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197 results for “twilight”
Data from: Vertical gradients in species richness and community composition across the twilight zone in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
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Data from: Pushing the limits of photoreception in twilight conditions: The rod-like cone retina of the deep-sea pearlsides
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Data from: Seamounts generate efficient active transport loops to nourish the twilight ecosystem
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Data from: Repeated invasions into the twilight zone: evolutionary origins of a novel assemblage of fishes from deep Caribbean reefs
Mesophotic and deeper reefs of the tropics are poorly known and underexplored ecosystems worldwide. Collectively referred to as the 'twilight zone', depths below ~30–50 m are home to many species of reef fishes that are absent from shallower depths, including many undescribed and endemic species. We currently lack even a basic understanding of the diversity and evolutionary origins of fishes on tropical mesophotic reefs. Recent submersible collections in the Caribbean have provided new specimens that are enabling phylogenetic reconstructions that incorporate deep-reef representatives of tropical fish genera. Here, we investigate evolutionary depth transitions in the family Gobiidae (gobies), the most diverse group of tropical marine fishes. Using divergence-time estimation coupled with stochastic character mapping to infer the timing of shallow-to-deep habitat transitions in gobies, we demonstrate at least four transitions from shallow to mesophotic depths. Habitat transitions occurred in two broad time periods (Miocene, Pliocene–Pleistocene), and may have been linked to the availability of underutilized niches, as well as the evolution of morphological/behavioural adaptations for life on deep reefs. Further, our analysis shows that at least three evolutionary lineages that invaded deep habitats subsequently underwent speciation, reflecting another unique mode of radiation within the Gobiidae. Lastly, we synthesize depth distributions for 95 species of Caribbean gobies, which reveal major bathymetric faunal breaks at the boundary between euphotic and mesophotic reefs. Ultimately, our study is the first rigorous investigation into the origin of Caribbean deep-reef fishes and provides a framework for future studies that utilize rare, deep-reef specimens.
Figure 13 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 126 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 126. Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of Mysmenidae. Left cymbium is depicted: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 160 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 160. Phylogenetic hypothesis rendered by the complete morphological and molecular data set analysed under equal-weights parsimony using the dynamic homology criterion. Cladogram taken from Lopardo et al. (2011: fig. 12). Numbers below each node indicate node numbers. Note that the micropholcommatine Taphiassa punctata and the theridiosomatid Coddingtonia euryopoides were referred to as Parapua punctata and TSMD-002-THAI (respectively) in Lopardo et al. (2011). Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: ANAP, Anapidae; MYSM, Mysmenidae; SYMP, Symphytognathidae; TSMD, Theridiosomatidae.
Figure 134 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 36 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 50. MYSM-023 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus.
Figure 47. MYSM-020 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 12 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 12. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A, B, male; C–H, female. A, left palp, dorsal–retrolateral view; B, abdomen, detail of epiandrous spigots; C, digested abdomen, detail of spermathecae; D, epigynum, ventral view; E, same, detail of copulatory openings; F, G, right leg I; F, claws; G, tarsus–metatarsus junction; H, left leg IV, claws. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 18 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 34 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 34. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); legs. A, B, female right leg I; C–F, male left legs. A, femoral spot, retrolateral view; B, metatarsal trichobothrium, dorsal view; C, metatarsus I, prolateral view; D, tarsus I, prolateral view; E, femur IV, prolateral view; F, claws IV, retrolateral view.
Figure 110 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 110. Synaphris saphrynis (Synaphridae), male paratype. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral–apical view; B, apical view; C, retrolateral view; D, dorsal–proximal view; E, prolateral–proximal view. F, digested abdomen, detail of posterior respiratory atrium and tracheae; G, epiandrous spigots. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Model data for: Drawdown of atmospheric pCO2 via dynamic particle export stoichiometry in the ocean twilight zone
<p>Understanding the global carbon cycle is key to understanding the climate system. One of the large unknowns is the processes happening in the twilight zone of the ocean. Here, we focus on how elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic matter in the twilight zone affects the strength of the biological pump and atmospheric CO2. We show through modeling that atmospheric CO2 is very sensitive to the change in C:P ratio in the twilight zone. Numerous model studies study the link between the carbon cycle and flexible elemental stoichiometry of organic matter in the surface ocean. However, our model study is unique. It investigates the effects of stoichiometric changes both at the surface and in the subsurface ocean that also involve stoichiometric interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton.<br> <br> We use a 3D numerical model to illustrate how C:P variability in the twilight zone can significantly modulate the strength of carbon sequestration and atmospheric CO2. We used the biogeochemical model MOPS (Kriest and Oschlies, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2929–2957, 2015) coupled to ECCO Transport Matrices.</p> <p>This repository contains model input and output files for each sensitivity run outlined in the paper. The run ID corresponds to different sensitivity run. See README for more details. </p>
Do I stay or do I go? Shifts in perch use by lizards during twilight suggests anticipatory behaviour
<p>Anticipatory behaviour is the expectation of a near-future event based on information processed in the past and influences an animal's tactical decisions, particularly when there are significant fitness consequences. The grass lizard (<i>Takydromus viridipunctatus</i>) perches on blades of grass at night which likely reduces the probability of predation by terrestrial predators such as snakes, rodents, and shrews. During twilight (starting 30 mins before sunrise) they move from above the grass to within grass clumps and this is thought to afford the lizard protection while reducing detection by avian predators. Here, we examined how lizards shift their behaviour as a function of visual detectability to their primary predator, the cattle egret (<i>Bubulcus ibis</i>). We show that the lizards shift from their perch site during twilight at the earliest time at which egrets depart communal roosts. At the same time, visual modelling shows a dramatic increase in detectability of the lizards to the visual system of egrets. Therefore, anticipatory behaviour in response to environmental cues acts to reduce predation risk as lizards become more conspicuous and predators become more active. Grass lizard anticipatory behaviour appears to be finely tuned by natural selection to adjust to temporal changes in predation risk.</p>
Figure 147 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 147. Webs of Mysmenidae: A, Mysmena tasmaniae, B, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, female with egg sac; C, Mysmenidae from Chiapas, Mexico, detail of centre of web, external threads removed to expose the hub; D, Maymena sp. from Misiones, Argentina; E, same, detail of centre of web.
Figure 133 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
Figure 141 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)
Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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