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66 results for “tallgrass prairie”
Data from: Bison grazing in eastern tallgrass prairie does not alter plant diversity after five years
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Flood-driven survival and growth of dominant C4 grasses helps set their distributions along tallgrass prairie moisture gradients
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Community level phylogenetic diversity does not differ between rare and common lineages across tallgrass prairies in northern Great Plains
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Data from: Quantifying seed rain patterns in a remnant and a chronosequence of restored tallgrass prairies in north central Missouri
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Data for: Higher floral richness promotes rarer bee communities across remnant and reconstructed tallgrass prairies, though remnants contain higher abundances of a threatened bumble bee (Bombus Latreille)
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Selection on convergent functional traits drives compositional divergence in a tallgrass prairie restoration experiment
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Data from: Management actions shape dung beetle community structure and functional traits in restored tallgrass prairie
<p>1. Ecosystem restoration often focuses on reestablishing species richness and diversity of native organisms, especially plants. However, effective restoration requires re-establishment of ecosystem functions and processes by all trophic levels. Functional trait descriptions of communities, including decomposer communities, may provide more comprehensive evaluations of restoration activities and management than taxonomic community metrics alone.</p> <p>2. We examined species and functional trait composition of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae) communities across a 3-31 year chronosequence of restored prairies, in which sites varied in the presence of re-introduced bison and prescribed fire. We calculated functional diversity metrics and community-weighted mean trait values using behavioral and morphological measurements. We also performed a dung decomposition experiment to measure an ecosystem function driven by these insects.</p> <p>3. Bison presence doubled beetle abundance and increased richness by 50%. Shannon diversity increased with restoration age, nearly doubling from the youngest to oldest restorations. Functional diversity was unchanged, except functional richness, which was reduced by bison and fire presence. Beetles were, on average, smaller in older restorations, although this pattern was weaker when bison were present.</p> <p>4. Dung decomposition was unaffected by site characteristics but increased with community weighted mean beetle mass. Dung decomposition was better predicted by mean trait values, suggesting that supporting large-bodied species may be more important than species diversity in settings where maximizing decomposition function is a goal.</p> <p>5. Restoration managers should consider dung beetle communities and their functional characteristics when making management decisions, particularly where large grazers are a component of management strategies.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie
1. Nocturnal transpiration can impact water balance from the local community to earth-atmosphere fluxes. However, the dynamics and drivers of nocturnal transpiration among coexisting plant functional groups in herbaceous ecosystems are unknown. 2. Here, we addressed the following questions: (1) How do nocturnal (Enight) and diurnal (Eday) transpiration vary among coexisting grasses, forbs, and shrubs in a tallgrass prairie? (2) What environmental variables drive Enight and do these differ from the drivers of Eday? (3) Is Enight associated with daytime physiological processes? 3. We measured diurnal and nocturnal leaf gas exchange on perennial grass, forb, and woody species in a North American tallgrass prairie. Measurements were made periodically across two growing seasons (May-August 2014-2015) on three C4 grasses (Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Panicum virgatum), two C3 forbs (Vernonia baldwinii and Solidago canadensis), one C3 sub-shrub (Amorpha canescens) and two C3 shrubs (Cornus drummondii and Rhus glabra). 4. By extending our study to multiple functional groups we were able to make several key observations: (1) Enight was variable among co-occurring plant functional groups, with the highest rates occurring in C4 grasses, (2) Enight and Eday exhibited different responses to vapor pressure deficit and other environmental drivers, and (3) rates of Enight were strongly related to predawn leaf water potential for grasses and woody species, and likely modulated by small-scale changes in soil moisture availability. 5. Our results provide novel insight into an often-overlooked portion of ecosystem water balance. Considering the high rates of Enight observed in C4 grasses, as well as the widespread global occurrence of C4 grasses, nocturnal water loss might constitute a greater proportion of global evapotranspiration than previously estimated. Additionally, future predictions of nocturnal water loss may be complicated by stomatal behavior that differs between during the day and at night. Finally, these data suggest a water-use strategy by C4 grasses wherein the high rates of Enight occurring during wet periods may confer a competitive advantage to maximize resource consumption during periods of availability.
Bridging the flux gap: sap flow measurements reveal species-specific patterns of water-use in a tallgrass prairie
<p>Predicting the hydrological consequences following changes in grassland vegetation type (i.e., woody encroachment) requires an understanding of water flux dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution for predominant species within grassland communities. However, grassland fluxes are typically measured at the leaf or landscape scale, which inhibits our ability to predict how individual species contribute to changing ecosystem fluxes. We used external heat balance sap flow sensors and a hierarchical Bayesian state-space modeling approach to bridge this "flux-gap" and estimate continuous species-level water flux in common tallgrass prairie species. Specifically, we asked: 1) How do diurnal and nocturnal water fluxes differ among woody and herbaceous plants? (2) How sensitive are woody and herbaceous species to environmental drivers of diurnal and nocturnal water flux? We highlight three results: (1) <i>Cornus drummondii</i>, the primary woody encroacher in this grassland, exhibited the greatest canopy-level water loss, (2) nocturnal transpiration was a large component of the water lost in this ecosystem and was driven primarily by C<sub>4</sub> grasses and <i>C. drummondii</i>, and (3) the sensitivity of canopy transpiration to environmental drivers varies among plant functional types and throughout a 24-hour period. Our data reveal important insights regarding the water-use strategies of woody versus herbaceous species in tallgrass prairies, and about the potential hydrological consequences of ongoing woody encroachment. We suggest that the high, static flux rates observed in woody species will likely deplete deep water stores over time, potentially creating hydrological deficits in grasslands experiencing woody encroachment and concomitantly increasing the vulnerability of these ecosystems to drought.</p>
Data from: Mycorrhizal-herbivore interactions and the competitive release of subdominant tallgrass prairie species
<p>Plant-microbial-herbivore interactions play a crucial role in the structuring and maintenance of plant communities and biodiversity, yet these relationships are complex. In grassland ecosystems, herbivores have the potential to greatly influence the survival, growth, and reproduction of plants. However, few studies examine interactions of above- and belowground grazing and AM mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant community structure. We established experimental mesocosms containing an assemblage of eight tallgrass prairie grass and forb species in native prairie soil, maintained under mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal conditions, with and without native herbivorous soil nematodes, and with and without grasshopper herbivory. Using factorial analysis of variance and principal component analysis, we examined: a) the independent and interacting effects of above- and belowground herbivores on AM symbiosis in tallgrass prairie mesocosms, b) independent and interacting effects of above- and belowground herbivores and mycorrhizal fungi on plant community structure, and c) potential influences of mycorrhizal responsiveness of host plants on herbivory tolerance, and concomitant shifts in plant community composition. Treatment effects were characterized by interactions between AM fungi and both aboveground and belowground herbivores, while herbivore effects were additive. The dominance of mycorrhizal-dependent C<sub>4</sub> grasses in the presence of AMF symbiosis was increased (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory but reduced (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by nematode herbivory. Cool-season C<sub>3</sub> grasses exhibited a competitive release in the absence of AMF symbiosis but this effect was largely reversed in the presence of grasshopper herbivory. Forbs showed species-specific responses to both AM fungal inoculation and the addition of herbivores. Biomass of the grazing-avoidant, facultatively mycotrophic forb <em>Brickellia eupatorioides</em> increased (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) in the absence of AMF symbiosis and with grasshopper herbivory, while AMF-related increases in the aboveground biomass of mycorrhizal-dependent forbs <em>Rudbeckia hirta</em> and <em>Salvia azurea</em> were eradicated (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory. In contrast, nematode herbivory enhanced (<em>p</em> = 0.001) the contribution of <em>Salvia azurea</em> to total biomass.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: Our research indicates that AM symbiosis is the key driver of the dominance of C<sub>4</sub> grasses in the tallgrass prairie, with foliar and root herbivory being two mechanisms for the maintenance of plant diversity.</p>
Data from: Fire, grazing, and climate shape plant-grasshopper interactions in a tallgrass prairie
1. Species interactions are integral to ecological community function and the structure of species interactions has repercussions for the consequences of species extinctions. Few studies have examined the role of environmental factors in controlling species interaction networks across time. 2. We examined variation in plant-grasshopper network structural properties in response to three major grassland drivers: periodic fire, ungulate grazing and climate. 3. We sequenced a plant barcoding gene from extracted grasshopper gut contents to characterize diets of 26 grasshopper species. Resulting grasshopper species' diets were combined with long-term plant and grasshopper surveys to assemble plant-grasshopper networks across 13-19 years for 6 watersheds subjected to varying fire and grazing treatments. 4. Network modularity, generality, and predicted grasshopper community robustness to plant species loss all increased in grazed watersheds. Temperature decreased predicted grasshopper community robustness to plant species loss. 5. Grasshopper communities were found to be vulnerable to climatic warming due to host plant loss. However, intermediate disturbance from ungulate grazers may maintain grasshopper diversity and buffer community robustness to species loss. Our results suggest that climate and disturbance shape the structure of ecological interaction networks and thus have many indirect effects on species persistence though direct effects on interaction partners.
Resources do not limit compensatory response of a tallgrass prairie plant community to the loss of a dominant species
<p>The effect of species loss on ecosystem productivity is determined by both the functional contribution of the species lost, and the response of the remaining species in the community. According to the mass-ratio hypothesis, the loss of a dominant plant species, which has a larger proportionate contribution to productivity, is expected to exert an overwhelming effect on this important ecosystem function. However, via competitive release, loss of a dominant species can provide the opportunity for other plant species to establish, thrive and become abundant in the community, potentially compensating for the function lost. Furthermore, if resource limitation is removed, then compensatory response of function to the loss of a dominant species should be greater and more rapid than if resources are more limiting.</p> <p>To evaluate how resources may limit compensation of aboveground productivity to the loss of a dominant plant species, we experimentally removed the C<sub>4</sub> perennial tallgrass, <em>Andropogon gerardii</em>, from intact plant communities. We added water for four years, as well as nitrogen in the fourth year, to test the effect of resource limitation on the compensatory response.</p> <p>Overall, aboveground biomass production increased in the remaining community with both water and nitrogen addition. However, this increase in biomass production was not sufficient to fully compensate for the loss of A. gerardii, indicating water and nitrogen were not limiting short-term compensation in this community.</p> <p>Following the removal of the dominant species, there was a reordering of species abundances in the community, rather than changes in species richness. The C<sub>4</sub> grass <em>Bouteloua curtipendula</em> was the most responsive species, increasing by 57.9% in abundance with water addition and 91.0% with both water and nitrogen addition. Despite this dramatic increase in abundance, its short stature and lower per capita biomass production prevented this species from compensating for the loss of <em>A. gerardii</em>.</p> <p>Our results suggest that short-term compensation after the loss of a dominant plant species can be hastened by increased resource availability, but ultimately full compensation appears to be limited by the presence and abundance of species in the remaining community that possess traits that allow them compensate for the species lost.</p>
Data from: Management actions shape dung beetle community structure and functional traits in restored tallgrass prairie
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Data from: Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie
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Data from: Mycorrhizal-herbivore interactions and the competitive release of subdominant tallgrass prairie species
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Data from: Restored tallgrass prairies have reduced phylogenetic diversity compared with remnants
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Bridging the flux gap: sap flow measurements reveal species-specific patterns of water-use in a tallgrass prairie
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Data from: Cover crop species alter tallgrass prairie community assembly
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Data from: Fire, grazing, and climate shape plant-grasshopper interactions in a tallgrass prairie
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Resources do not limit compensatory response of a tallgrass prairie plant community to the loss of a dominant species
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