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44 results for “trophic impacts”
FIG. 1 in Predicting Eco-evolutionary Impacts of Fishing on Body Size and Trophic Role of Atlantic Cod
FIG. 1. Functions describing (A) somatic growth, (B) maturation, and (C) fecundity with age of our representative species, the Georges Bank stock of Atlantic Cod (GADUS MORHUA). A maturation ogive is the cumulative probability that an individual is mature. Black lines represent fixed relationships; dashed lines are plastic or evolutionary changes that occur with the advent of size-selective mortality. The decrease in size and age at maturation (dashed line, panel B) could be due to selection for earlier reproduction or due to lower relative size or density.
FIG. 3 in Predicting Eco-evolutionary Impacts of Fishing on Body Size and Trophic Role of Atlantic Cod
FIG. 3. Size structure of the three populations in Figure 2. (A) The unfished population, (B) size-structure after fishing if maturation probability does not change, (C) size-structure after fishing when maturation decreases as a response to size-selective mortality. In this example, fishing mortality FMAX ¼ 0.4.
FIG. 4 in Predicting Eco-evolutionary Impacts of Fishing on Body Size and Trophic Role of Atlantic Cod
FIG. 4. Distributions of trophic level in the three scenarios: unfished baseline (white), demography-only with fixed age at maturation (black) and demography-plus-trait-change, with plastic or evolutionary change in age at maturation (gray). Note that gray bars are always equal to or greater than black bars in height.
Data from: Impacts of deforestation-induced warming on the metabolism, growth, and trophic interactions of an afrotropical stream fish
1. In ectotherms, anthropogenic warming often increases energy requirements for metabolism, which can either impair growth (when resources are limiting) or lead to higher predator feeding rates and possibly stronger top-down trophic interactions. However, the relative importance of these effects in nature remains unclear because: 1) thermal adaptation or acclimation could lower metabolic costs; 2) greater prey production at warmer temperatures could compensate for higher predator feeding rates; and/or 3) temperature effects on trophic interactions via altered biological rates could be small relative to other, temperature-unrelated human impacts on food webs. 2. Here, we examined effects of deforestation-associated warming on the minnow Enteromius neumayeri, occurring in both forested (cool) and deforested (warm) streams located inside or nearby an afrotropical rainforest. Combining approaches from physiological and community ecology, we quantified impacts of anthropogenic warming on the metabolism, growth, and trophic interactions of this tropical ectotherm. We then compared these effects with impacts of land use unrelated to temperature. 3. In a long-term laboratory acclimation experiment quantifying the temperature-dependence of growth and metabolism in E. neumayeri, warming increased metabolic rates and decreased growth (at a limited ration). We found no evidence of local (thermal) adaptation, with warming affecting farm and forest populations similarly. 4. Then, using mark-recapture methods to quantify impacts of warming on performance in situ, we found similar growth rates in fish from deforested and forested streams despite their distinct thermal environments. This suggests higher prey consumption at deforested sites to compensate for greater metabolic costs, which could strengthen fish-invertebrate interactions. 5. Finally, we developed a bioenergetics model to estimate fish-invertebrate interaction strength and quantify temperature-related and unrelated impacts of land use on this interaction. We found that although warming increased fish consumption, it apparently increased invertebrate production even more and thus had a net weakening effect on estimated interaction strength. Most importantly, variation in both fish and invertebrate density not directly related to temperature had a much stronger influence on estimated interaction strength than temperature effects on predator consumption and prey growth. 6. We conclude that ectotherms can sometimes offset the metabolic costs of warming with a small increase in consumption that hardly effects food web interactions compared to non-metabolic impacts of anthropogenic disturbances. Future research should assess whether this is a common feature of heavily-impacted ecosystems facing multiple stressors.
Figure 2 in Urbanization impacts on the trophic guild composition of bird communities
Figure 2. Exploratory boxplot showing the richness of trophic guilds (number of trophic guilds per transect) at each urban stratum of the urban gradient. References: urban (CENTER), suburban (SUB), periurban (PERI), forested (PARK) and natural (NAT) sectors.
Figure 5 in Urbanization impacts on the trophic guild composition of bird communities
Figure 5. Biplot of redundancy analysis (RDA) showing the association between trophic guild abundance and significant habitat structure variables along the urban gradient. Arrow length indicates the importance of the variable in the model and arrow orientation, the direction of the variable increase. References: percentage of area covered by herbaceous vegetation (GRASS); pavement (PAVEM); high buildings (BHIGH) and water bodies (WATERB). Guilds: aquatic diving carnivore (AquaDivCar); aquatic diving omnivore (AquaDivOmn); aquatic filter (AquaFil); aquatic striding carnivore (AquaStrCar); aquatic striding omnivore (AquaStrOmn); bark insectivore (BarkIns); coursing aerial insectivore (CourAerIns); foliage granivore (FoliGra); foliage insectivore (FoliIns); foliage omnivore (FoliOmn); generalized granivore (GeneGra); generalized insectivore (GeneIns); generalized omnivore (GeneOmn); hawking aerial carnivore (HawkAerCar); hawking aerial insectivore (HawkAerIns); nectarivore (Nect); terrestrial granivore (TerrGra); terrestrial insectivore (TerrIns); and terrestrial omnivore (TerrOmn).
Figure 1 in Urbanization impacts on the trophic guild composition of bird communities
Figure 1. Santa Fe city and strata of the urban gradient indicated by circles. The urban matrix is represented by white and water bodies and forested areas with shades of grey. References: urban (CEN), suburban (SUB), periurban (PERI), forested (PARK) and natural (NAT) sectors.
Figure 3 in Urbanization impacts on the trophic guild composition of bird communities
Figure 3. Biplot of redundancy analysis (RDA) showing the association between the richness of each trophic guild and significant habitat structure and human disturbance variables along the urban gradient. Arrow length indicates the importance of the variable in the model and arrow orientation, the direction of the variable increase. References: percentage of area covered by trees/shrubs (TREESHRUB); herbaceous vegetation (GRASS); water bodies (WATERB); pavement (PAVEM); pedestrian rate (PEDESR); and vehicle rate (VEHICLR). Guilds: aquatic diving carnivore (AquaDivCar); aquatic diving omnivore (AquaDivOmn); aquatic filter (AquaFil); aquatic striding carnivore (AquaStrCar); aquatic striding omnivore (AquaStrOmn); bark insectivore (BarkIns); coursing aerial insectivore (CourAerIns); foliage granivore (FoliGra); foliage insectivore (FoliIns); foliage omnivore (FoliOmn); generalized granivore (GeneGra); generalized insectivore (GeneIns); generalized omnivore (GeneOmn); hawking aerial carnivore (HawkAerCar); hawking aerial insectivore (HawkAerIns); nectarivore (Nect); terrestrial granivore (TerrGra); terrestrial insectivore (TerrIns); and terrestrial omnivore (TerrOmn).
Figure 4 in Urbanization impacts on the trophic guild composition of bird communities
Figure 4. Proportion of variance of the purely environmental (Env), spatially structured environmental (EnvSpa) and purely spatial components (Spa) which explain the richness (left) and abundance (right) of trophic guilds across the Santa Fe city.
APOSTrophe Study (Parenteral Nutrition and Bone Trophicity) Impact of a Long-term Parenteral Nutrition on Bone Metabolism Measured by High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computer Tomography (HR-pQ
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02368496. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Trophic cascades in the bryosphere: The impact of global change factors on top-down control of cyanobacterial N2-fixation
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Data from: Light availability impacts structure and function of phototrophic stream biofilms across domains and trophic levels
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Data from: Impacts of deforestation-induced warming on the metabolism, growth, and trophic interactions of an afrotropical stream fish
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Data from: Tempo of trophic evolution and its impact on mammalian diversification
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Energy limitation or sensitive predators? Trophic and non-trophic impacts of wastewater pollution on stream food webs
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Data from: Impacts of silicon-based grass defences across trophic levels under both current and future atmospheric CO2 scenarios
Silicon (Si) has important functional roles in plants, including resistance against herbivores. Environmental change, such as increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2, may alter allocation to Si defences in grasses, potentially changing the feeding behaviour and performance of herbivores, which may in turn impact on higher trophic groups. Using Si-treated and untreated grasses (Phalaris aquatica) maintained under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (640 and 800 ppm) CO2 concentrations, we show that Si reduced feeding by crickets (Acheta domesticus), resulting in smaller body mass. This, in turn, reduced predatory behaviour by praying mantids (Tenodera sinensis), which consequently performed worse. Despite elevated CO2 decreasing Si concentrations in P. aquatica, this reduction was not large enough to affect the feeding behaviour of crickets or their predator. Our results suggest that Si-based defences in plants have adverse impacts on both primary and secondary trophic taxa, and these are not likely to decline under future climate change scenarios.
Data from: Trophic consequences of introduced species: comparative impacts of increased inter-specific versus intra-specific competitive interactions
1. Invasive species can cause substantial ecological impacts on native biodiversity. Whilst ecological theory attempts to explain the processes involved in the trophic integration of invaders into native food webs and their competitive impacts on resident species, results are equivocal. In addition, quantifying the relative strength of impacts from non-native species (inter-specific competition) versus the release of native conspecifics (intra-specific competition) is important but rarely completed. 2. Two model non-native fishes, the globally invasive Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, and the model native fish Tinca tinca, were used in a pond experiment to test how increased intra- and inter-specific competition influenced trophic niches and somatic growth rates. This was complemented by samples collected from three natural fish communities where the model fishes were present. The isotopic niche, calculated using stable isotope data, represented the trophic niche. 3. The pond experiment used additive and substitutive treatments to quantify the trophic niche variation that resulted from intra- and inter-specific competitive interactions. Although the trophic niche sizes of the model species were not significantly altered by any competitive treatment, they all resulted in patterns of inter-specific niche divergence. Increased inter-specific competition caused the trophic niche of T. tinca to shift to a significantly higher trophic position, whereas intra-specific competition caused its position to shift towards elevated δ13C. These patterns were independent of impacts on fish growth rates, which were only significantly altered when inter-specific competition was elevated. 4. In the natural fish communities, patterns of trophic niche partitioning between the model fishes was evident, with no niche sharing. Comparison of these results with those of the experiment revealed the most similar results between the two approaches were for the niche partitioning between sympatric T. tinca and C. carpio. 5. These results indicate that trophic niche divergence facilitates the integration of introduced species into food webs, but there are differences in how this manifests between introductions that increase inter- and intra-specific competition. In entirety, these results suggest that the initial ecological response to an introduction appears to be a trophic re-organisation of the food web that minimises the trophic interactions between competing species.
Data from: The differential impact of a native and a non-native ragwort species (Senecioneae) on the first and second trophic level of the rhizosphere food web
Whereas the impact of exotic plant species on above-ground biota is relatively well-documented, far less is known about the effects of non-indigenous plants on the first and second trophic level of the rhizosphere food web. Here, rhizosphere communities of the invasive narrow-leaved ragwort Senecio inaequidens and the native tansy ragwort Jacobaea vulgaris, co-occurring in three semi-natural habitats are compared. For both species, two life stages were taken into consideration. Quantitative PCR assays for the analyses of bacterial and fungal communities at a high taxonomic level were optimized, and it was investigated whether changes in the primary decomposer community were translated in alterations in bacterivorous and fungivorous nematode communities. In contrast to J. vulgaris, small but significant reductions were observed for Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes (both p < 0.05) in case of the invasive S. inaequidens. More pronounced changes were detected for the overall nematode community density, and, more specifically, for the bacterivorous genus Anaplectus and the family Monhysteridae (both p < 0.05), as well as the necromenic Pristionchus (p < 0.001). At high taxonomic level, no differences were observed in fungal rhizosphere communities between native and non-native ragwort species. The impact of plant developmental stages on rhizosphere biota was prominent. The overall bacterial and fungal biomasses, as well as a remarkably consistent set of constituents (Actinobacteria, α- and β-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) were negatively affected by plant stage for both ragwort species. Although later developmental stages of plants generally coincided with lower levels for individual nematode taxa, densities of the fungivorous genera Diphtherophora and Tylolaimophorus remain unaltered. Hence, even at a high taxonomic level, differential effects of native and non-native ragwort could be pinpointed. However, plant developmental stage has a more prominent impact and this impact was similar in nature for both native and non-native ragwort species.
Data from: Cascading spatial and trophic impacts of oak decline on the soil food web
1. Tree defoliation and mortality have considerably increased worldwide during the last decades due to global change drivers such as increasing drought or invasive pests and pathogens. However, the effects of this tree decline on soil food webs are poorly understood. 2. In this study we evaluated the impacts of Quercus suber decline on soil food webs of Mediterranean mixed forests invaded by the exotic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, using soil nematodes as bioindicator taxa. We used a spatially-explicit neighborhood approach to predict the characteristics of the nematode community (diversity, trophic structure, and several indices indicative of soil food web conditions) as a function of the characteristics of the tree and shrub community (species composition, size and health status). 3. Our results indicate that the process of defoliation and mortality of Q. suber caused significant alterations in the nematode trophic structure increasing the abundance of lower trophic levels (bacterivores, fungivores and herbivores) and decreasing the abundance of higher levels (predators and omnivores). Furthermore, Q. suber decline altered the functional composition of soil communities, producing a setback of the ecological succession in the soil food web to an earlier stage (decrease in the maturity index and increase in the plant-parasitic index), simplified soil food webs (decrease in the structure index), and shifts in the predominant decomposition channel (increase in the fungivores/bacterivores ratio). 4. We also detected contrasting characteristics of the nematode community in neighborhoods dominated by coexistent woody species, which suggests potential for long-term indirect effects on soil food webs due to the substitution of Q. suber by non-declining species. 5. Synthesis: Our study provides novel results that show the major impacts that ongoing health deterioration of dominant tree species can have on the structure and composition of soil food webs in forest systems invaded by exotic pathogens, with cascading consequences for soil biogeochemical processes in both the short- and long-term.
Data from: Predicting the ecological impacts of an alien invader: experimental approaches reveal the trophic consequences of competition
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Allen Brain Atlas
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