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Fig. 8. BMNH 16204 in A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan
Fig. 8. BMNH 16204, referred to Hardella thurgi (Gray, 1831) by Lydekker (1889b), here identified as Palatochelydia indet. A. Photograph of carapace. B. Illustration of carapace. C. Photograph of plastron. D. Illustration of plastron. Scale bar: 3 cm.
Fig. 10. BMNH 39834 in A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan
Fig. 10. BMNH 39834, holotype of Batagur cautleyi Lydekker 1885, here identified as Batagur sp. A. Photograph of carapace. B. Illustration of carapace. C. Photograph of plastron. D. Illustration of plastron. Scale bar: 3 cm.
Fig. 3 in A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan
Fig. 3. Illustration of the plastron of four extant geoemydid species that were used for morphological comparison with Siwalik specimens. A. Plastron of Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel & Müller, 1845) (FMNH 251499), a geoemydid from Borneo that here illustrates the general shape of species of Batagur Gray, 1856. B. Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray, 1830) (NMW 39986), a geoemydid from the Indian subcontinent C. Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger, 1812) (NMW 37159), a geoemydid from the Indian subcontinent. D. Plastron of Hardella thurjii (Gray, 1831) (FMNH 224153).
Fig. 2 in A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan
Fig. 2. Illustration of the carapace of four extant geoemydid species that were used for morphological comparison with Siwalik specimens. A. Carapace of Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel & Müller, 1845) (FMNH 251499), a geoemydid from Borneo that here illustrates the general shape of species of Batagur Gray, 1856. B. Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray, 1830) (NMW 39986), a geoemydid from the Indian subcontinent. C. Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger, 1812) (NMW 37159), a geoemydid from the Indian subcontinent. D. Carapace of Hardella thurjii (Gray, 1831) (FMNH 224153), a geoemydid from India and Pakistan.
Fig. 5. BMNH R.603 in A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan
Fig. 5. BMNH R.603, referred to Hardella thurgi (Gray, 1831) by Lydekker (1889b), here identified as Palatochelydia indet. A. Photograph of right carapace side. B. Illustration of right carapace side. Scale bar: 3 cm.
Figure 2 in Swimming and bipedal bottom-running in the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886
Figure 2. Detail of hindlimb action during bipedal bottom running in large Carettochelys insculpta. Numerals indicate field sequence. Tail is stippled. Short horizontal lines indicate substratum beneath hindlimbs. Note that, at field 6, neither rear limb is in contact with the substratum.
Figure 2 in Ringing studies of the turtle dove Streptopelia turtur (Aves: Columbidae during passage through Antikythera Island, southwestern Greece
Figure 2. Spring migration phenology of the turtle dove through Antikythera based on netting. Arrow shows the median passage date of the species.
Data from: New cranial fossils of the Jurassic turtle Neusticemys neuquina and phylogenetic relationships of the only thalassochelydian known from the Eastern Pacific
Neusticemys neuquina is a turtle from the Upper Jurassic of the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. Here we describe in detail a new skull, lower jaw, and a vertebra, utilizing both traditional anatomical description and computed tomography (CT). New diagnostic cranial characters of Ne. neuquina are: a round depression on the ventral surface of the basisphenoid, a relatively larger oval foramen nervi trigemini and reduced and steepened triturating surfaces on both the maxilla and dentary. The new morphological information presented in this study was included in a phylogenetic analysis, the primary result of which was recovery of Ne. neuquina within Thalassochelydia. Characters recognized as synapomorphies of this clade include (1) anterolateral recess of the anterior surface of the quadrate positioned lateral to the processus trochlearis oticum, (2) presence of a fossa on the supraoccipital-opisthotic-exoccipital contact area, (3) foramina anterius caroticus cerebralis located close together but independently perforating the basisphenoid, and (4) presence of the splenial in the mandible. Two contrasting dispersal scenarios may explain how this species of Thalassochelydia can be found outside of Europe. The presence of Ne. neuquina in the Neuquén Basin could be the consequence of an early dispersion event, for which we lack intermediate forms, or it may be the result of a later event once the clade was already established in Europe.
Sex, shells, and weaponry: Coercive reproductive tactics in the Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta
<p><strong>Abstract. </strong>Males and females have divergent reproductive interests arising from their unequal investments in offspring. This sexual conflict drives an antagonistic arms-race that influences sex-specific reproductive success. Alternative reproductive tactics are expected in long-lived species for which the reproductive strategy that maximizes mating success could differ across body sizes. The mating strategy of the painted turtle (<em>Chrysemys picta</em>) has been characterized as an elaborate and amiable male courtship display during which males use their elongate foreclaws to stroke females, coupled with female mate choice. Contrary to this long-held understanding, <em>in situ</em> field observations and experimental trials from our long-term study in Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada, demonstrate that males also exhibit an alternative, coercive mating strategy. Males are equipped with sexually-size dimorphic tomiodonts, tooth-like cusps of the beak, as well as a weaponized anterior shell, with which they wound the head and neck of females. Behavioral trials during the breeding periods showed that male reproductive tactics shift from courtship (foreclaw display) to coercion (striking, biting, and forced submergence) across ontogeny, and male size predicts the occurrence and frequency of coercive behavior. We found phenotype-behavior matching whereby small males invest in putatively ornamental foreclaws used for courtship and large males invest in weaponry for coercion, challenging existing knowledge of this well-studied species. As a group with a long evolutionary history and varied mating systems, Testudines are a particularly interesting taxon in which to ask questions about mating system evolution.</p>
FIG. 10 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 10. — Podocnemididae from Ibeceten, south-western Niger, Senonian, Gularo-Intergular pattern, MNHN.F.IBC coll. A-F, Erymnochelyine Erymnochelys group, variability in shape of plates and scutes: alternative epiplastral and entoplastral combinations: A, epiplastron IBC560 and entoplatron IBC1898; B, epiplastron IBC560 and entoplastron IBC1903; C, entoplastron IBCx1; D, IBCx2, fragmentary epiplastron; E, epiplastron IBC1893 and entoplastron IBC1898; F, epiplastron IBC1893 and entoplastton IBC542. Podocnemididae indet., primitive intergular pattern; G, IBC1899, entoplastron. Ventral views. Scale bar: 2 cm.
FIG. 9. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 9. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; detail of the skull, cavum tympani area, holotype MNHN- RA-2018.0031. Abbreviations: ant, antrum squamosum; cq, commissura quadrati; ica+Et, incisura columellae auris with Eustachian tube. Left lateral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
FIG. 8. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 8. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; detail of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031, showing the rounded carotid foramen for entrance in te besicranium, at the back of the deep cavum pterygoideum, below the (broken here) podocnemidid pterygoid wing; Abbreviations:boc, basioccipital; bsph, basisphenoid; car can, enlarged carotid foramen; cav pter, cavum pterygoideum; pw, break of the pterygoid wing at its posterior base; q, quadrate; q art, area articularis quadrati. Ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
FIG. 7. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 7. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; interpretative drawing of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031. Abbreviations: aaq, area articularis quadrati; boc, basioccipital; bsph, basiphenoid; car c, carotid canal; cav pter, cavum pterygoideum; co, condylus occipitalis; col-Et, columella auris with the Eustachian tube passage; cq, commissura quadrati; fpp, foramen palatinum posterius; fp, fenestra postotica; imc, intermediate maxillo-palatine crest; ju, jugal; mc, medial maxillo-palatine crest; ms, muscle insertion zone; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; ppo, processus paroccipitalis opisthotici; pter w, pterygoid wing; ptp, processus trochlearis pterygoideus; q, quadrate. Ventral view. Scale bar: 4 cm.
FIG. 6. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 6. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian. Lateral view of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031. Abbreviations: an sq, antrum squamosum; co, condylus occipitalis; com q, commissura quadrati; fpp; foramen palatinum posterius; fr, frontal; ica+Et, incisura columellae auris with the Eustachian tube; ju, jugal; l pfr, left prefrontal; mq, meatus quadrati; mx, maxilla; na, external nare; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; paq, processus articularis quadrati; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; ppo, processus paroccipitalis opisthotici; pro, prootic; pter, pterygoid; ptp, processus trochlearis pterygoideus; q, quadrate; r paq, right processus articularis quadrati; r pter, right pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; V, foramen trigemini; black arrow, position of the foramen stapediotemporale; blue and green dotted lines, hypothetic positions for the skull lateral notch border; red line, border of the palatal medial crest. Scale bar: 4 cm.
FIG. 5. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 5. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; photographs of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031: A-F, dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, right lateral and posterior views. Scale bar: 4 cm.
FIG. 3 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 3. — Geological map of Iullemmeden basin. Extract from Greigert (1961), focused on the northeastern basin part, area of Kao to Ibeceten with Mont Indamane (Mt Igdaman). Legend, from Greigert (1961): Cr 9-8, including (from top to bottom, [Mt Indamane Maastrichtian outcropping]: 1, Upper sandstones; 2, Mosasaurus shales; 3, Lower sandstones. Cr7, lower and middle Senonian, with gypsum [including Ibéceten outcropping]; Cr6, Turonian; Cr6b, Turonian (white limestones); Cr6a, lower Turonian (Nigericeras zone); CR6a-b, lower Turonian and Upper Cenomanian (Neolobites vibrayeani zone, Tegama group sandstones); e III-VI, lower Eocene; ct, terminal continental (simplified); qa2, filled fossil valleys; qd1, fixed oriented recent dunes (barchans); F, fossils at Mont Indamane and Ilatarda.
FIG. 2 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 2. — Geographical location, northern to southern, of: Mont In Tahout area (Nigeremys locality), Indamane (Ragechelus saherica n. gen., n. sp. locality), Ibeceten (Erymnochelyine locality) and Ilatarda, fossil localities with turtles (stars), in southwestern Niger, Tahoua district between Niamey and Agades, Iullemeden basin, Upper Cretaceous. Purple line, raised edge of the Upper Cretaceous outcropping (symbols: "10" in Fig. 1, "Cr 9-8" in Fig. 3), overhanging the reg with dunes including the Ibeceten Senonian outcropping (Cr7 in Fig. 3).
FIG. 4 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 4. — Log, simplified stratigraphic section, from Greigert (1966: pl. 37)'s Mont Indamane, presenting 16 banks, from bottom to top: alternately, 1, 3, 5, gypsiferous sandy marls and 2, 4, fine and silty sandstones; at top of 5, large dinosaur site (of Greigert et al. [1954]); 6, grey and black gypsiferous marls; 7, gypsiferous marls; 8, phosphatic breccia: fish, crocodile, batoids, sawfish (bone bed of the new turtle skull); 9, white sandstones: turtles, selachians; 10, black marls, salt; 11, 13, 15, yellow marls [with Libycoceras and Laffiteines]; 12, lumachella, with Rs (Veniella [Roudaireia] ouressensis); 14, lumachella; 16, ferrugineous sandstones (overlying crust). C LS, bank C in Lingham-Soliar (1991 [after David Ward]); D et al., Dikouma et al. (1993, 1994); F, Formation; G, Greigert (1966); MS, banks 8-10, 11/14, 19 and 25 in Moody & Sutcliffe (1991). Not to scale.
FIG. 1 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context
FIG. 1. — Geological map of the Iullemeden basin, extract from the Geological map of Africa, 1:10 millionth (Thiéblemont & Chêne 2016). Numbers: 1, Quaternary, 2.6-0 Ma, sedimentary; 5, Paleogene to Pleistocene, 66-0.012 Ma, sedimentary; 7, Tertiary, 66-2.6 Ma, sedimentary; 10, Upper Cretaceous, 100.5-66 Ma. Sedimentary; 12, Lower Cretaceous, 145-100.5 Ma, sedimentary; 39, Paleozoic; 45, 46, Proterozoic; 70, 86, 87, Archean. Blue square, area represented Fig. 2 (geographical map). Orange square, area represented in Fig. 3 (Greigert's geological map).
Phylogenetic and Spatial Distribution of Evolutionary Isolation and Threat in Turtles and Crocodilians (Non-Avian Archosauromorphs)
The origin of turtles and crocodiles and their easily recognized body forms dates to the Triassic. Despite their long-term success, extant species diversity is low, and endangerment is extremely high compared to other terrestrial vertebrate groups, with ~ 65% of ~25 crocodilian and ~360 turtle species now threatened by exploitation and habitat loss. Here, we combine available molecular and morphological evidence with machine learning algorithms to present a phylogenetically-informed, comprehensive assessment of diversification, threat status, and evolutionary distinctiveness of all extant species. In contrast to other terrestrial vertebrates and their own diversity in the fossil record, extant turtles and crocodilians have not experienced any mass extinctions or shifts in diversification rate, or any significant jumps in rates of body-size evolution over time. We predict threat for 114 as-yet unassessed or data-deficient species and identify a concentration of threatened crocodile and turtle species in South and Southeast Asia, western Africa, and the eastern Amazon. We find that unlike other terrestrial vertebrate groups, extinction risk increases with evolutionary distinctiveness: a disproportionate amount of phylogenetic diversity is concentrated in evolutionarily isolated, at-risk taxa, particularly those with small geographic ranges. Our findings highlight the important role of geographic determinants of extinction risk, particularly those resulting from anthropogenic habitat-disturbance, which affect species across body sizes and ecologies.
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