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Figure. Percent mortality of R. padi treated with crude venom of P. birmanica (CVPB), crude venom of P. sumatrana (CVPS), protein fraction of P. birmanica venom (PFPB), and protein fraction of P. sumatrana venom (PFPS). Bars with the same letters represent nonsignificant differences. in Insect-specific peptides in the venom of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Figure. Percent mortality of R. padi treated with crude venom of P. birmanica (CVPB), crude venom of P. sumatrana (CVPS), protein fraction of P. birmanica venom (PFPB), and protein fraction of P. sumatrana venom (PFPS). Bars with the same letters represent nonsignificant differences.
Fig. 5 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts
Fig. 5. Venom delivery structures of extant fish. A–C. Dorsal spines of Pterois volitans Linnaeus, 1758, family Scorpaenidae. A. Whole spine; ZPAL C.19/165.1. B. Distal portion of another spine, fractured to show cross−section; ZPAL C.19/165.2. C. Magnification of a fragment; ZPAL C.19/165.3. D. Anterior part of the lower jaw of Meiacanthus grammistes (Valenciennes), 1836, family Blenniidae, Indonesia; ZPAL C.19/2.1.
Fig. 4 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts
Fig. 4. Venomous teeth of some extant vertebrates. A. Fang from the lower jaw of the fish Meiacanthus grammistes (Valenciennes, 1836), family Blenniidae, Indonesia; ZPAL C.19/153.2. B. Tooth from the lower jaw of the lizard Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869, North America; ZPAL C.19/165.1. C. Posterior maxillary tooth of the snake Psammophis cf. shokari Forskal, 1775, family Colubridae; ZPAL C.19/155.1, in dorsal (C1) and oblique (C2) views. D, E. Fangs of the snake Trimeresurus gramineus (Shaw, 1802), family Viperidae, India.1 D. ZPAL C.19/164, Mature form in lateral view. E. ZPAL C.19/164.2, replacement fang of the same snake in oblique view.
Fig. 3 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts
Fig. 3. Grasping apparatuses of the conodont Panderodus and fossil and extant chaetognaths. A. Partly deformed apparatus of the Silurian conodont Panderodus unicostatus Branson and Mehl, 1933, Ukraine, Podolia; ZPAL C.15/1 (same as Dzik and Drygant 1986: fig. 1, new photograph). B. Apparatus of the fossil chaetognath Phakelodus tenuis (Müller, 1959), subsurface Upper Cambrian of northern Poland; ZPAL C.4/6.2 (same as Szaniawski 1982: fig. 1, new photograph). C. Left half of the grasping spine apparatus of the extant chaetognath Sagitta sp., North Sea; ZPAL C.4/1.1. D. Head of the extant chaetognath Sagitta sp. with grasping spine apparatus in acting position, North Sea; ZPAL C.4/619.
Fig. 1 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts
Fig. 1. Elements of venomous conodonts. A. Panderodus sulcatus (Fåhraeus, 1966), Middle Ordovician, borehole Deniski, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/150.1. B. Panderodus greenlandensis Armstrong, 1990, Early Silurian, Jädivere, Estonia; ZPAL C.19/145.2. C, D. Protopanderodus calceatus Bagnoli and Stouge, 1997, Middle Ordovician, borehole Pieszkowo, north−eastern Poland. C. Whole element; ZPAL C.19/156.3. D. A fragment showing cross section; ZPAL C.19/159.19. E. Panderodus sp., Middle Ordovician, borehole Stadniki, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/159.12. F. Dapsilodus mutatus (Branson and Mehl, 1933), Late Ordovician, borehole Stadniki, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/159.4. G. Decoriconus fragilis (Branson and Mehl, 1933), Middle Silurian, borehole Gołdap, northern Poland; ZPAL C.19/160.12. H. Parapanderodus sp., Early Silurian, Podolia, Ukraine; ZPAL C.15/1. I. Panderodus sp. Middle Silurian, borehole Gołdap, northern Poland; ZPAL C.19/149.2, whole element (I1), distal part of the specimen showing wear of the tip (I2). J. Panderodus greenlandensis, Early Silurian, Jädivere, Estonia; ZPAL C.19/145.1, whole specimen (J1), distal part of the same specimen showing wear of the tip (J2), a fragment of the specimen showing thin longitudinal ridges parallel to the groove and sharp edges delimiting the grooved surface (J3), basal part of the specimen showing coarse ridges (J4).
Fig. 2 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts
Fig. 2. Cross sections of the elements of Panderodus. A. Panderodus greenlandensis Armstrong, 1990, Early Silurian, Jädivere, Estonia; ZPAL C.19/137.1. Basal part (A1) and above the basal part (A2). B. Distal part of Panderodus sp., Middle Ordovician, borehole Deniski, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/19.5. Abbreviations: bb, basal body; bc, basal cavity; cr, crown; gr, groove.
Evolution of venom production in marine predatory snails
<p>This repository contains the following datasets:</p> <ul> <li><strong>annotations.zip</strong>: includes two files per species. The "species_code_annot.tsv" file (e.g., CI_annot.tsv) includes the blast hits to Uniprot/SwissProt (_sp), gastropod genomes (_gastr), Cdd (_cdd), Pfam (_pfam), ToxProt (_tox), and Conoserver (_cono); the output of SignalP and of ConoPrec. The "species_code_topGO.tsv" file (e.g., CI_topGO.tsv) corresponds the GO annotations in a format compatible with TopGO.</li> <li><strong>assemblies.zip</strong>: includes the nucleotide coding sequences as "species_code_cds.fasta" (e.g., CI_cds.fasta) and the predicted amino acid sequences as "species_code.faa" (e.g., CI.faa) in fasta format.</li> <li><strong>expression_matrices.zip</strong>: includes the final, quality-filtered expression matrices in TPM for each species separately as "species_code_tpm.tsv" (e.g., CI_tpm.tsv). The multi-species expression matrices based on the random-selection method ("multispecies_tpm_random.tsv") and mean method ("multispecies_tpm_mean.tsv") are provided.</li> <li><strong>tissue_specific_gene_sets.zip</strong>: includes the list of tissue-specific genes for each species as "species_code_fc2_tb.tsv" (e.g., CI_fc2_tb.tsv). The column "tissue1" corresponds to the tissue with the highest TPM value ("tpm1"), therefore the tissue to which that gene is specific, while "tissue2" correspond to the tissue with the second-highest TPM values ("tpm2"). "FC" is the fold-change.</li> <li><strong>orthologer_output</strong>: includes the orthogroup assigment as outputted by the software OrthoLoger. Specifically, "path2proteome_orthogroups.txt" corresponds to the orthogroup assignment for all genes assigned to an orthogroup, while "path2proteome_stats.txt" list some statistic parameters (e.g., size of the orthogroups etc.).</li> <li><strong>CAGEE_output</strong>: includes the output from the software CAGEE as reported in the manual (https://github.com/hahnlab/CAGEE/blob/main/docs/manual/cagee_manual.md#Installation). The results for both, a gene expression matrix based on the random-selection method and the mean-based method are reported in separate folders. Within each folder are reported the results for the gland, salivary glands, and oesophagus separately. Additionally, the ultrametric species tree and the sigma tree, both in in Newick format, are provided.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Data and code for: Recombinant venom proteins in insect seminal fluid reduces female lifespan
<p>Publication: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.14.575309</p> <p>This repository contains all the data as well as the scripts used for the analysis and visualisation. </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>File</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>TMT.ipynb</td> <td>The Jupyter notebook containing the Python code for statistical analysis and figure generation. Scripts are sectioned in the order that results are presented in the study, with sub-headings and figure numbers where appropriate.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>actingal4.csv</td> <td>Offspring phenotype data from the UAS:venom x Act5C-GAL4 assay (Results: Testing functional expression of recombinant venoms).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>femalelifespan_1-1.csv</td> <td>Female lifespan data from the 1:1 male:female mating assay (Results: TMT males reduce the lifespan of mated females). Time = days since initial male exposure until death. Status: 1 = death observed; 0 = censored. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>femalelifespan_3-1.csv</td> <td>Female lifespan data from the 3:1 male:female mating assay (Results: TMT males reduce the lifespan of mated females). Time = days since initial male exposure until death. Status: 1 = death observed; 0 = censored. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>singlemating.csv</td> <td>Data from the single-pair courtship assay. 1 = successful courtship observed; 0 = successful courtship not observed.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>competitivemating.csv</td> <td>Offspring genotype data from the competitive mating assay. Female = group of offspring from a given mother. white = positive result from gDNA PCR using the 'white' primers (supplementary table S2). TMT = positive result from gDNA PCR using the 'UAS' primers (supplementary table S2).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>malelifespan.csv</td> <td>TMT male lifespan data from the male longevity assay. Time = days since eclosion. Status: 1 = death observed; 0 = censored. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>TMT-GAMA.db and TMT-lethality.db contains data from the GAMA model (doi:10.5281/zenodo.11439089), which is accessed by the Jupyter notebook.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Table</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>TMT_step_output</td> <td>Each simulation will write key values to this table each cycle once transgenic males have begun to be released.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TMT_female_output</td> <td>Each female will write key values to this table upon their death once transgeni males have begun to be released.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TMT_PR50</td> <td>Each simulation will write to this table when/if the female population reaches 50% of its initial size.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TMT_PR95</td> <td>Each simulation will write to this table when/if the female population reaches 95% of its initial size.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
FIGURE 7 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards
FIGURE 7. Tooth specializations (grooves and serrations) in the Anguimorpha. A. Estesia mongoliensis (IGM 3/196), with arrows pointing to tooth grooves and flanges on the anterior and posterior carinae of a dentary tooth. B. Dentary tooth of Heloderma suspectum (AMNH R-71082). C. Dentary tooth of Tylosaurus proriger (AMNH FR 1543). D. Dentary tooth of Varanus komodoensis (AMNH R-37909). Not to scale.
FIGURE 11 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards
FIGURE 11. Character evolution of tooth specializations in the Anguimorpha. The labels on the branches indicate the origination of derived states as optimized on the tree (ACCTRAN optimization). Clades in black are those with specializations (derived states) on the marginal teeth. Clades in gray are those that show the plesiomorphic state of the corresponding characters: Character 429 – root-to-tip grooves in marginal teeth: (0) absent; (1) present, at anterior carina; (2) present, at anterior and posterior carinae. Character 430 – serrations on marginal teeth: (0) absent; (1) present.
FIGURE 10 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards
FIGURE 10. The strict consensus tree of the morphology-only analysis. The clade in grey shade is the Monstersauria.
FIGURE 6 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards
FIGURE 6. The mandible of IGM 3/196 in dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar = 10 mm; abbreviations are listed in appendix 6.
FIGURE 9 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards
FIGURE 9. The strict consensus tree of the combined analysis of morphological and molecular data. Support values are labeled beneath branches. The number written before the slash is bootstrap value; the number written after the slash is Bremer support. Only bootstrap values above 50% are listed, so some branches show only Bremer support values.
FIGURE 3. A in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards
FIGURE 3. A. Skull of IGM 3/196 in dorsal and ventral view (scale bar = 10 mm). B. Line drawings of the skull of IGM 3/196 in dorsal and ventral view (scale bar =10 mm). Abbreviations are listed in appendix 6.
Figure 7 in The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Figure 7. Most parsimonious reconstructions of the evolution of fang character states, with characters ordered, in the context of the phylogenies of (A) Cadle (1988) and (B) Kraus & Brown (1998). The Kraus & Brown tree is an example of just one of seven equally parsimonious reconstructions. U, ungrooved; G, grooved; and T, tubular.
Figure 6 in The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Figure 6. Most parsimonious recontruction of the evolution of the position of attachment of the pterygoideus within the context of the hypotheses of (A) Cadle (1988) and (B) Kraus & Brown (1998). A, anterior attachment near the posterior maxillary teeth, on the posterior end of the maxilla; P, anterior attachment on the ectopterygoid (i.e. posterior).
Figure 4 in The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Figure 4. Most parsimonious reconstruction of the evolution of venom glands and Duvernoy's glands in the context of (A) Cadle's (1988) and (B) Kraus & Brown's (1998) phylogeny. X, Duvernoy's gland and venom gland absent; D, Duvernoy's gland present; VV, venom gland of viperid type present; VE, venom gland of elapid type present; VA, venom gland of atractaspidid type present.
Prevalent bee venom genes evolved before the stinger and eusociality
<p>Background: Venoms, which have evolved numerous times in animals, are ideal models of convergent trait evolution. However, detailed genomic studies of toxin-encoding genes exist for only a few animal groups. The hyper-diverse hymenopteran insects are the most speciose venomous clade, but investigation of the origin of their venom genes has been largely neglected.</p> <p>Results: Utilising a combination of genomic and proteo-transcriptomic data, we investigated the origin of 11 toxin genes in 29 published and 3 new hymenopteran genomes and compiled an up-to-date list of prevalent bee venom proteins. Observed patterns indicate that bee venom genes predominantly originate through single gene co-option with gene duplication contributing to subsequent diversification.</p> <p>Conclusions: Most Hymenoptera venom genes are shared by all members of the clade and only melittin and the new venom protein family anthophilin1 appear unique to the bee lineage. Most venom proteins thus predate the mega-radiation of hymenopterans and the evolution of the aculeate stinger.</p>
Data from: Spider venom potency exhibits phylogenetic prey-specificity but does not trade-off with body size or silk use in prey capture
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Venomics of the ectoparasitoid wasp Bracon nigricans
<p>This dataset refers to Fig. 4 and consists in raw Ct values analyzed with ddCt and ANOVA, along with validation experiments based on standard curve analysis. For any further details, please refer to the Material and Methods section of the related journal article.</p> <p><strong>Fig. 4 </strong></p> <p>Specificity of expression in the venom glands of selected genes. Results showing the abundance of selected transcripts measured by qRT-PCR in females deprived of venom glands, males and venom glands. Results are presented as mean fold changes of three independent biological replicates, using females deprived of venom glands as calibrator. Relative expression (fold-change) is reported on Y-axis, which is plotted using a base 10 logarithmic scale. Error bars indicate standard error. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test, <em>P</em> < 0.05)</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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