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opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Elucidating the association of trichome and stomatal densities across species

Previous studies suggested a trade-off between trichome density (Dt) and stomatal density (Ds) due to shared cell precursors. We clarified how, when, and why this developmental trade-off may be overcome across species. We derived equations to determine the developmental basis for Dt and Ds in trichome and stomatal indices (it and is), and the sizes of epidermal pavement cells (e), trichome bases (t) and stomata (s), and quantified the importance of these determinants of Dt and Ds for 78 California species. We compiled 17 previous studies of Dt-Ds relationships to determine the commonness of Dt-Ds associations. We modelled the consequences of different Dt-Ds associations for plant carbon balance. Our analyses showed that higher Dt was determined by higher it and lower e, and higher Ds by higher is and lower e. Across California species, positive Dt-Ds coordination arose due to it-is coordination and impacts of the variation in e. A Dt-Ds trade-off was found in only 30% of studies. Heuristic modeling showed that species sets would have the highest carbon balance with a positive or negative relationship or decoupling of Dt and Ds, depending on environmental conditions. Shared precursor cells of trichomes and stomata do not limit higher numbers of both cell types, or drive a general Dt-Ds trade-off across species. This developmental flexibility across diverse species enables different Dt-Ds associations according to environmental pressures. Developmental trait analysis can clarify how contrasting trait associations would arise within and across species.

zenodo36/100

Weissflog et al. - Daytime but not plant trichomes provide herbivores with enemy-free space: of plasticine caterpillars, superheroes, and natural enemies.

RAW DATA We use artificial prey to quantify spatial and temporal variation in predation pressure on insect herbivores in two tropical rainforest sites in Panama.  We measured temporal and spatial variation in predation in the understory of the lowland rainforest of Barro Colorado Island in Panama [79°49.79´S, 9°9.48´E; 2600 mm yr-1 rainfall, 3 mo dry season; = island experiment) in February 2020 by comparing diurnal and nocturnal attacks on plasticine caterpillars and hulks placed on glabrous and pubescent plants. We used model prey to measure predation pressure. Caterpillars (50 x 4 mm) and hulks (with a height of 30 mm that equaled the maximum height of the bent caterpillars) were molded from green, (to humans) odorless, non-toxic Newplast (Newclay Products Ltd., Newton Abbot, UK). Caterpillars were shaped and bent to mimic the posture of common geometrid caterpillars. Hulks resembled small (but fearsome) superhero figurines, known from the Marvel comics (Marvel Worldwide Inc.), and were shaped using custom made plastic molds. We used hulks as a control to the more naturally shaped caterpillar models to test whether objects resembling natural prey are indeed recognized as such by potential predators. All objects were modeled and handled using surgical gloves to avoid leaving unwanted cues (i.e., scent or other distracting contaminants) to predators. A hundred caterpillars and a hundred hulks were individually placed on 50 plants per host species. Objects were attached close to the midrib on the upper surface of plant leaves with a small amount of fast-setting glue, 30-80 cm from the ground. For four consecutive days (total of 96 h), the plasticine objects were inspected in 12 hour intervals at dusk and dawn (18:15 and 06:15 hours) to differentiate diurnal from nocturnal predation. Further, we conducted a follow-up experiment in a close-by mainland forest site in Gamboa, Parque Nacional Soberanía (79°43.38 S, 9°8.24 E; = mainland study) in early-March 2021. Following the same procedure as for the island experiment described above, we glued 27 caterpillars, 27 hulks, and 27 small caterpillars (30 x 2 mm) close to the midrib onto the upper side of leaves of tree saplings. In this follow-up experiment, we did however not select specific plant species, but chose saplings that were naturally growing in the field site. All plants were of similar size, with simple, elliptic to ovate, smooth-edged leaves, and without any foliar or stem pubescence. As before, all objects were carefully inspected for attack marks at 12 hour intervals at 18:15 and 06:15 hours for four consecutive days.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

publicDec 2025View details →

Data from: Separate and synergistic anti-herbivore effects of non-glandular trichomes and leaf chemistry in a desert plant

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publicMar 2025View details →

Data from: Multiple metrics of trichome diversity support independent evolutionary hypotheses in blazingstars (Mentzelia: Loasaceae)

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publicMar 2024View details →

Elucidating the association of trichome and stomatal densities across species

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Trichome micromorphology in Alcea L. and allied genera (Malvaceae) and its systematic

Trichomes of 26 species of the genus Alcea were investigated using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The trichomes show a great micromorphological variation, which provides interesting data for species delimitation in Alcea. Two basic types of trichomes can be distinguished in the genus Alcea and the allied genera: glandular and eglandular. The glandular trichomes can in turn be subdivided into two subtypes: capitate and clavate. The eglandular trichomes can be subdivided into five subtypes: simple, fascicled, stellate, fascicled-stellate and pluri-radiate. Characters of taxonomic interest are: trichome density (glabrous to dense), number of arms per trichome, orientation relative to the epidermal surface (appressed to erect) and presence/absence of stalk. According to our results the species of Alcea can be divided into four informal groups based on trichome types. Our results support the exclusion of annual Althaea from the perennial ones and its close placement to Malva. In addition, the close relationship between perennial Althaea and basal Alcea lineages is supported by our trichome micro-morphological investigation. Based on the evolutionary framework provided by recent molecular phylogenetic investigations, following trends can be proposed in Malva alliance: long and narrowly armed trichomes are primitive against the short and thickly armed trichomes, dense indumentum coverage is primitive against the moderately dense or glabrous ones, the presence of simple hairs on stem (particularly on leaves) is more advanced against their absence, spreading villous-stellate and fascicled trichomes are more advanced against the appressed stellate ones and clavate trichomes, which were found exclusively in few species of Alcea, should be considered as a derived state against the capitate ones, and potentially provide a synapomorphy for the crown group of Alcea, but this conclusion needs to be tested by adding more species to trichome morphological analysis.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Herbivore-mediated interaction promotes the maintenance of trichome dimorphism through negative frequency-dependent selection

Natural plant populations exhibit genetic variation in defense traits against herbivores. Despite a growing body of evidence for herbivore-mediated selection on plant defenses, we still know little about how genetic variation persists in antiherbivore defense traits. Here we present field and experimental evidence for herbivore-mediated frequency-dependent selection that promotes the maintenance of trichome-producing (hairy) and trichomeless (glabrous) plants of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera. First, in a natural population where the specialist leaf beetle Phaedon brassicae was prevalent, hairy plants were damaged less when the frequency of neighboring glabrous plants increased. Furthermore, temporal variation in the frequency of the two plant morphs showed that rarer morphs increased in frequency at the scale of 1-m-diameter patches between survey years. Using a mesocosm experiment, we demonstrated a rare-morph advantage for defense (leaf damage and herbivore abundance) and reproduction (flower and clone production) between hairy and glabrous plants in the presence of P. brassicae. However, this rare-morph advantage was not detected when beetles were absent, with glabrous plants having higher reproduction than hairy plants under these conditions regardless of frequency conditions. These findings highlight the overlooked but potentially critical role of herbivore-mediated apparent interaction in maintaining plant defense polymorphism.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

opennotspecifiedSep 2005View details →

Fig. 1 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes

Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of leaf discs of Solanum sisymbriifolium used in feeding choice trials. a) High density stellate trichomes (HD) ¼ 29.7/mm2; b) low density stellate trichomes (LD) ¼ 1.07/mm2; c) submitted to mechanical removal of stellate trichomes (Bars ¼ 100 µm).

opennotspecifiedSep 2005View details →

Fig. 4 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes

Fig. 4. Survivorship curves of Gratiana spadicea larvae fed with intact Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf discs and with leaf discs submitted to mechanical and chemical removal of the trichomes and their exudates, and to trichomes mechanical control. Treatments followed by the same letters do not differ significantly (log rank tests, Oi ¼ 0.05).

opennotspecifiedSep 2005View details →

Fig. 3 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes

Fig. 3. Leaf damage of Gratiana spadicea on Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf. a) Feeding site cleared by a first instar larva; b) detail (enlargement of the area marked in a) of a corresponding macerated lateral ray (arrow). (Bars ¼ 100 µm and 50 µm, respectively).

Fig. 7 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic analysis and partial sequence comparison. (A) Phylogenetic tree based on 27 plant STSs. (Z)-γ-bisabolol synthases from sunssower and Arabidopsis thaliana are boxed, and bootstrap values are given in each node. Gymnosperm Abies grandis STSs were used to serve as a root. Sequences used (but not described in the Figure) are: GhCDS, δ-cadinene synthase [Gossypium hirsutum]; GaCDS δ-cadinene synthase [Gossypium arboreum]; CsAFS, α-farnesene synthase [Cucumis sativus]; CsCS, δ- caryophyllene synthase [Cucumis sativus]; CsVS, valencene synthase [Citrus sinensis]; CjFS, δ-farnesene synthase [Citrus junos]; ObGDS, germacrene D synthase [Ocimum basilicum]; CmCDS, δ-cadinene synthase [Cucumis melo]; CmAFS, α-farnesene synthase [Cucumis melo]; CaEAS, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase [Capsicum annuum]; AaGAS, germacrene A synthase [Artemisia annua]; AtCS, δ-caryophyllene synthase [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtATP12 (Z)-γ-bisabolene synthase 1 [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtTPS13 (Z)-γ- bisabolene synthase 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtBAS α-barbatene synthase [Arabidopsis thaliana]; ObCDS γ-cadinene synthase [Ocimum basilicum]; AmNS nerolidol synthase [Antirrhinum majus]; LaBERS α-bergamotene synthase [Lavandula angustifolia]; AgHS γ-humulene synthase [Abies grandis]; AgSS δ-selinene synthase [Abies grandis]. (B) Amino acid sequences neighboring the Y402 residue of A. annua β-farnesene synthase are compared among the clustered STSs (β-farnesene, α-bisabolol, amorpha-4,11-diene synthases, see the bracket in A). Accession numbers of HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 are KU674381 and KU674382, respectively.

Fig. 6 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 6. Observed longrange coupling (solid arrow) and nuclear overhauser effects (dotted arrow) in COSY and ROESY 1H NMR 2D experiments with the purified enzyme product cis-γ-bisabolene.

Fig. 5 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 5. Quantification of cis-γ-bisabolene produced in yeast expression experiments with HaTPS12_K7 und HaTPS12_K11 and the corresponding N-terminal thioredoxion fusion (Trx) constructs. The values represent means and standard deviations of n = 5 independent experiments; different letters indicate statistical significance at the level of p> 0.05.

Fig. 3 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 3. GC–MS analysis of sesquiterpene products of the in vivo expression of HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 in S. cerevisiae EPY300. The GC diagrams show metabolite profiles of extracts from yeast cultures transformed with the candidate genes in the high-level expression plasmid pESCLeu2d in compared to a yeast train transformed with the empty vector (NC, negative control). Mass spectra of the identified peak A (γ-bisabolene) and B (farnesyl/nerolidol) are shown.

Fig. 1 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 1. Bisabolene-type sesquiterpenes reported from sunssower Helianthus annuus (Spring et al., 1992; Macias et al., 1999).

Fig. 2 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 2. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of bisabolene synthase genes HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower. Boxes: typical amino acid sequence motives of sesquiterpene synthases (RxR and DDxxD motive). Arrows: amino acid differences between the two enzyme isoforms.

Fig. 4 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 4. GC analysis of sesquiterpene products from in vivo expression of HaTPS12_K7Trx and HaTPS12_K11Trx in S. cerevisiae EPY300 compared to HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11.A (γ-bisabolene), B (farnesyl/nerolidol).

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIGURE. Drosera hirtella (a–i): a, b, c, habit of the "type morphotype"; d, habit of the "western morphotype"; e, rosette of the "type morphotype"; f, emerging inflorescence, highlighting the red scape with red eglandular trichomes characteristic of the species; g, fertile individuals of D. hirtella (left plant, with inflorescence emerging to the bottom) and D. lutescens (right plant, with inflorescence emerging to the top left) growing under shaded conditions side by side, highlighting the morphological differences between the two species regarding leaf shape and scape and indumentum color; h, i, flower. a–c, f and h at Serra do Cipó, MG; d and h at Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO; e at Diamantina, MG; g at Cristalina, GO. Photo credits: all by PMG. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil

FIGURE. Drosera hirtella (a–i): a, b, c, habit of the "type morphotype"; d, habit of the "western morphotype"; e, rosette of the "type morphotype"; f, emerging inflorescence, highlighting the red scape with red eglandular trichomes characteristic of the species; g, fertile individuals of D. hirtella (left plant, with inflorescence emerging to the bottom) and D. lutescens (right plant, with inflorescence emerging to the top left) growing under shaded conditions side by side, highlighting the morphological differences between the two species regarding leaf shape and scape and indumentum color; h, i, flower. a–c, f and h at Serra do Cipó, MG; d and h at Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO; e at Diamantina, MG; g at Cristalina, GO. Photo credits: all by PMG.