body length), blackish above and pale yellowish below but notappearing distinctly bicolored. Lower incisors with two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M" has eight or nine laminae. in Muridae
Otomys cheesmani previously was included in O.typus but shown to be a distinct spe-cies based on morphological and molecular grounds. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to two known lo-calities in NW Ethiopia, S ofLake Tana. Descriptive notes. Head-body 165-210 mm, tail 77-106 mm, ear 22-24 mm, hindfoot 28-31 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Cheesman's Vlei Rat has shaggy dark pelage and is larger than all other species of Otomys, except the Angolan Vlei Rat (O. anchietae). Fur of Cheesman's Vlei Rat is bright brown, with reddish shade above and pale yellowish gray below. Ears are blackish, and inner surfaces are covered with short rufous hairs. Forefeet and hindfeet are dark gray above. Tail is relatively short (49-3% of head-body length), blackish above and pale yellowish below but notappearing distinctly bicolored. Lower incisors with two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M" has eight or nine laminae.
Survey of surface cover at two study sites in Central Mongolia
<p>Surveys of ground surface cover at two grassland study sites in Central Mongolia during summer 2022 and 2023 (vegetation) and winter 2023 (snow)</p>
FIGURE 3. A–C. Saurauia avellana. A. Branchlets B. Flower C. Abaxial leaf surface covered with yellowish brown tomentum and lanceolate scales. D–F Saurauia elegans D. Branchlets E in Saurauia decolorata (Actinidiaceae), a new species from Mindanao, the Philippines
FIGURE 3. A–C. Saurauia avellana. A. Branchlets B. Flower C. Abaxial leaf surface covered with yellowish brown tomentum and lanceolate scales. D–F Saurauia elegans D. Branchlets E. Type specimen (H. Cumming 922) showing the paniculate inflorescence F. Branchlets and abaxial leaf surface covered with rusty-colored tomentum and bristle-like scales. Photos A–F by Pieter Pelser (Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines/PhytoImages) and E from JSTOR Global Plants.
Improved cross-scale snow cover simulations by developing a scale-aware parameterization in the Noah-MP land surface model
<p>Noah-MP data used to support the analyses conducted by Abolafia-Rosenzweig et al.: <strong>Improved </strong><strong>cross-scale </strong><strong>snow cover simulations by developing a scale-aware parameterization in the Noah-MP land surface model</strong></p>
Datasets and code used to generate the figures in the article "Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Land Surface Temperature Differs by Drivers in China"
<p>We have provided the data and code used to generate the figures in the article "Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Land Surface Temperature Differs by Drivers in China" for reference and further reading. These data can be used to replicate the analyses presented in the paper. If you wish to use the data for other purposes, please contact the authors for permission. Thank you.</p>
Land surface modeling over the Dry Chaco: the impact of model structures, and soil, vegetation and land cover parameters
<p>The datasets archived here include simulation results shown in the paper, “Land surface modeling over the Dry Chaco: the impact of model structures, and soil, vegetation and land cover parameters”, published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (Maertens et al., 2021). The simulations were conducted over the South-American Dry Chaco and output on the different water budget components was produced with three land surface models (CLM2.0, CLSM-F2.5, and Noah3.6) embedded in the NASA Land Information System (LIS). The default LIS parameters were revised with (i) improved soil parameters, (ii) satellite-based interannually varying vegetation indices (leaf area index and green vegetation fraction), and (iii) yearly land cover information. For each experiment described in the manuscript, we provide daily netcdf files (0.125° resolution, period Jan 1992 – Dec 2015). The conducted experiments are simulations with (i) default LIS parameters (BL), (ii) updated soil parameters (REV<sub>s</sub>) and (iii) interannualy varying vegetation and land cover parameters (REV<sub>SV</sub>).<br> For details, please refer to</p> <p>Maertens, M., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Apers, S., Kumar, S. V., and Mahanama, S. P. P.: Land Surface modeling over the Dry Chaco: the impact of model structures, and soil, vegetation and land cover parameters, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences.</p> <p>Please contact Michiel Maertens (michiel.maertens@kuleuven.be) or Gabriëlle De Lannoy (gabrielle.delannoy@kuleuven.be) for any questions.</p>
FIGURE. Metarhizium guizhouense (GMB0010) (new host record). a, b. Fungus on stick insects (Phasmatodea) c, d. Green mycelium and sporulating conidiophores covered on the surface of inscect. e, f, g. Conidiophores h, i. Conidia on insect host. Scale bars: a, b = 5 mm, c = 2 mm, d = 500 μm, j–r = 10 μm, e–i = 5μm in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot
FIGURE. Metarhizium guizhouense (GMB0010) (new host record). a, b. Fungus on stick insects (Phasmatodea) c, d. Green mycelium and sporulating conidiophores covered on the surface of inscect. e, f, g. Conidiophores h, i. Conidia on insect host. Scale bars: a, b = 5 mm, c = 2 mm, d = 500 μm, j–r = 10 μm, e–i = 5μm
Data from: Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: effects of impervious surface, local tree cover and insect feeding guild
<p><span>Urbanization is recognized as an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are controversial. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. W</span>ith the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effect of urbanization and local canopy cover on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (<em>Quercus robur</em>) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing urbanization around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of urbanization. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of urbanization on leaf-miners and strengthened its effect on gall-inducers. These results show the complexity of plant-herbivore interactions in urbanized areas, highlighting that the presence of local canopy cover within cities has the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of urbanization on biotic interactions.</p>
Data from: Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: effects of impervious surface, local tree cover and insect feeding guild
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Spectrally unmixed percent of impervious surface, soil, and vegetation cover in central Arizona-Phoenix, year 2000
Urban land covers (e.g., cement parking lots, asphalt roads, shingle rooftops, grass, tress, exposed soil) can only be recorded as either present or absent in each pixel when using traditional per-pixel classifiers. Sub-pixel analysis approaches that can provide the relative fraction of surface covers within a pixel may be a potential solution to effectively identifying urban impervious areas. Spectral mixture analysis approach is probably the most commonly used approach that models image spectra as spatial average of spectral signatures from two or more surface features. However, spectral mixture analysis does not account for the absence of one of the surface features or spectral variation within pure materials since it utilizes an invariable set of surface features. Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) approach addresses these issues by allowing endmembers to vary on a per pixel basis. The MESMA technique was employed in this study to model Landsat ETM+ reflectance in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Field spectra of vegetation, soil, and impervious surface areas collected with the use of a fine resolution Quickbird image and pixel purity index tool in ENVI software were modeled as reference endmembers in addition to photometric shade that was incorporated in every model. This study employs thirty endmembers and six hundred and sixty spectral models to identify soil, impervious, vegetation, and shade in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The mean RMS error for the selected land use land cover classes range from 0.003 to 0.018. The Pearson correlation between the fraction outputs from MESMA and reference data from Quickbird 60 cm resolution data for soil, impervious, and vegetation were 0.7052, 0.7249, and 0.8184 respectively.
How surface rock cover affects water and nutrient availability of Sonoran Desert annual plants -- Honors Thesis
Water and nutrient availability are the primary and secondary drivers of net primary productivity (NPP) in arid ecosystems. Although precipitation regulates water inputs, soil properties influence water availability for plant growth. Aridland soils are often covered with surface rocks, which can increase or decrease water availability by modifying evaporation, infiltration, light levels, and temperature. Due to the complexity of these direct and indirect mechanisms, the relationship between rock cover and NPP is not well understood. In this research we explore the relationship between rock cover, soil nutrient availability, and aboveground growth of desert annual plants over four years across a long-term nutrient enrichment experiment in the Sonoran Desert. We surveyed surface rock cover at fifteen sites in central Arizona that have been fertilized with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), alone and in combination, for seven years. Using ANCOVA, we then explored the relative importance of rock cover, precipitation, and nutrient treatment on peak aboveground biomass of spring herbaceous annual plants that were collected in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. We expected surface rocks to strengthen the positive relationship between precipitation, nutrient additions, and annual plant growth. Precipitation, nutrient additions, and surface rock cover together significantly influence growth of Sonoran Desert annual plants. As expected, nutrients and precipitation were the strongest drivers of annual plant biomass. Plant growth was positively related to N additions across all four years (ANCOVA, p <0.01); P in 2008 and 2010 years (p = 0.01 and 0.005, respectively);and precipitation in three of the four years (p < 0.05). Precipitation was the primary driver of plant biomass in the two driest years, 2009 and 2013 (partial eta2 = 0.51 and 0.52, respectively). Gravel (2-64 mm diameter) was only rock size class that was significantly related to annual plant biomass. Contrary to our expecta
Correlation Analysis and Simulation Modeling of Land use Land Cover change and its Link with Land surface temperature
<p>The uploaded data is related to LULC modeling. Data consist of driving variables and correlation analysis between LST and NDVI in different LULC classes.</p>
Text-fig. 5. Anacardiaceae (a–m), Burseraceae (n–q). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–f: Pentoperculum sp. a–c: USNM PAL 772360. a: Lateral view of endocarp, apex up; three germination valves visible, the central clearly displaying the bipartite nature of the valve, reflected light, palladium coated. b: Apical view displaying six locules, with two preserved germination valves at the lower left, reflected light, palladium coated. c: Basal view of the endocarp, the locules suggested by swellings; note point of attachment, micro-CT scan surface rendering. d–f: Pentoperculum sp. USNM PAL 772359, reflected light, palladium coated. d: Lateral view of a probable 6-loculed endocarp, apex up; a single intact germination valve in the center, displaying the central lineation that divides it in two. e: Apical view; two bi-partite germination valves are visible, indicated by arrows to the middle cleavage line of two of the valves. f: Basal view, the locules suggested by the undulations in the margin. g–i: Indet. Spondioideae. USNM PAL 772358, reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view of multi-locular endocarp, apex up. h: Apical view showing finely punctuate surface and peripheral locule cavities. i: Basal view. j–m: Cf. Pleiogynium USNM PAL 772357. j: Lateral view of the multi-locular endocarp, apex up; note intact germination valve on left and exposed locule facing the viewer, micro-CT scan surface rendering. k: Lateral view, rotated about 30° from (j), showing three exposed locules, reflected light, palladium coated; note bipartite locule lining at center. l: Apical view of the multilocular endocarp; the locule with intact germination valve at the upper right, reflected light, palladium coated. Arrows to each locule. m: Basal view showing central point of attachment and prominent radiating ridges aligned with the locules, micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–q: Canarium, USNM PAL 772361. Scale bar = 1 cm. n: Lateral view of endocarp directly facing one germination valve flanked by two strong ridges; apex up; specimen coated in sodium nitrate and photographed by R. A. Scott. o: Lateral view facing one of the three pronounced ridges, flanked to the left and right by two germination valves; apex up. p: Apical view displaying the three strong ridges, arching over the apex and flanking three deep embayments, covered with germination valves. q: Basal view, the three ridges being less pronounced. o–q: Reflected light, palladium coated. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 5. Anacardiaceae (a–m), Burseraceae (n–q). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–f: Pentoperculum sp. a–c: USNM PAL 772360. a: Lateral view of endocarp, apex up; three germination valves visible, the central clearly displaying the bipartite nature of the valve, reflected light, palladium coated. b: Apical view displaying six locules, with two preserved germination valves at the lower left, reflected light, palladium coated. c: Basal view of the endocarp, the locules suggested by swellings; note point of attachment, micro-CT scan surface rendering. d–f: Pentoperculum sp. USNM PAL 772359, reflected light, palladium coated. d: Lateral view of a probable 6-loculed endocarp, apex up; a single intact germination valve in the center, displaying the central lineation that divides it in two. e: Apical view; two bi-partite germination valves are visible, indicated by arrows to the middle cleavage line of two of the valves. f: Basal view, the locules suggested by the undulations in the margin. g–i: Indet. Spondioideae. USNM PAL 772358, reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view of multi-locular endocarp, apex up. h: Apical view showing finely punctuate surface and peripheral locule cavities. i: Basal view. j–m: Cf. Pleiogynium USNM PAL 772357. j: Lateral view of the multi-locular endocarp, apex up; note intact germination valve on left and exposed locule facing the viewer, micro-CT scan surface rendering. k: Lateral view, rotated about 30° from (j), showing three exposed locules, reflected light, palladium coated; note bipartite locule lining at center. l: Apical view of the multilocular endocarp; the locule with intact germination valve at the upper right, reflected light, palladium coated. Arrows to each locule. m: Basal view showing central point of attachment and prominent radiating ridges aligned with the locules, micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–q: Canarium, USNM PAL 772361. Scale bar = 1 cm. n: Lateral view of endocarp directly facing one germination valve flanked by two strong ridges; apex up; specimen coated in sodium nitrate and photographed by R. A. Scott. o: Lateral view facing one of the three pronounced ridges, flanked to the left and right by two germination valves; apex up. p: Apical view displaying the three strong ridges, arching over the apex and flanking three deep embayments, covered with germination valves. q: Basal view, the three ridges being less pronounced. o–q: Reflected light, palladium coated.
Text-fig. 34. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–h) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume rendering of follicles in lateral (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from base of the follicle to the apex; note papillate zone forming a probable stigma along the full length of the ventral suture; e) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0326) near the base of the follicle showing two ovules with a striate-reticulate surface (asterisks); note transverse fibers lining the inner follicle wall and large cells of the mesocarp; f) Transverse section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice xy2475) of follicle showing two rows of ovules borne on placentae on either side of the ventral suture (asterisks); note also the pronounced and densely-spaced papillae around the ventral suture; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1988) of follicle showing two ventral vascular bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds borne on two placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of the small thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis that cover the thicker-walled cells of the mesocarp; h) Transverse section (orthoslice xy2860) of follicle showing two ventral bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds in two rows on the placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of small epidermal cells and the large rounded cells of the mesocarp with thicker walls. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174916 (a, b), Catefica 49-S174917 (c–f, h), Catefica 50-S171525 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 34. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–h) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume rendering of follicles in lateral (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from base of the follicle to the apex; note papillate zone forming a probable stigma along the full length of the ventral suture; e) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0326) near the base of the follicle showing two ovules with a striate-reticulate surface (asterisks); note transverse fibers lining the inner follicle wall and large cells of the mesocarp; f) Transverse section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice xy2475) of follicle showing two rows of ovules borne on placentae on either side of the ventral suture (asterisks); note also the pronounced and densely-spaced papillae around the ventral suture; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1988) of follicle showing two ventral vascular bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds borne on two placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of the small thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis that cover the thicker-walled cells of the mesocarp; h) Transverse section (orthoslice xy2860) of follicle showing two ventral bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds in two rows on the placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of small epidermal cells and the large rounded cells of the mesocarp with thicker walls. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174916 (a, b), Catefica 49-S174917 (c–f, h), Catefica 50-S171525 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e–h).
CLPX-Satellite: EO-1 Hyperion Surface Reflectance, Snow-Covered Area, and Grain Size, Version 1
This data set consists of apparent surface reflectance, subpixel snow-covered area, and grain size collected from the Hyperion hyperspectral imager. The Hyperion imager has a spectral range of 400-2500 nm, a spectral resolution of 10 nm, spatial resolution of 30 m, and a swath width of 7.8 km. Sampling is scene based (256 samples, 512 lines).
Global Forest Cover Change Surface Reflectance Estimates Multi-Year Global 30m V001
The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) archives and distributes Global Forest Cover Change (GFCC) data products through the NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments ([MEaSUREs](https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/competitive-programs/measures)) Program. The GFCC Surface Reflectance Estimates Multi-Year Global dataset is derived from the enhanced Global Land Survey (GLS) datasets for epochs centered on the years 1990, 2000, 2005, and 2010. The GLS datasets are composed of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images at 30 meter resolution. Data available for this product represent the best available "leaf-on" date during the peak growing season. The original GLS datasets were enhanced with supplemental Landsat images when data were incomplete for the epoch or inadequate for analysis due to acquisition during "leaf-off" seasons. The enhanced GLS data were acquired June 1984 through August 2011. Atmospheric corrections were applied to seven visible bands to estimate surface reflectance by compensating for the scattering and absorption of radiance by atmospheric conditions. GFCC30SR is a multi-file data product. The surface reflectance data products are used as source data for other datasets in the GFCC collection.For each available date, data files are delivered in a zip folder that consists of six surface reflectance bands, a Top of Atmosphere temperature band, an Atmospheric Opacity layer, and the Landsat Surface Reflectance Quality layer. Data follow the Worldwide Reference System-2 tiling scheme. Additional details regarding the methodology used to create the data are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).
BigFoot Land Cover Surfaces for North and South American Sites, 2000-2003
The BigFoot project gathered data for nine EOS Land Validation Sites located from Alaska to Brazil from 2000 to 2003. Each site is representative of one or two distinct biomes, including the Arctic tundra; boreal evergreen needleleaf forest; temperate cropland, grassland, evergreen needleleaf forest, and deciduous broadleaf forest; desert grassland and shrubland; and tropical evergreen broadleaf forest. These surfaces were produced from Landsat ETM+ imagery to explicitly characterize the land cover at the BigFoot Sites to provide validation of the MODIS land cover product. The land cover scheme is consistent with the categories defined by the MOD12 IGBP (http://geography.bu.edu/landcover/userguidelc/index.html) strategy. Each BigFoot land cover product covers approximately a 7 x 7 km extent and consists of the land cover surface image in standard geotiff format, an accompanying text file which provides metadata specific to the image (such as projection, data type, class names, etc), and associated auxiliary and world files. For an in depth discussion of methods used to produce these surfaces, please see references.Additional information on land cover surface development can be found on the BigFoot website at http://www.fsl.orst.edu/larse/bigfoot/ovr_mthd.html.BigFoot Project Background:Reflectance data from MODIS, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer onboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite Terra (http://landval.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/index.php), is used to produce several science products including land cover, leaf area index (LAI) and net primary production (NPP). The overall goal of the BigFoot Project was to provide validation of these products. To do this, BigFoot combined ground measurements, additional high resolution remote sensing data, and ecosystem process models at nine flux tower sites representing different biomes to evaluate the effects of the spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem characteristics on MODIS products. BigFoot characterized up to a 7 x 7 km area (49 MODIS pixels) surrounding the CO2 flux towers located at each of the nine sites. We collected multi-year, in situ measurements of ecosystem structure and functional characteristics related to the terrestrial carbon cycle. Our sampling design allowed us to examine scales and spatial pattern of these properties, the inter-annual variability and validity of MODIS products, and provided for a field-based ecological characterization of the flux tower footprint. BigFoot was funded by NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program.
Efficacy of Alcohol Hand-rubbing Covering All Hand Surfaces in Reducing Bacterial Hand Contamination of Healthcare Staff
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01337856. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Near Real-Time MODIS/Terra L3 Global Daily 500m SIN Grid Snow Cover, Snow Albedo, and Snow Surface Properties, Version 1
This data set contains the following parameters: snow fraction (on the ground), viewable snow fraction, snow cover duration, snow grain size, dust concentration, snow albedo (on horizontal surface), snow albedo (on sloped surface), and radiative forcing. All variables are spatially and temporally complete after interpolation. Days without observation is also included so that users can determine how many days since a satellite observation occurred.The data set is derived from a version of the spectral mixture analysis (SMA) approach called the Snow Property Inversion from Remote Sensing (SPIReS, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425725001464?via%3Dihub#bb0040">Bair et al, 2021</a>). This dataset uses surface reflectance inputs from <a href="https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod09gav061/">MOD09GA v6.1</a> and includes additional outputs not included in the original version of SPIReS: snow albedo and snow radiative forcing.The SPIReS SMA model considers three spectral endmembers: snow, shade, and a snow-free background reflectance, which is identified for each MODIS pixel as the average MOD09GA reflectance measured typically between 1 August and 30 September for a given year in the northern hemisphere. dust concentration is solved for simultaneously with fractional snow cover and snow grain size during the spectral unmixing process. SPIReS snow albedo are derived using a lookup table that incorporates snow grain size, dust concentration, and surface illumination (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425725001464?via%3Dihub#bb0025">Bair et al., 2019</a>). After the fSCA, grain size, and dust concentration are determined, these properties are filled, smoothed, and adjusted for canopy gap size, shade, and permanent ice. SPIReS radiative forcing are derived using a lookup table that incorporates LAP concentration and clear sky incoming solar irradiance. Data are available from 01 October 2024 to present. These data are provided in the netCDF-4 format with a Sinusoidal projection and are currently available for the western United States (MODIS tiles h08v04, h08v05, h09v04, h09v05, h10v04). Additional tiles will be added over time. For data prior to 01 October 2024, please see the historical dataset (<a href="https://doi.org/10.7265/a3vr-c014">Rittger et al., 2025</a>) created by Snow Today at NSIDC.Data can be accessed via ftp://dtn.rc.colorado.edu/shares/snow-today/spires/SPIRES_NRT_V01Note: Authors Rittger, K. and Lenard, S. contributed equally to this work
Historical MODIS/Terra L3 Global Daily 500m SIN Grid Snow Cover, Snow Albedo, and Snow Surface Properties, Version 1
This data set contains the following parameters: snow fraction (on the ground), viewable snow fraction, snow cover duration, snow grain size, dust concentration, snow albedo (on horizontal surface), snow albedo (on sloped surface), and radiative forcing. All variables are spatially and temporally complete after interpolation. Days without observation is also included so that users can determine how many days since a satellite observation occurred. The data set is derived from a version of the spectral mixture analysis (SMA) approach called the Snow Property Inversion from Remote Sensing (SPIReS, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425725001464?via%3Dihub#bb0040">Bair et al, 2021</a>). This dataset uses surface reflectance inputs from <a href="https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod09gav061/">MOD09GA v6.1</a> and includes additional outputs not included in the original version of SPIReS: snow albedo and snow radiative forcing. The SPIReS SMA model considers three spectral endmembers: snow, shade, and a snow-free background reflectance, which is identified for each MODIS pixel as the average MOD09GA reflectance measured typically between 1 August and 30 September for a given year in the northern hemisphere. dust concentration is solved for simultaneously with fractional snow cover and snow grain size during the spectral unmixing process. SPIReS snow albedo are derived using a lookup table that incorporates snow grain size, dust concentration, and surface illumination (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425725001464?via%3Dihub#bb0025">Bair et al., 2019</a>). After the fSCA, grain size, and dust concentration are determined, these properties are filled, smoothed, and adjusted for canopy gap size, shade, and permanent ice. SPIReS radiative forcing are derived using a lookup table that incorporates LAP concentration and clear sky incoming solar irradiance. Data are available from 01 March 2000 to 30 September 2024. These data are provided in the netCDF-4 format with a Sinusoidal projection and are currently available for the western United States (MODIS tiles h08v04, h08v05, h09v04, h09v05, h10v04). Additional tiles will be added over time. For data after 30 September 2024, please see the near real-time dataset (<a href="https://doi.org/10.7265/hs6b-zg21">Rittger et al., 2025</a>) created by Snow Today at NSIDC.Data can be accessed via ftp://dtn.rc.colorado.edu/shares/snow-today/spires/SPIRES_HIST_V01
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.