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Figs 18a–j in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 18a–j. Spathidium bromelicola from life (b, c, i, j) and after protargol impregnation (a, d–h). a – left side overview; b, c – resting cysts with large lipid droplets (arrowheads) between internal and external wall; d, f – right side views of oral body portion; e – left side view of oral body portion, showing the Spathidium ciliary pattern and the enlarged area (asterisk) between last ventral and first left side ciliary row; g, h – frontal views of the narrow oral bulge and its acute ventral end (g, arrowhead); i, j – oral bulge extrusomes, length about 4 µm. B – dorsal brush, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 10 µm (g, h), 30 µm (d–f), 40 µm (b, c), and 50 µm (a).
Figs 16a–k in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 16a–k. Spathidium bromelicola from life (a–f, j, k) and after protargol impregnation (g–i). a – left side view of a representative specimen, length 190 µm; b, c – shape variants; d, f – frontal view of oral bulge, showing the arrangement of the cortical granules and the extrusomes; e – oral bulge extrusomes, length 3.5–4.5 µm; g–i – left and right side view of holotype specimen, length 175 µm. The arrow marks the heteromorphic tail of brush row 3. The asterisk denotes the obtriangular space between the last ventral and the first left side ciliary row; j, k – surface view and optical section of cortex. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CP – cytopharyngeal entrance, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pores, G – cortical granules, L – lipid droplet, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 40 µm (h, i), 50 µm (g), and 70 µm (a).
Figs 14a–c. Spathidium bromeliophilum, late divider after protargol impregnation. a–c in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 14a–c. Spathidium bromeliophilum, late divider after protargol impregnation. a–c – overview and details of the fission area, showing the ventral (b) and dorsal (c) side. Arrowheads (b) mark the growing nematodesma bundles (oral basket fibres) originating from the dikinetids of the circumoral kinety fragments. Arrow (c) denotes a bleb left of the circumoral kinety fragments of the opisthe. 1, 2, 3 – dorsal brush rows, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 20a–f in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 20a–f. Spathidium wolfi from life (c) and after protargol impregnation (a, b, d–f). a, b – ciliary pattern of right and left side and nuclear apparatus of holotype specimen; for oral details, see Figs 19k, l. The arrowhead marks the excretory pores of the anterior contractile vacuole, i.e., the main character of this species; c – supposed structure of dorsal brush row 3; d – ventral view of a paratype specimen with open circumoral kinety (arrow) and thus resembling Apertospathula; e – dorsolateral view of a paratype specimen, showing the ciliary pattern and the excretory pores of the anterior and posterior contractile vacuole; f – ventrolateral view of oral body region, showing the Spathidium ciliary pattern. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, EP – excretory pores, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 10 µm (d, f) and 50 µm (a, b, e).
Figs 10a–e in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 10a–e. Spathidium bromeliophilum, ontogenesis of ciliary pattern after protargol impregnation. Corresponding body and nuclear changes are shown in Figs 11a–j. a – very early divider, showing basal body production in the prospective division zone. Asterisk denotes a slight indentation in fission area. Nuclear apparatus as shown in Figs 11a, b; b – early divider where the developing dorsal brush rows (1–3) and the circumoral kinety fragments (placed between arrowheads) of the opisthe are already recognizable. Note blebs in fission area left of the circumoral kinety fragments (arrowheads). Nuclear apparatus as shown in Fig. 11c; c – middle stage, showing blebs (arrowheads) in prospective fission area. Nuclear apparatus as shown in Figs 11d, e; d – late divider with a single macronuclear strand (Fig. 11f) and conspicuous division furrow (arrows); e – very late divider with proter and opisthe about to separate, length 170 μm (Fig. 11g). B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 20 μm (a–d) and 30 μm (e).
Figs 13a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b, e in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 13a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b, e – anterior body portion of three specimens, showing the oral bulge whose ventral third is curved laterally in 80% of the specimens (b) and straight in the rest (a, e). Note the oblique microtubule bundles originating from the dikinetids of the circumoral kinety (a) and forming the oral basket (e, arrowheads); c – view of the inflated fission area of a middle divider, showing micronuclear fission and the macronuclear strand that developed by fusion of the macronuclear nodules; d – post-conjugant, showing four macronuclear nodules and the slightly convex oral bulge whose dorsal end is higher than the ventral end; f, g – an early divider, showing a slight body indentation (asterisk) and basal body production in the prospective division zone of most kineties. B – dorsal brush, BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, F – oral bulge fibres (microtubule bundles), MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 15a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a–d in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 15a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a–d – overview and details of a very late divider, showing the elliptical oral field of the opisthe whose circumoral kinety fragments have not yet aligned ventrally; e, f – post-dividers, showing the threedimensional macronuclear reticulum (e) that breaks into many nodules (f). B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, F – oral bulge fibres, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 9a–h in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 9a–h. Spathidium bromeliophilum in the SEM (a, b) and from life (c–h). a – a slender specimen; b – ventrolateral view, showing the cuneate oral bulge (arrowheads) and circumoral cilia (arrow); c, g – the extrusomes are about 5 μm long and are slightly asymmetrical (c); d–f – type III resting cysts, about 40 μm across. Mature cysts (e) show a thin (~ 1 μm) and smooth wall (opposed arrowheads), separated from the cytoplasm by a ~ 0.5 μm thick hyaline sheet (endocyst?) not recognizable in squashed cysts (f). When degenerated, the cytoplasm detaches from the wall (d); h – surface view showing the two-size types of cortical granules, diameter 0.2 μm and 0.4 μm (arrows and arrowheads). BU – oral bulge. Scale bars: 40 μm (a), 25 μm (d, e), 10 μm (b) and 5 μm (f, g).
Figs 7a–r in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 7a–r. Spathidium bromeliophilum from life (a–e, o–p) and after protargol impregnation (f–n, q, r). a – right side view of a representative specimen, length 135 μm. Arrowhead marks end of bristle tail of brush row 3; b, c – the ∞-shaped oral bulge, which is slightly dumbbell-shaped and/or cuneate, is studded with extrusomes. The oblique fibre bundles originate from the circumoral dikinetids; d – two views of the same extrusome, length 5 µm; e – surface view, showing the two size-types of cortical granules, diameter 0.2 µm and 0.4 µm; f–j – variability of shape of body and oral bulge whose ventral third is often curved laterally; k, l – a specimen engulfing a Colpoda (k) and another that has just engulfed a Vorticella; m, n – ciliary pattern of right and left side and nuclear apparatus of holotype specimen, length 138 μm; o, p – detail and overview of a resting cyst with inactive contractile vacuole, diameter 42 µm; q, r – ciliary pattern of anterior dorsal and ventral side, showing the isostichad dorsal brush and the wide spacing of the dikinetids in row 3. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pores, FV – food vacuole, LD – lipid droplets, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 40 μm (a, f–n), 20 μm (q–r) and 2 μm (o).
Figs 6a–g in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 6a–g. Protospathidium lepidosomatum from life (a–c), after protargol impregnation (d), and in the scanning electron microscope (e–g). a – optical section showing the external and internal cyst wall (opposed arrowheads); b, f – surface views showing the nipple-shaped lepidosomes (arrowheads); c – a squashed cyst, showing the thick wall (opposed arrowheads) and lepidosomes with a less refractive centre (arrows); d – the lepidosomes impregnate with the protargol method used; e, g – high magnification of the nipple-shaped lepidosomes (arrowheads). When detached, minute convexities become recognisable (arrows). L – lipid droplet. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (e, g) and 10 µm (a–d, f).
Figs 8a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 8a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b – right and left side view of the same specimen; c – left side view of a specimen with many small macronuclear nodules; d – anterior dorsal view of the proter from a late divider, showing the isostichad dorsal brush; e–g – anterior right (e) and left (f, g) side views of the specimens shown in Figs (a–c). Arrowheads (f, g) mark nematodesma bundles forming the oral basket. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, F – oral bulge fibres, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 5a–k. Protospathidium lepidosomatum after protargol impregnation. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 5a–k. Protospathidium lepidosomatum after protargol impregnation. a, b – ventral and dorsal view, showing the nuclear apparatus and the heterostichad dorsal brush with end of row 1 marked by an arrowhead; c, d – right and left side view of anterior body region, showing the disconnected oral kinetofragments; e – rarely, the oral bulge extrusomes impregnate; f – arrowheads indicate nematodesma bundles originating from the oral kinetofragments; g–i – variability of macronucleus; j – a specimen with a large food vacuole containing a Vorticella; k – an inflated specimen with some food vacuoles up to 10 µm across. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pore, FV – food vacuoles, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronucleus, OF – oral kinetofragments. Scale bars: 10 µm (e, f), 20 µm (c, d, j, k), and 30 µm (a, b, g–i).
Figs 4a–o in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 4a–o. Protospathidium lepidosomatum from life (a–f, i–k), after protargol impregnation (g, h, l–o), and in the SEM (i). a – left side view of a representative specimen, length 70 µm; b – mature extrusome, 2.5 µm; c – frontal view of oral bulge; d – slightly schematized dorsal brush; e, f – surface view and optical section of cortex; g, h – ciliary pattern of ventral and dorsal side and nuclear apparatus of holotype specimen, length 75 µm; i, k – details and overview of resting cyst in optical section. Note the nipple-shaped lepidosomes; j – body outline; l, m – maximum size variability; n, o – right and left side view, showing the ciliary pattern. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EL – external layer, EP – excretory pores, G – cortical granules, IL – internal layer, L – lipid droplets, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei, N – nematodesma bundle, OF – oral kinetofragments. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (i), 10 µm (k, n, o), 30 µm (a, l, m), and 40 µm (g, h).
Figs 3a–k. Arcuospathidium bromelicola after protargol impregnation. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 3a–k. Arcuospathidium bromelicola after protargol impregnation. a, b – left and right side view of a representative specimen; c, d – ventral and dorsal view of anterior body region, showing the cuneate, slightly curved circumoral kinety and the dorsal brush; e – left side view, showing the heterostichad dorsal brush with end of row 3 marked by an arrowhead; f – a horseshoe-shaped macronucleus accompanied by an ellipsoidal micronucleus with a minute, hemispherical cap; g–i – specimens with distinctly curved oral bulge, respectively, circumoral kinety; j – post-conjugant with two macronuclear nodules; k – a trophont with two large food vacuoles which contain ciliates and dislocate the macronucleus. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus. Scale bars: 10 µm (e, f), 15 µm (c, d, g, h), 30 µm (k), and 40 µm (a, b, i, j).
Figs 12a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum, dividers after protargol impregnation. a–c in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 12a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum, dividers after protargol impregnation. a–c – overview and details of an early divider. Note body indentation (asterisks), basal bodies production in the division zone of all kineties (arrowhead), and beginning fusion of macronuclear nodules (arrow in c); d–f – a middle divider, showing an inflated fission area (small arrowheads), the developing dorsal brush (1–3), the oral kinetofragments (large arrowheads), and the macronuclear strand that developed by fusion of the macronuclear nodules. B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 11a–j in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 11a–j. Spathidium bromeliophilum, body and nuclear changes in dividers (a–g) and post-dividers (h–j) after protargol impregnation; drawn to scale. For the ciliary pattern, see Figs 10a–e, 12a–f, 15a–d. a – a morphostatic specimen with many macronuclear nodules scattered throughout the cytoplasm; b – early divider with most macronuclear nodules fused; c, d – middle dividers in which the macronuclear nodules fused to an irregular mass. Note micronuclear division and the slightly inflated fission area; e, f – middle-late and late stage, showing elongation of body and macronucleus, and division furrow. The opisthe is considerably narrower than the proter (f), a rare feature (Table 5); g – very late divider, showing proter and opisthe about to separate while the macronucleus has already divided; h–j – post-dividers develop a three-dimensional macronuclear reticulum (h, i) that breaks into many nodules during the maturation of the cell (j, a). BU – oral bulge, CV – contractile vacuole, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei. Scale bar: 40 μm.
Figs 2a–m. Arcuospathidium bromelicola from life. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 2a–m. Arcuospathidium bromelicola from life. a, b – left side and ventral view, showing body outline of a specimen with strongly convex oral bulge (arrowheads); c – oral bulge extrusomes (some marked by arrowheads) are rod shaped and about 4 × 0.3 µm in size; d – a pillar of a squashed cyst; e – bright field micrograph of a resting cyst in optical section, showing the thin external layer (arrow) and thick internal layer (opposed arrowheads); f–h – optical section of cyst pillars, showing the variability of the distal end; i, j – optical section and surface view, showing the narrowly spaced pillars; k – arrowheads mark overturned pillars in a squashed cyst; l, m – optical sections, showing the cysts filled with lipid droplets and surrounded by a narrow slime layer. CV – contractile vacuole, L – lipid droplets, MA – macronucleus, SL – slime layer. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (f–h), 10 µm (c), 15 µm (e, i, j, l, m), and 40 µm (a, b).
Figs 21a–c in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 21a–c. Spathidium wolfi, dorsal views of anterior body region after protargol impregnation, showing the isostichad dorsal brush (c, arrows) and the excretory pores (arrowheads) of the anterior contractile vacuole. B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus. Scale bars: 20 µm.
Figs 22a–k. Spathidium wolfi after protargol impregnation. a – a in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 22a–k. Spathidium wolfi after protargol impregnation. a – a slender specimen; b – overview of a specimen inflated by the preparation; c, d – overviews showing the moniliform macronucleus; e–g – ventral views, showing the obovate (or broadly cuneate) circumoral kinety; h – ventrolateral view, showing kineties and cortical granules; i–k – anterior body portion at three focal planes. (i) Right side surface view, showing fibres in oral bulge and somatic cortex (arrowheads). (j) When focused slightly deeper, the nematodesmata become visible. (k) When focused to the left side, the dorsal brush and the Spathidium ciliary pattern become recognizable. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pores, F – fibres, G – cortical granules, K – kineties, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei, N – nematodesmata. Scale bars: 10 µm (e–k) and 50 µm (a–d).
Figs 1a–n in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 1a–n. Arcuospathidium bromelicola from life (a–d, j–l) and after protargol impregnation (e–i, m, n). a – left side view of a representative specimen, length 85 µm; b – surface view, showing the minute (≤ 1 µm) cortical granules arranged in oblique rows; c – the oral bulge is distinctly curved in 70% of specimens; d – frontal view of a straight oral bulge studded with extrusomes; e, f – ciliary pattern of left and right side and macronucleus of holotype specimen, length 85 µm; note the Arcuospathidium ciliary pattern on the left side (e), i.e., the ciliary rows do not curve ventrally anteriorly; g–i – shape variability of oral bulge, respectively, circumoral kinety; j – mature extrusomes are rodshaped and about 4 µm long; k, l – overview and detail of resting cyst in optical section. Note the conspicuous, pillar-shaped lepidosomes most frayed anteriorly; m, n – length comparison of trophont and theront. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EL – external layer, EP – excretory pore, FV – food vacuoles, G – cortical granulation, IL – internal layer, L – lipid droplet, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, SL – slime layer, T – anterior tail of dorsal brush rows. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (l), 15 µm (h, k), 20 µm (g, i), and 40 µm (a, e, f, m, n).
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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