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Fig. 4 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 4. Ophiotaenia perspicua La Rue, 1911 from Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer, host US 951, Oklahoma, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0130131). A – mature proglottid, dorsal view; B – pregravid proglottid, ventral view; C, D – cross sections of at the testicular and ovarian level, respectively; E – terminal genitalia (cirrus sac and terminal part of the vagina), dorsal view.

Fig. 2 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 2. Scolices of Ophiotaenia perspicua La Rue, 1911 (A–C) and O. laruei n. sp. (D–F) from Nerodia rhombifer, Illinois, USA (USNM 1351794); note larger size of scolices and almost triangular suckers in O. laruei n. sp. (D, E – holotype of O. laruei; USNM 1696448).

Fig. 1 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 1. Ophiotaenia perspicua La Rue, 1911 (USNM 1351794) (A) and O. laruei n. sp. (B) from Nerodia rhombifer, Illinois, USA (USNM 1696448), Ophiotaenia sp. (C) from Thamnophis sirtalis, Michigan, USA (USNM 1351911), and O. perspicua (D) from N. rhombifer and N. fasciata, Illinois, Alabama, Texas and Louisiana, USA. A–C – unmounted specimens from vials; D – mounted specimens; note erroneous labelling of the holotype of O. perspicua (USNM 1348631; dotted) as Proteocephalus variabilis Brooks, 1978.

Fig. 6 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 6. Ophiotaenia spp. from watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America. A–C – early pregravid proglottid, gravid proglottid and terminal genitalia of Ophiotaenia currani n. sp. from Nerodia fasciata confluens (USA 22), Mississippi, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0063341), ventral view; D, E – terminal genitalia of O. tkachi n. sp. from N. fasciata confluens (US 952), Oklahoma, USA, and holotype of O. variabilis (Brooks, 1978) species inquirenda from N. rhombifer, Louisiana, USA (USNM 1369891), dorsal view.

Fig. 3 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 3. Scolices of Ophiotaenia spp. from watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America. A, B – holotype and voucher of O. perspicua La Rue, 1911, Illinois, USA (USNM 1348631); C, D – O. perspicua from host US 951, Oklahoma, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0130131); E – O. perspicua from host USA 13, Tennessee (MHNG-PLAT-0035370); F, G – anterior parts and scolices of O. perspicua from the same host individual as holotype, Illinois, USA (USNM 1351794); H – holotype of Ophiotaenia laruei n. sp., Illinois, USA (USNM 1351794); note large, almost triangular suckers; all specimens from Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer; I–K – Ophiotaenia currani n. sp. from host USA 22, Mississippi, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0063341); L – holotype of Ophiotaenia tkachi n. sp. from host USA 21, Louisiana, USA; all specimens from Nerodia fasciata confluens; M, N – holotype (?) and voucher of Ophiotaenia variabilis (Brooks, 1978) species inquirenda from N. rhombifer, Louisiana, USA (USNM 1369891); O, P – paratypes of O. variabilis species inquirenda from Nerodia cyclopion, Louisiana, USA (USNM 1369892).

Fig. 2 in A young parasite in an old fish host: A new genus for proteocephalid tapeworms (Cestoda) of bowfin (Amia calva) (Holostei: Amiiformes), and a revised list of its cestodes

Fig. 2. Laruella perplexa (La Rue, 1911) n. comb. from Amia calva. SEM micrographs. A – frontal view of scolex. B, D – subapical view of scolex; note tear-shaped inner rim of suckers. C – apical view of scolex; note apical pit. E – capiliform filitriches on scolex (apical region anterior to suckers – indicated by letter E in Fig. 2B).

Fig. 4 in A young parasite in an old fish host: A new genus for proteocephalid tapeworms (Cestoda) of bowfin (Amia calva) (Holostei: Amiiformes), and a revised list of its cestodes

Fig. 4. Laruella perplexa (La Rue, 1911) n. comb. from Amia calva, Illinois and Mississippi (A–D) and Proteocephalus ambloplitis (Leidy, 1887) from Micropterus dolomieu (E, F). A – terminal genitalia with uterine diverticula near anterior part of proglottids (MHNG-PLAT-0063348), dorsal view; vitelline follicles are not illustrated. B, C – terminal genitalia, frontal section and ventral view of paratype (USNM 1348679). D – posterolateral end of proglottid (MHNG-PLAT-0063348); note band of posterior (median) vitelline follicles bent inwards. E – proximal part of vaginal canal, dorsal view; note numerous loops. F – cirrus-sac, dorsal view; note large, thick-waled vaginal sphincter and strongly convoluted internal sperm duct. Abbreviations: CI - cirrus; CS - cirrus sac; DOC – dorsal osmoregulatory canal; EG – egg; MG – Mehlis' gland; MVF – median vitelline follicles; OV – ovary; SR – seminal receptacle; TE – testes; UD – uterine diverticula; VA – vagina; VD – vas deferens; VF – vitelline follicles; VOC – ventral osmoregulatory canal; VS – vaginal sphincter.

Fig. 1 in A young parasite in an old fish host: A new genus for proteocephalid tapeworms (Cestoda) of bowfin (Amia calva) (Holostei: Amiiformes), and a revised list of its cestodes

Fig. 1. Laruella perplexa (La Rue, 1911) n. comb. from Amia calva (A, B, C, E, G, H) and Proteocephalus ambloplitis (Leidy, 1887) from Micropterus dolomieu (D, F). A, D – anterior part of body with first proglottids. B, C, E, F – scolex, frontal view; B – holotype (USNM 1347286); note narrow sphincters around sucker opening in C, E). G – cross section through scolex; note sphincters on margin of sucker openings; paratype (USNM 1348679). Abbreviations: AO - apical organ; EG – egg; ILM – inner longitudinal musculature; OC – osmoregulatory canals; SS – sucker sphincter; SU – sucker; TE - testes; TG - tegument; UT – uterus; VF – vitelline follicles.

Fig. 3 in A young parasite in an old fish host: A new genus for proteocephalid tapeworms (Cestoda) of bowfin (Amia calva) (Holostei: Amiiformes), and a revised list of its cestodes

Fig. 3. Laruella perplexa (La Rue, 1911) n. comb. from Amia calva, Mississippi, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0063348). A – mature proglottid, ventral view. B – pregravid proglottid, ventral view. Abbreviations: CS - cirrus sac; DOC – dorsal osmoregulatory canal; EG – egg; GP – genital pore; MG – Mehlis' gland; MVF – median vitelline follicles; OC – oocapt; OV – ovary; SR – seminal receptacle; SU – sucker; TE – testes; UD – uterine diverticula; VA – vagina; VD – vas deferens; VF – vitelline follicles; VOC – ventral osmoregulatory canal; VS – vaginal sphincter.

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Fig. 2 in Identification of the tapeworm Mosgovoyia pectinata (Anoplocephalidae) in Faroese mountain hares (Lepus timidus)

Fig. 2. Bayesian inference tree of phylogenetic relationships of Mosgovoyia spp. and other anoplocephalid (s. s.) cestodes of mammals based on sequences of the mitochondrial nad1 gene. The new sequence from Lepus timidus from Faroes in bold. Posterior probabilities of the Bayesian analysis (first value) and bootstrap support of the Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis (second value) are indicated at nodes. The inclusion of Neoctenotaenia ctenoides in the "lagomorph clade" is not supported by either of the phylogenetic methods. Hymenolepis diminuta and Arostrilepis sp. (Hymenolepididae) were used as outgroups (not shown).

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Fig. 1 in Identification of the tapeworm Mosgovoyia pectinata (Anoplocephalidae) in Faroese mountain hares (Lepus timidus)

Fig. 1. Geographic location of the Faroe Islands and spatial distribution of mountain hares on the islands (green colour). Tapeworms were collected from four hares, hunted in four villages: 1) Vestmanna, 2) Eiði, 3) Kollafjørður and 4) Viðareiði. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 8 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 8. Map of the distribution of Spirometra spp. in the world (in yellow). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Spirometra spp. from North and South America. A–C – Scolex and gravid proglottids of S. decipiens syntype from Puma concolor, Brazil (NMW 2682, 2699). D, E – gravid proglottids of S. decipiens syntype from Herpailurus yagouaroundi (NMW 12781). F–J – Gravid proglottids and sagittal section of S. decipiens hologenophore from Chrysocyon brachyurus, Bolivia (USNM 1233899). K–O – Scolex and proglottids of S. mansonoides syntype from Felis catus, USA (USNM 1333923). P – Immature proglottid of Spirometra sp. 2 hologenophore from Lynx rufus, USA Illinois (IPCAS C-987).

Fig. 7 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 7. Microphotographs of Spirometra spp. and Dibothrium folium from Africa. A–D – Scolex, proglottids and sagittal section of S. theileri from Panthera leo, DR Congo material of Baer (1959) (RMCA 32316). E – Scolex of D. folium, type specimen (NMW No. 2616). F, G – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section of hologenophore from Panthera pardus, South Africa (IPCAS C-986). H, I – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section from P. pardus, Siera Leone (NHMUK 1924.6.12.116). J – Gravid proglottid from P. pardus, DR Congo (NHMUK 1934.12.18.51). K, P – Gravid proglottid and mounted specimen from Crocuta crocuta, Tanzania (NHMUK 1937.10.20.26–30). L, M – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section from P. leo (RMCA 32316). N, O – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section from P. pardus, DR Congo (1934.12.18.51–54). Q, R – Syntype slides of Diphyllobothrium theileri from Leptailurus serval, South Africa (MHNG-PLAT 40726). S – Syntype slide of Lueheella pretoriensis from Otocyon megalotis, South Africa (MHNG-PLAT 41517).

Fig. 6 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 6. Line drawing of gravid proglottid of the neotype of Spirometra mansoni from Canis familiaris, Japan (IPCAS C-988), ventral view; note the shape of the ovary, which is long, with narrow lateral wings. Vitelline follicles and testes illustrated in one side of proglottids only, except for lateral-most and median-most vitelline follicles.

Fig. 5 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 5. Microphotographs of Spirometra mansoni neotype from experimentally infected dog Canis familiaris, Japan. A – Whole unstained neotype. B, C – SEM photo of scolex and gravid proglottid. D – Whole mounts with part of neotype. E, F – Mature proglottids. G, H, K – Gravid proglottids. I, J – Sagittal section of gravid proglottid.

Fig. 3 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 3. Line drawings of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei from Canis lupus, Poland. A, B – ovarian region and terminal genitalia; ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same proglottid. C, D – gravid proglottids; dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view; note the shape of the ovary, which is short, but with wide lateral wings. Vitelline follicles and testes illustrated in one side of proglottids only, except for lateral-most and median-most vitelline follicles. Abbreviations: ci – cirrus; cs – cirrus sac; doc – dorsal osmoregulatory canal; eg – eggs; esv – external seminal vesicle; mp – male genital pore; Mg – Mehlis' gland; oc – oocapt; ov – ovary; rc – receptaculum seminis; te – testes; up – uterine pore; ut – uterus; va – vagina; vd – vas deferens; vf – vitelline follicles; vp – vaginal pore; vr – vitelline reservoir.

Fig. 1 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of the interrelationships of the genus Spirometra based on selected cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene data (long sequences), maximum likelihood. The branch length scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site. Colours highlight specimens of different species; samples without colour represent undescribed species. See Supplementary Fig. 1 for more data based on larger dataset, but based on shorter sequences. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 2. Microphotographs of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei from Canis lupus. A – Scolex from Ukraine. B–F – Gravid and mature proglottids from Poland. G – Sagittal section of gravid proglottid from Poland.