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330 results for “symbiosis”
Microbial warfare and the evolution of symbiosis
<p>Cooperative symbionts enable their hosts to exploit a diversity of environments. A low genetic diversity (high relatedness) between the symbionts within a host is thought to favour cooperation by reducing conflict within the host. However, hosts will not be favoured to transmit their symbionts in costly ways that increase relatedness, unless this also provides an immediate fitness benefit to the host. We suggest that costly antimicrobial warfare, with compounds such as bacteriocins, could provide a relatively universal reason for why hosts would gain a benefit from increasing the relatedness between bacterial symbionts. We theoretically test this hypothesis with a simple illustrative model that examines whether hosts should manipulate relatedness, and an individual-based simulation, where host control evolves in a structured population. We find that hosts can be favoured to manipulate relatedness, to reduce conflict between symbionts via this immediate reduction in symbiont warfare.</p>
Data from: Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases plant phylogenetic diversity and regulate community assembly
<p>The intricate mechanisms shaping plant diversity and community composition are the cornerstone of ecological understanding. Yet, the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis, the fundamental partnership between fungi and plant roots, in influencing community composition has often been underestimated. Here, we use extensive species survey data from 1,315 terrestrial ecosystem sites to elucidate the influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant phylogenetic diversity and its implications for community assembly processes. Our findings demonstrate that increasing mycorrhizal symbiotic potential leads to greater phylogenetic dispersion within plant communities. Furthermore, we unveil a distinct dichotomy in the assembly processes governed by mycorrhizal status. Mycorrhizal species predominantly influence deterministic processes, suggesting a role in niche-based community assembly. Conversely, non-mycorrhizal species exert a stronger influence on stochastic processes, highlighting the importance of random events in shaping community structure. These results underscore the crucial but often hidden role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in driving plant community diversity and assembly. This study provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms shaping ecological communities and the way for more informed conservation and management practices that acknowledge the complex interplay between symbiosis and ecological community dynamics.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica
FIGURE 3. Lithostratigraphic columns of the analysed outcrops (92, 14, 42, 20) from the upper course of the Dniester River valley (Moldova-Podillya Basin). 1–limestones; 2–dolomites; 3–marls; 4–argillaceous dolomites; 5–sandstones; 6–mudstones; 7–limestones with anhydrite/gypsum intercalations; 8–dolomites with anhydrite/gypsum intercalations; 9–bentonites; 10–unconformity; 11–volcanic event.
FIGURE 2. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica
FIGURE 2. A. Map illustrating the position of the Timan-Pechora basin. Inset highlights the study area. B. Precarbon- iferous geological map of the Timan-Pechora basin, northeastern Baltica (modified from Nikonov, 2000).
FIGURE 1. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica
FIGURE 1. A. Map illustrating the position of the Republic of Moldova, western Ukraine and western Belarus. Inset highlights the study area. B. Wenlock lithofacies belts in the southwestern and western parts of Baltica (data for the western part from Modlinski et al., 2010; data for the southwestern part from Bukatchuk et al., 1988).
FIGURE 6. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica
FIGURE 6. A. Conchicolites sp. inside Pseudolabechia sp., coll. No. 2602/6794, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 3660, depth 61,4 m. B. Helicosalpinx concoenatus and Chaetosalpinx sp. in Clathrodictyon sp., coll. No. 2602/6347b, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 3650, depth 234,8 m, Silurian, Ludlow, Ternava Formation, Sursha Unit, Podillya, Ukraine. C. Syringoporid in Parallelostroma communis (longitudinal section), coll. No. 2602/1425, the sample was taken from outcrop No 42, Silurian, Ludlow, Konivka Formation, Goloskiv Unit (Cyclite 3R), Podillya, Ukraine. D. Syringopora sp. inside Parallelostroma communis Bog., coll. No. 2602/92-49e, the sample was taken from outcrop No153, Silurian, Ludlow, Konivka Formation, Goloskiv Unit, Cyclite 1R (Ustia Village, Smotrich River, Podillya, Ukraine). E. Conchicolites sp. inside Clathrodictyon microstriatellum (Riab.), coll. No. 2602/92-244d, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 7v-Mândra (Mândra, Republic of Moldova), depth 694 m. F. Helicosalpinx concoenatus Clarke, 1908 inside Densastroma sp., coll. No. 2602/92-230, the sample was taken from core of borehole 5463, depth 347 m (northern Podillya).
FIGURE 5. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica
FIGURE 5. A. Coll. No. 2602/92-155, Helicosalpinx concoenatus inside a stromatoporoid, the sample was collected from the core of borehole 5483, depth 249 m. B. Cornulites sp. in Mesosolenia sp., coll. No. 2602/8762b, the sample was collected from the core of borehole 5414, depth 561,5 m. C. Rugosan within Clathrodictyon planum, coll. No. 2602/6957a, the sample was taken from outcrop No.117-156, Kozhym River (Komi Republic), Gerd'yu Formation (Přidolian). D. Helicosalpinx concoenatus Clarke, 1908 inside a stromatoporoid, coll. No. 2602/6943d, the sample was taken from outcrop No236-156, Kozhym River (Komi Republic), Gerd'yu Formation (Přidolian). E. Microconchid Palaeoconchus sp. inside Parallelostroma sp., coll. No. 2602/92-121d, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 5478, depth 214 m. F. Microconchid Palaeoconchus sp. inside a stromatoporoid, coll. No. 2602/805a, the sample was taken from the core of borehole Scherbin -11, depth 434 m (Podlasie-Brest Depression).
FIGURE 4 in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica
FIGURE 4. Lithostratigraphic columns accompanied by gamma-ray logs for the studied wells from the southwestern and western parts of Baltica (Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus). Legend is explained within Figure 3.
Main dataset 'Environmental specificity in Drosophila-bacteria symbiosis affects host developmental plasticity'
<p>Main dataset from the manuscript 'Environmental specificity in <em>Drosophila</em>-bacteria symbiosis affects host developmental plasticity' (2019)</p>
MANOVA dataset 'Environmental specificity in Drosophila-bacteria symbiosis affects host developmental plasticity'
<p>MANOVA dataset from the manuscript 'Environmental specificity in <em>Drosophila</em>-bacteria symbiosis affects host developmental plasticity' (2019)</p>
Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids
<p>Data and R scripts for statistical analyses for the article:</p> <p><strong>Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids</strong></p> <p>By: <strong>Carlos Bustos-Segura, Adrienne L. Godschalx, Lucas Malacari, Fanny Deiss, Sergio Rasmann, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Betty Benrey</strong> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Microorganisms associated with plant roots significantly impact the quality and quantity of plant defences. However, the bottom-up effects of soil microbes on the aboveground multitrophic interactions remain largely under studied. To address this gap, we investigated the chemically-mediated effects of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on legume-herbivore-parasitoid multitrophic interactions. To address this, we initially examined the cascading effects of the rhizobia bean association on herbivore caterpillars, their parasitoids, and subsequently investigated how rhizobia influence on plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Our goal was to understand how these plant-mediated effects can affect parasitoids. Lima bean plants (<em>Phaseoulus lunatus</em>) inoculated with rhizobia exhibited better growth, and the number of root nodules positively correlated with defensive cyanogenic compounds. Despite increase of these chemical defences, <em>Spodoptera</em> latifascia caterpillars preferred to feed and grew faster on rhizobia-inoculated plants. Moreover, the emission of plant volatiles after leaf damage showed distinct patterns between inoculation treatments, with inoculated plants producing more sesquiterpenes and benzyl nitrile than non-inoculated plants. Despite these differences, <em>Euplectrus platyhypenae</em> parasitoid wasps were similarly attracted to rhizobia- or no rhizobia-treated plants. Yet, the oviposition and offspring development of <em>E. platyhypenae </em>was better on caterpillars fed with rhizobia-inoculated plants. We additionally show that rhizobia-inoculated common bean plants (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) produced more extrafloral nectar, with higher hydrocarbon concentration, than non-inoculated plants. Consequently, parasitoids performed better when fed with extrafloral nectar from rhizobia-inoculated plants. While the overall effects of bean-rhizobia symbiosis on caterpillars were positive, rhizobia also indirectly benefited parasitoids through the caterpillar host, and directly through the improved production of high quality extrafloral nectar. This study underscores the importance of exploring diverse facets and chemical mechanisms that influence the dynamics between herbivores and predators. This knowledge is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of rhizobia symbiosis on these interactions.</p>
Figure 1 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 1. Schematic design of cubic clod sampling. (a) Protocol for sampling in June 2002; (b) protocol for sampling in January 2002. At each sampling event we randomly chose a ground surface area for sampling clods, from which individuals of Acropyga sauteri and its symbiont Eumyrmococcus smithii were collected. The dates of sampling events and the numbers and sizes of areas and cubic clods are listed in Table I.
Figure 10 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 10. Seasonal changes in the average numbers (with SE) of individuals of Eumyrmococcus smithii per colony and the age structure (percentage of components). Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (presumed number of ant colonies). ''Pupa'' here includes pupae of both sexes and male prepupa, which were difficult to discriminate when not on slides.
Figure 13 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 13. First-instar nymph, right side shows venter of the nymph; left side shows dorsum of the nymph. Anal lobe setae are long, but here only a part of the setae are drawn. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Figure 4 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 4. Schematic illustration of the presumed life cycle of Eumyrmococcus smithii. The first-instar nymph is followed by the pupa and adult in the female and by the prepupa, pupa, and adult in the male.
Figure 12 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 12. (a) Female pupa; (b) male prepupa; (c) male pupa. Right sides show venter of the prepupal or pupal stages; left sides show dorsum of the prepupal or pupal stages. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 6 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 6. Average numbers (with SD) of workers of Acropyga sauteri in clods with Eumyrmococcus smithii (open area) or without E. smithii (shaded area) in August and June. Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (number of cubic clods).
Figure 9 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 9. Seasonal changes in the average numbers (with SE) of individuals of Acropyga sauteri per colony and the age structure (percentage of components). Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (presumed number of ant colonies).
Figure 8 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 8. Distribution of the numbers of alate female ants (a) and alate male ants (b) per colony of Acropyga sauteri. A plot represents the variable for a colony or the average for multiple colonies in the vicinity. When multiple queens were sampled from certain clods in the vicinity, we estimated the average numbers of the reproductives by dividing the total number of queens into the total numbers of the reproductives. Numerals above the solid circles indicate the number of colonies used for the average estimation.
Figure 5 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
Figure 5. Percentage of clods containing more than five workers of Acropyga sauteri across depths. Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (number of cubic clods).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.