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opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Populus euphratica WRKY1 binds the promoter of PeHA1 to enhance gene expression and salt tolerance

Plasma membrane proton pumps play a crucial role in maintaining ionic homeostasis in salt-resistant Populus euphratica under saline conditions. High levels of NaCl (200 mM) induced PeHA1 expression in P. euphratica roots and leaves. We isolated a 2022-bp promoter fragment upstream of the translational start of PeHA1 from P. euphratica. The promoter-reporter construct PeHA1-pro::GUS was transferred to tobacco plants, demonstrating that β-glucuronidase activities increased in root, leaf, and stem tissues under salt stress. DNA affinity purification sequencing revealed that PeWRKY1 protein targeted the PeHA1 gene. We assessed the salt-induced transcriptional response of PeWRKY1 and its interaction with PeHA1 in P. euphratica. PeWRKY1 binding to the PeHA1 W-box in promoter region was verified by a yeast one-hybrid assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, luciferase reporter assay, and virus-induced gene silencing. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing PeWRKY1 had improved expression of NtHA4, which has a cis-acting W-box in the regulatory region, and H+ pumping activity in both in vivo and in vitro assays. We conclude that salt stress upregulated PeHA1 transcription due to the binding of PeWRKY1 to the W-box in the promoter region of PeHA1. Thus, we conclude that enhanced H+ pumping activity enabled salt-stressed plants to retain Na+ homeostasis.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Structure of Bg10: an alcohol-tolerant and glucose-stimulated beta-glucosidase

Dataset collected at Diamond beamline I04 on 13-04-2019. Wavelength: 0.9795 A Detector: DECTRIS EIGER2 XE 16M

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Biogeographic parallels in thermal tolerance and gene expression variation under temperature stress in a widespread bumble bee

Global temperature changes have emphasized the need to understand how species adapt to thermal stress across their ranges. Genetic mechanisms may contribute to variation in thermal tolerance, providing evidence for how organisms adapt to local environments. We determine physiological thermal limits and characterize genome-wide transcriptional changes at these limits in bumble bees using laboratory-reared Bombus vosnesenskii workers. We analyze bees reared from latitudinal (35.7–45.7°N) and altitudinal (7–2154 m) extremes of the species' range to correlate thermal tolerance and gene expression among populations from different climates. We find that critical thermal minima (CTMIN) exhibit strong associations with local minimums at the location of queen origin, while critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) was invariant among populations. Concordant patterns are apparent in gene expression data, with regional differentiation following cold exposure, and expression shifts invariant among populations under high temperatures. Furthermore, we identify several modules of co-expressed genes that tightly correlate with critical thermal limits and temperature at the region of origin. Our results reveal that local adaptation in thermal limits and gene expression may facilitate cold tolerance across a species range, whereas high temperature responses are likely constrained, both of which may have implications for climate change responses of bumble bees.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Temperature dependent effects of cutaneous bacteria on a frog's tolerance of fungal infection

Defense against pathogens is one of many benefits that bacteria provide to animal hosts. A clearer understanding of how changes in the environment affect the interactions between animals and their microbial benefactors is needed in order to predict the impact and dynamics of emerging animal diseases. Due to its dramatic effects on the physiology of animals and their pathogens, temperature may be a key variable modulating the level of protection that beneficial bacteria provide to their animal hosts. Here we investigate how temperature and the makeup of the skin microbial community impact the susceptibility of amphibian hosts to infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, one of two fungal pathogens known to cause the disease chytridiomycosis. To do this, we manipulated the skin bacterial communities of susceptible hosts, northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans), prior to exposing these animals to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis under two different ecologically relevant temperatures. Our manipulations included one treatment where antibiotics were used to reduce the skin bacterial community, one where the bacterial community was augmented with the antifungal bacterium, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and one in which the frog's skin bacterial community was left intact. We predicted that frogs with reduced skin bacterial communities would be more susceptible (i.e., less resistant to and/or tolerant of Bd infection), and frogs with skin bacterial communities augmented with the known antifungal bacterium would be less susceptible to Bd infection and chytridiomycosis. However, we also predicted that this interaction would be temperature-dependent. We found a strong effect of temperature but not of skin microbial treatment on the probability and intensity of infection in Bd-exposed frogs. Whether temperature impacted survival, however, differed among our skin microbial treatment groups, with animals having more S. maltophilia on their skin surviving longer at 14 but not at 26 °C. Our results suggest that temperature was the predominant factor influencing Bd's ability to colonize the host (i.e., resistance) but that the composition of the cutaneous bacterial community was important in modulating the host's ability to survive (i.e., tolerate) a heavy Bd infection.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Heat tolerance is more variable than cold tolerance across species of Iberian lizards after controlling for intraspecific variation

<ol> <li>The widespread observation that heat tolerance is less variable than cold tolerance ('cold-tolerance asymmetry') leads to the prediction that species exposed to temperatures near their thermal maxima should have reduced evolutionary potential for adapting to climate warming. However, the prediction is largely supported by species-level global studies based on single estimates of both physiological metrics per taxon.</li> <li>We ask if cold-tolerance asymmetry holds for Iberian lizards after accounting for intraspecific variation in critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and minima (CTmin). To do so, we quantified CTmax and CTmin for 58 populations of 15 Iberian lizard species (299 individuals). Then, we randomly selected one population from each study species (population sample = 15 CTmax and CTmin values), tested for variance homoscedasticity across species, and repeated the test for thousands of population samples as if we had undertaken the same study thousands of times, each time sampling one different population per species.</li> <li>The ratio of variances in CTmax to CTmin across species varied up to 16-fold depending on the populations chosen. Variance ratios show how much CTmax departs from the cross-species mean compared to CTmin, with a unitary ratio indicating equal variance of both thermal limits. Sampling one population per species was six times more likely to result in the observation of greater CTmax variance ('heat-tolerance asymmetry') than cold-tolerance asymmetry. The null hypothesis of equal variance was twice as likely for cases of cold-tolerance asymmetry than for the opposite scenario.</li> <li>Range-wide, population-level studies that quantify heat and cold tolerance of individual species are urgently needed to ascertain the global prevalence of cold-tolerance asymmetry. While broad latitudinal clines of cold tolerance have been strongly supported, heat tolerance might respond to smaller-scale climatic and habitat factors hence go unnoticed in global studies. Studies investigating physiological responses to climate change should incorporate the extent to which thermal traits are characteristic of individuals, populations and/or species.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: The evolution of environmental tolerance and range size: A comparison of geographically restricted and widespread Mimulus

The geographic ranges of closely related species can vary dramatically, yet we do not fully grasp the mechanisms underlying such variation. The niche breadth hypothesis posits that species that have evolved broad environmental tolerances can achieve larger geographic ranges than species with narrow environmental tolerances. In turn, plasticity and genetic variation in ecologically important traits and adaptation to environmentally variable areas can facilitate the evolution of broad environmental tolerance. We used five pairs of western North American monkeyflowers to experimentally test these ideas by quantifying performance across eight temperature regimes. In four species pairs, species with broader thermal tolerances had larger geographic ranges, supporting the niche breadth hypothesis. As predicted, species with broader thermal tolerances also had more within-population genetic variation in thermal reaction norms and experienced greater thermal variation across their geographic ranges than species with narrow thermal tolerances. Species with narrow thermal tolerance may be particularly vulnerable to changing climatic conditions due to a lack of plasticity and insufficient genetic variation to respond to novel selection pressures. Conversely, species experiencing high variation in temperature across their ranges may be buffered against extinction due to climatic changes because they have evolved tolerance to a broad range of temperatures.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Photosynthesis in newly-developed leaves of heat-tolerant wheat acclimates to long-term nocturnal warming

We examined photosynthetic capacity of newly-developed and pre-existing flag leaves of four wheat genotypes under three night temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C) and common day temperature of 26 °C in two controlled environment experiments. In newly-developed leaves which acclimated (i.e. maintained or increased) the maximum rate of net CO2 assimilation (An) to long-term (9–13 weeks) nocturnal warming, acclimation was underpinned by greater capacity of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and photosynthetic electron transport (J). This indicates a night-dependent temperature sensitivity of the activation state of Rubisco. Metabolite profiling linked acclimation of An to greater accumulation of monosaccharides and saturated fatty acids in leaves, suggesting roles for osmotic adjustment of leaf turgor pressure and maintenance of cell membrane integrity. By contrast, warm night-induced inhibition of An was related to reductions in stomatal conductance of CO2 and J, despite higher basal electron transport thermal stability: Tcrit 51 of 45–46.5 °C in non-acclimated versus Tcrit of 43.8–45 °C in acclimated leaves. Pre-existing leaves exposed to short-term nocturnal warming (5–7 nights) showed no change in instantaneous temperature responses of An and photosynthetic capacity, except for an elite heat-tolerant genotype. These findings can be used to support strategies for developing climate-resilient wheat.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Dataset from: Tolerance to aerial exposure influences distributional patterns in multi-species intertidal seagrass meadows

This is the dataset for an article published in Marine Environmental Research titled, 'Tolerance to aerial exposure influences distributional patterns in multi-species intertidal seagrass meadows', in October 2023. Following is the abstract for the paper for which this was the primary data:Multi-specific seagrass meadow assemblages dominate most tropical intertidal regions but the relative role of environmental stress in determining distribution patterns is still uncertain. Here we combine observational and experimental approaches to examine aerial exposure as a factor driving species occurrence patterns in intertidal meadows of the Andaman archipelago, where up to 6 seagrass species co-occur. In the studied meadow, patterns of exposure did not map onto distance from the coast, instead creating a patchy matrix of exposure, based on fine-scale bathymetric differences. Distributional surveys showed that seagrass species were similarly patchy, often tracking the degree of aerial exposure during low tide. While some species (Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, and Thalassia hemprichii) frequently occurred in submerged or subtidal areas and were rarely found in completely exposed areas, other species (Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila beccarii, and Halodule uninervis) also occupied areas that were subject to partial or complete aerial exposure during low tide. To confirm this pattern, we used field-based transplant experiments, employing a natural gradient of tidal exposure to subject six seagrass species to different desiccation exposure times. After a month, H. beccarii and H. uninervis transplants survived in areas that sustained more than 3 h of aerial tidal exposure without significant mortality, compared with other species (H. ovalis, H. minor, T. hemprichii, C. rotundata) that showed dramatic shoot mortality at the same exposure regimes. For all species, 4 h represented the upper limit of exposure, in both experimental and distributional studies. However, despite their wider tolerance of exposure to air, H. beccarii and H. uninervis did not dominate the entire meadow. This could be a result either of their poor tolerance to other environmental factors or their lower competitive abilities among other mechanisms. This suggests that in tropical multi-specific meadows, strong environmental filters could override clear intertidal zonation to create patchy matrices based on species tolerances.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Data from: Thinning and prescribed burning increase shade-tolerant conifer regeneration in a fire excluded mixed-conifer forest

Fire exclusion and past management have altered the composition, structure, and function of frequent-fire forests throughout western North America. In mixed-conifer forests of the California Sierra Nevada, fire exclusion has exacerbated the effects of drought and endemic bark beetles, resulting in extensive mortality of fire-adapted pine species. Thinning and prescribed fire are widely used in these forests to reduce fuels, moderate fire behavior, and restore ecosystems. Tree regeneration influences future forest composition and structure, and therefore future resilience to disturbances, but long-term effects of thinning and prescribed burning on tree regeneration after prolonged fire exclusion are poorly understood. We measured tree regeneration one year prior to, and periodically for 16 years following thinning and prescribed burning in a mixed-conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We asked three questions. How did the composition and density of tree regeneration change after thinning and prescribed burning? Did pretreatment vegetation types influence conifer regeneration density after treatments? Did planting after overstory thinning increase regeneration density of native pine species? Sixteen years after treatments, combined natural regeneration of shade-tolerant white fir (Abies concolor) and incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) averaged 2,032 trees per hectare (tph) after understory thinning, and 7,745 tph after understory thinning combined with prescribed burning, increases of 37% and 146% from pretreatment densities. In contrast, combined natural regeneration of white fir and incense-cedar averaged 497 tph after overstory thinning, 780 tph after overstory thinning with prescribed burning, 113 tph after prescribed burning alone, and 807 tph in untreated controls, all of which were declines from pretreatment densities. Natural regeneration of white fir and incense-cedar was consistently an order of magnitude greater than Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), whose combined densities 16 years after treatments averaged 37 tph across treatments and did not significantly respond to thinning and/or prescribed burning. Natural conifer regeneration after treatments varied by pre-treatment vegetation type (closed canopy, Ceanothus cordulatus shrub-dominated, and open sparse), with large increases of natural regeneration after understory thinning in closed canopy and Ceanothus shrub vegetation types. Planting increased sugar pine regeneration density after overstory thinning, marginally increased Jeffrey pine regeneration after overstory thinning combined with prescribed burning, and increased white fir regeneration after overstory thinning with and without burning. No treatments reduced white fir and incense-cedar natural regeneration while simultaneously increasing natural pine regeneration, suggesting new thinning, burning, and planting approaches may be required to meet regeneration restoration objectives.

openmit-licenseNov 2023View details →

Paper data and code of manuscript: Intraspecific variation on heat tolerance in a model ectotherm: effects of body mass, cell size, oxygen and sex

When using the data or code from this manuscript, please cite it as:Leiva FP, Santos M, Rezende E, & Verberk WCEP. 2021. Paper data and code of manuscript: Intraspecific variation on heat tolerance in a model ectotherm: effects of body mass, cell size, oxygen and sex. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120028">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120028</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Raw data and scripts from de Lima et al. Succulence explains salinity tolerance in a Neotropical orchid without any evidence of local adaptation to salt spray

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Developmental temperature, more than long-term evolution, defines thermal tolerance in an Estuarine Copepod

Climate change is resulting in increasing ocean temperatures and salinity variability, particularly in estuarine environments. Tolerance of temperature and salinity change interact and thus may impact organismal resilience. Populations can respond to multiple stressors in the short-term (i.e., plasticity) or over longer timescales (i.e., adaptation). However, little is known about the short- or long-term effects of elevated temperature on the tolerance of acute temperature and salinity changes. Here we characterized the response of the near-shore and estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa, to temperature and salinity stress. Copepods originated from one of two sets of replicated >40 generation-old temperature adapted lines: Ambient (AM, 18°C) and ocean warming (OW, 22°C). Copepods from these lines were subjected to one and three generations at the reciprocal temperature. Copepods from all treatments were then assessed for differences in acute temperature and salinity tolerance. Development (one generation), three generations, and >40 generations of warming increased thermal tolerance compared to Ambient conditions, with development in OW resulting in equal thermal tolerance to three and >40 generations of OW. Strikingly, developmental OW and >40 generations of OW had no effect on low salinity tolerance relative to Ambient. By contrast, when environmental salinity was reduced first, copepods had lower thermal tolerances. These results highlight a critical role for plasticity in the copepod climate response and suggest that salinity variability may reduce copepod tolerance to subsequent warming.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Supplementary Material for "Intrusion Tolerance for Networked Systems Through Two-Level Feedback Control"

<h2>Supplementary material for the paper "Intrusion Tolerance for Networked Systems Through Two-Level Feedback Control" </h2>The paper is submitted to "International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2024". Author names withheld for double-blind reviewing.<ul><li>The file proofs_and_hyperparameters.pdf contains proofs of Theorem 1--2 and Corollary 1 in the paper. It also includes formulas for computing the belief state (Eq. 4) and for computing the curves in Fig. 6. It also includes a complete list of hyperparameters used for all experiments detailed in the paper.</li><li>The file ids_alerts_statistics.json contains the statistics used to produce Fig. 10 in the paper and to define the parameter Z for the experiments in section VIII.<ul><li>The JSON file contains a single object with the following keys: 'conditionals_counts', 'conditionals_kl_divergences', 'conditionals_probs', 'conditions', 'descr', 'emulation_name', 'id', 'initial_distributions_counts', 'initial_distributions_probs', 'initial_maxs', 'initial_means', 'initial_mins', 'initial_stds', 'maxs', 'means', 'metrics', 'mins', 'num_conditions', 'num_measurements', 'num_metrics', 'stds'. </li><li>The key "conditionals_counts" leads to another object with the following keys: 'A:CVE-2010-0426 exploit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:CVE-2015-3306 exploit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:CVE-2015-5602 exploit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:CVE-2016-10033 exploit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:Continue_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:DVWA SQL Injection Exploit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:FTP dictionary attack for username=pw_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:Ping Scan_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:SSH dictionary attack for username=pw_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:Sambacry Explolit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:ShellShock Explolit_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:TCP SYN (Stealth) Scan_D:Continue_M:[]', 'A:Telnet dictionary attack for username=pw_D:Continue_M:[]', 'intrusion', 'no_intrusion'</li><li>The above keys correspond to different types of intrusions, see Table 6 in the paper.</li><li>Each of the keys listed above leads to a new object with 1551 keys which correspond to different types of metrics collected from the infrastructure. The metric used for produce Fig. 10 in the paper is called "alerts_weighted_by_priority". This key leads to another object where the keys correspond to the number of alerts weighted by priority and the values correspond to the measurements from the system.</li></ul></li><li>The file intrusion_traces.zip contains 6400 intrusion traces. Each trace contains a list of attacker actions and the corresponding measurements from the system. When unzipped, it is a directory with 64 files which take up 1500GB. Each file contains 100 traces in JSON format.</li><li>The file source_code_and_docker_files.zip contains the source code and the docker containers used for the experiments. It is a system we have developed for 3 years. It includes 225,000 lines of Python, 40,000 lines of JavaScript, 3000 lines of Dockerfiles, 2500 lines of Makefile, and 1800 lines of Bash. When unzipped one can find documentation about the source code in a file called "documentation.pdf" and in the README file.</li></ul>

Fig. 2 in Salinity tolerance of the bivalve Solen cylindraceus (Hanley, 1843) (Mollusca: Euheterodonta: Solenidae) in the St Lucia Estuary

Fig. 2. Changes in salinity (ppt) recorded in False Bay and the South and North lakes of the St Lucia Estuary during the period 1960–2010.

Fig. 4 in Salinity tolerance of the bivalve Solen cylindraceus (Hanley, 1843) (Mollusca: Euheterodonta: Solenidae) in the St Lucia Estuary

Fig. 4. Percent survival of Solen cylindraceus for varying salinities between 0 and 80 ‰ over time (hrs), after acclimation to varying salinities (gradual change test).

Fig. 3 in Salinity tolerance of the bivalve Solen cylindraceus (Hanley, 1843) (Mollusca: Euheterodonta: Solenidae) in the St Lucia Estuary

Fig. 3. Percent survival of Solen cylindraceus exposed to varying salinities between 0 and 80 ‰ over time (hrs), after being acclimated to 50 ‰ (shock change test).

Fig. 1 in Salinity tolerance of the bivalve Solen cylindraceus (Hanley, 1843) (Mollusca: Euheterodonta: Solenidae) in the St Lucia Estuary

Fig. 1. Geographic position of the St Lucia Estuary showing the sampling site, Catalina Bay, and the abundance transect occupied in June 2010 (adapted from Carrasco et al. 2010).

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data from: Stingless bee foragers experience more thermally stressful microclimates but have wider thermal tolerance breadths than other worker subcastes

The current state of anthropogenic climate change is of particular concern for insects, especially in the tropics where the effects are predicted to be the most deleterious. Researching climatic tolerance in social insects is challenging because adaptations can exist at both an individual level and a societal level. However, these studies are important because social insects comprise a tremendous portion of the planet's animal biomass, biodiversity, and include many important pollinators. Considering how individual physiologies construct group-level adaptations can improve the accuracy of climate change impact assessments for a variety of social species. Tetragonisca angustula is a neotropical stingless bee species known to exhibit particularly high worker subcaste specialization in the form of a morphologically distinct soldier caste, a trait most commonly found and studied in ants and termites. We used this model species to investigate 1) whether age- and size-differentiated task groups differ in thermal tolerance, 2) which worker subcastes operate closest to their thermal limits, and 3) the extent to which behavioral thermoregulation via shifting active foraging times can offset thermal stress in this species. We measured the thermal tolerance (CTmax and CTmin) of smaller-bodied foragers, and two soldier sub-castes (hovering guards and standing guards) in T. angustula. Despite the difference in body size between the foragers and guards, no differences in the upper or lower thermal limits were observed. However, the average thermal tolerance breadth of foragers was significantly larger than that of guards, indicating that soldiers at the nest entrance are more thermally specialized than foragers. Temperatures at foraging sites were more variable than at nest entrances, which caused warming tolerance to be significantly lower among small-bodied foragers as compared to either hovering guards or standing guards. The magnitude of warming tolerances indicated a low risk of imminent climate change impacts in this environment, but our results suggest that as temperatures increase, foragers are likely to meet their upper thermal limits before other worker subcastes. Foragers may shift the times they are active as a form of thermoregulation which could selectively impact pollination rates for plants leading to repercussions on agriculture and ecosystem functioning. This work establishes novel approaches to predicting climatic change risk in heterogeneous cooperative societies.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Transcriptomic atlas reveals organ-specific disease tolerance in sickle cell mice. Dataset for bone marrow, HbSS Townes mice injected or not with heme

The objective of this experiment was to explore the transcriptome of the HbSS Townes mouse model of sickle cell disease. Townes model mice carry several human hemoglobin knock-in genes replacing the endogenous mouse genes and may be useful in studying sickle cell disease. All mice were genotyped, age- and sex-matched littermates. All HbAA (control, normal human hemoglobin) vs HbSS (sickle cell disease, mutated human hemoglobin) mice were used for experimentations at 6-8 weeks of age, to limit intra-group heterogeneity. Hemin (Ferriprotoporphyrin IX) was purchased from Frontiers Scientific and injected intravenously (iv.) in a retroorbital sinus at a concentration of 24 µmol/kg. Control mice received PBS instead. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane 2-3% for injections, blood collection and sacrifice. All mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, 4 hours after injection. Here the dataset for HbSS mice injected or not with heme is uploaded. The corresponding dataset for the HbAA mice injected or not with heme can be found at 10.5281/zenodo.10961162 Bone marrow RNA was extracted by Macherey Nagel kit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and quantity of mRNA were evaluated using a 2100 bioanalyzer with TNA 6000 NanoKits (all Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). RNA Integrity Numbers superior to 7 were eligible for subsequent reverse transcription into cDNA. RNAseq was performed at the GenomIC plateform Cochin Institute INSERM U1016. After RNA extraction, RNA quality (RNA integrity number) was estimated. 1μg of high-quality total RNA sample (RIN &gt;7) was processed to build up the libraries, using TruSeq Stranded mRNA kit (Illumina) according to manufacturer instructions. Briefly, purified poly-A containing mRNA molecules were fragmented and reverse-transcribed using random primers. Replacement of dTTP by dUTP during second strand synthesis allowed us to achieve strand specificity. Addition of a single A base to the cDNA was followed by ligation of Illumina adapters. Libraries were quantified by qPCR using KAPA Library Quantification Kits for Illumina Libraries (KapaBiosystems, Wilmington, MA). Library profiles were assessed using DNA High Sensitivity LabChip kits on an Agilent Bioanalyzer. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Nextseq 500 instrument using 75 base-lengths read V2 chemistry in a paired-end mode. After sequencing, primary analysis based on AOZAN software (ENS, Paris), was applied to demultiplex and control the quality of the raw data (based of FastQC modules / version 0.11.5). The dataset here represents 4 groups of mice, 4 mice per group as follows: HbAA PBS, HbAA heme, HbSS PBS, HbSS heme.