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Fig. 9 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 9. Habitat of Vipera walser sp. nov. Valle Strona at about 1650 m (upper left), Valle Strona at about 1800 m (upper right), Valle Mastallone at 2070 m (bottom left) and Valle della Vecchia at 1830 m (bottom right)
Fig. 7 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 7. Variation in head scalation in adult female (upper four photographs) and adult male (lower four photographs) of Vipera walser sp. nov.
Fig. 4 in A new vertebrate for Europe: the discovery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian Alps
Fig. 4. Discriminant analysis, based on the six meristic variables, correctly classifies 94 % of females (left) and 88 % of males. The strongest discriminatory variables are crown scales and parietals. Blue = V. berus; red = V. walser
NHANES II Spinal X-ray with Extra Labels For Reference Vertebral Bodies (C2, S1)
<p>The NHANES radiographs (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/nhanes.html) were scanned by Dr. Bernie Huang at the University of California at Los Angeles and the University of California at San Francisco. It originally contained 17,000 Spinal X-rays with 600 of them annotated with vertebra coordinates. Based on this fact we invited two internal radiologists to create extra reference vertebra coordinates for S1 and C2 for these 600 annotated X-rays. The project is sponsored by Novartis and the University of Oxford jointly.</p>
The hagfish genome and the evolution of vertebrates
<p><strong>Genomic datasets for the hagfish </strong><i><strong>Eptatretus atami</strong></i></p><p><strong>Pata_MYAQb.rep.bed.gz:</strong> bed file with position of repeats masked by repeat masker</p><p><strong>Pata_ah2p.pep.fa</strong>: proteins from genome annotation </p><p><strong>Pata_MYAQb_rnm_ah2p.gtf</strong>: genome annotation performed using mikado, augustus and refined with Pasa (see methods). </p><p><strong>Pata_MYAQb_rnm.fa.gz: </strong>genome assembly in fasta format. </p><p> </p><p> </p>
Vertebral morphology in the tail-whipping common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus
<p>Thresher sharks (<em>Alopias</em> spp.) are characterized by an elongated, scythe-like caudal fin that is used in tail-whipping, a behavior where the tail is thrown overhead to stun prey. Tail-whipping is performed via extreme dorsoventral bending of the vertebral column and is dramatically different from lateral oscillatory motion used for swimming. Previous work has examined thresher shark vertebral morphology and mechanical properties but in the context of swimming loads. Our goal was to assess centra morphometrics and microarchitecture for variations that may support extreme dorsoventral bending. We examined anterior and posterior body vertebrae from an embryo, 5 juvenile, and 4 adult thresher sharks using micro-computed tomography. We used principal component and landmark analyses to examine variables influencing vertebral morphology and mineral arrangement, respectively. We found that morphology and microstructure significantly varied across body regions and ontogeny. We hypothesize that anterior body vertebrae increase stability, while posterior body vertebrae support the caudal fin. Vertebral size and quantity of mineral structures (lamellae and nodes) increased across ontogeny, suggesting vertebrae adapt over development to support a larger body and tail. Based on our results, we hypothesize that thresher shark vertebrae vary in morphometrics and mineralization (amount and arrangement) supporting the mechanical needs for tail-whipping.</p>
Fig. 6 in La Piquera in central Iberian Peninsula: A new key vertebrate locality for the Early Pliocene of western Europe
Fig. 6. ESEM images of insectivores from La Piquera site, Lower Pliocene, Duero Basin, Spain. A. Soricid Myosorex meini Jammot, 1977, UCM-LPQEUL-1, right M1 in occlusal view. B. Soricid Neomyini indet., UCM-LPQ-EUL-2, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2 in lateral view. C. Neomyini indet., UCM-LPQ-EUL-3, left mandibular fragment with m2 in lateral view. D. Erinaceid Parasorex ibericus (Mein and Martín-Suárez, 1993), UCM-LPQ-EUL-4, right M1 in occlusal view.
Fig. 7 in La Piquera in central Iberian Peninsula: A new key vertebrate locality for the Early Pliocene of western Europe
Fig. 7. ESEM images of rodents from La Piquera site, Lower Pliocene, Duero Basin, Spain, all in occlusal view. A. Cricetid Ruscinomys lasallei Adrover, 1969, UCM-LPQ-ROD-1, left M1. B. Cricetid Blancomys aff. sanzi Adrover, Mein, and Moissenet, 1993, UCM-LPQ-ROD-2, right M1. C. Cricetid Apocricetus cf. barrierei (Mein and Michaux, 1970), UCM-LPQ-ROD-3, left M1. D, E. Murid Stephanomys dubari Aguilar, Michaux, Bachelet, Calvet, and Faillat, 1991. D. UCM-LPQ-ROD-4, right M1. E. UCM-LPQ-ROD-5, right m1 and m2. F. Murid Occitanomys alcalai Adrover, Mein, and Moissenet, 1988, UCM-LPQ-ROD-6, left M1. G. Murid Apodemus gorafensis Ruiz Bustos, Sesé, Dabrio, Peña, and Padial, 1984, UCM-LPQ-ROD-7, right M1. H. Murid Castillomys gracilis van de Weerd, 1976, UCM-LPQ-ROD-8, left M1. I, J. Murid Paraethomys meini (Michaux, 1969). I. UCM-LPQ-ROD-9, right M2. J. UCM-LPQ-ROD-10, right m1, m2, and m3. K. Gerbillid Debruijnimys sp., UCM-LPQ-ROD-11, left m1. L. Glirid Eliomys truci Mein and Michaux, 1970, UCM-LPQ-ROD-12, left M1/2. M. Glirid Glis cf. minor, UCM-LPQ-ROD-13, left m1. N, O. Sciurid Atlantoxerus sp. N. UCM-LPQROD-14, left M1/2. O. UCM-LPQ-ROD-15, right m1/2.
Figure 9 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 9. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the late Silurian, base map from Scotese (2014, map 73), showing possible vertebrate dispersal route from the Baltic to the circum-Arctic and thence south to western Laurentia.
Figure 8. A–K in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 8. A–K. Scales of thelodont Barlowodus sp. cf. B. floralis from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section, all level 430.5'. A, UCR 10746-31 in baso-lateral view; B, UCR 10746-35 in crown view; C, UCR 10746-36 in crown view; D, UCR 10746-34 in crown view; E, UCR 10746-42 in crown view; F, UCR 10746-29 in crown view; G, UCR 10746-24 in crown view; H, UCR 10746-38 in crown view; I, UCR 10746-23 in crown view; J, K, UCR 10746-14, in crown view, and close up of dorsal mid-crown showing ultrasculpture and taphonomic effects. Scale bars=0.2 mm; anterior to left except A, D, G, I. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 7 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 7. Thelodont scales from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section, all level 430.5' except B, C, G, K, L, P, Q. A. Trimerolepis sp. cf. T. tricava. UCR 10746-43 in crown view. B. Trimerolepis sp. AMF97876 (Parkes 1995, fig. 22.19, 20) from level 503', base view. C.?Lanarkia sp. UCR 944-20 (level 527.25') in lateral view. D.?Turinia sp. UCR10746-19, showing taphonomic effects and ultrasculpture, in crown view. E-J. Nikolivia spp. E. UCR 10746-13 with cell pattern on surface in crown view; F, UCR 10746-20 in crown view; G, AMF97875 (Parkes 1995, fig. 22.17, 18) from level 402' with possible bite marks, in crown view; H, UCR 10746-27 in ventral basal view; I, UCR 10746-25 showing taphonomic effects in crown view; J, Nikolivia sp. cf. N. auriculata, UCR 10746-18 in crown view. K, L. Apalolepis sp. AMF97872 (level 503') (Parkes 2005, fig. 22.11, 12), crown and basal views. M-O. Talivalia sp. cf. T. elongata. M, UCR 10746-17 in crown view; N, UCR 10746-37 in crown view; O, UCR 10746-21 in lateral view. P-S. Barlowodus sp. cf. B. tridens. P, Q, AMF97874 (level 875') in crown and basal views (Parkes 2005, fig. 22.15, 16). R, S, UCR 944-21 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view, closeup in S showing striated ultrasculpture. Scale bars=0.2 mm; anterior to left or top, otherwise arrow points to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 6 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 6. Chondrichthyan and stem osteichthyan scales from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section; A, C–G, light microscope images of whitened specimens; B, ESEM image. A-C. Ellesmereia schultzei. A, scale UCR 10746- 44 (level 430.5') in crown view (from Suppl. 1, fig. 5); B, UCR 10746-28 (level 430.5') in anterolateral-crown view; C, scale UCR10746-45 (level 430.5' in crown and lateral views (from Suppl. 1, fig. 4). D. Polymerolepis sp. scale UCR 10752-1 (level 458.67') in crown view (from Suppl. 1, fig. 11). E-G. Lophosteus sp. cf. L. superbus. E, dermal bone fragment 10754-1 (level 468') in external view (from Suppl. 1, fig. 12); F, G, tubercles UCR951-1, 2 (level 457') in crown views (from Suppl. 1, fig. 10). Scale bars=0.25 mm, anterior of scale is up or to left, otherwise arrow points to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 5. Funicristata nevadaensis n. gen. n in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 5. Funicristata nevadaensis n. gen. n. sp. from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section. A–C. UCR 10750-3 (level 456.5') in crown views and magnified view of the crown ridges; D, E. UCR 10750-2 (level 456.5') in crown and lateral views; F, G. UCR 10746-10 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and crown views; H, I. UCR 10746-8 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; J, K. UCR 10750-10 (level 456.5') vertical longitudinal section; L. UCR 10750-12 (level 456.5') horizontal section through crown. Abbreviations: c=canal; en=enameloid; h=hyphal boring; po=pore openings. Scale bars=0.1 mm in A, B, D–L, 0.01 mm in C; anterior is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 4 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 4. Nostovicina and Nostolepis sp. acanthodian scales from the Siluro-Devonian boundary levels of the Birch Creek II section. A. Nostovicina sp. cf. N. elegans: UCR 10755-1 (level 470.2') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 13). B–D, J. Nostovicina laticristata: B. UCR 10768-10 (level 518.3') in crown view; C, D. UCR 10768-6 (level 518.3') in anterocrown and crown views; J. UCR 10768-11 (level 518.3') horizontal thin section through crown. E–I, K, L. Nostovicina sp. cf. N. guangxiensis; E. UCR 5443-1 (level 562.6') in anterocrown view; F, G. UCR 5443-3 (level 562.6') in crown and lateral views; H. UCR 5443-4 (level 562.6') in posterocrown view; I. UCR 5443-6 (level 562.6') in crown view; K, L. UCR 5443-7 (level 562.6') vertical transverse section, magnified view of crown structure in L. M–P. Nostovicina sp. cf. N. lacrima: M. UCR 5439-8 in lateral view; N. UCR 5439-6 in posterior view; O. UCR 5439-4 (level 549') in lateral view; P. UCR 10768-1 (level 518.3') in anterior view. Q–T. Nostolepis matukhini: Q, R. UCR 5443-2 (level 562.6') in crown and laterocrown views; S, T. UCR 5443-5 (level 562.6') in crown and anterocrown views. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; h=hyphal borings; Sf=Sharpey's fiber bundles. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to right or up, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 3 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 3. Poracanthodid and ischnacanthid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section. A–E,?F,?G. Gomphonchoporus hoppei: A. UCR 949-1 (level 567.3') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 24); B. UCR 944-11 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view; C, D. UCR 5439-2 (level 549') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; E. UCR 5439-3 (level 549') in basal view; F. UCR 5439-7 (level 549') in crown view; G. UCR 5439-1 (level 549') in anterocrown view. H–J. Zemlyacanthus menneri: UCR 10815-1, 2, 3 (level 556.5'), in crown views (from Supplement 1, fig. 22). M–P. Trundlelepis cervicostulata: K, L. UCR 10768-4 (level 518.3') in anterior and lateral views; M. UCR 944-17 (level 527.25') in crown view; N. UCR 944-3 (level 527.25') in crown view; O. UCR 944-23 (level 527.25'), vertical longitudinal thin section; P. UCR 944-22 (level 527.25'), horizontal thin section through crown. Q, R. Poracanthodidae gen., sp. indet. sensory line scale UCR 930-3 (level 395') in crown and posterior views. S-V. Gomphonchus sandelensis: S, T. UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5') in crown and lateral views; U, V. UCR 930-7 (level 395') in antero- and posterocrown views. W–Z. Gomphonchus mediocostatus: W. UCR 944-6 (level 527.25') in crown view; X. UCR 944-16 (level 527.25') in crown view; Y. UCR 942-1 (level 526') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 20); Z. UCR 944-19 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; dt=dentine tubules; h=hyphal borings; vc=vertical canals. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 2 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U, V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.
Figure 1. Birch Creek II in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.
Figure 1. Birch Creek II section, central Roberts Mountains, Nevada. A. locality map, topographic map showing locations of sections BC II, BC III, WC I, WC IV after Murphy (2016, appendix 1). B. stratigraphic column through the uppermost Silurian– lowermost Devonian (after Klapper and Murphy 1975, fig. 5; scale on left is in feet; X denotes their proposed Silurian–Devonian boundary at approx. 567'=172.8 m level); to the right, stratigraphically significant conodont ranges in red, graptolites in blue (see Murphy 2016, fig. 2).
FIGURE 5 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 5 Number of vertebral band pairs after the oxytetracycline mark compared to days at liberty for Alopias vulpinus at liberty ≥1 year, tagged and recaptured in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (1998–2013) n = 14. The dashed lines represent the relationship of band pairs to days at liberty; the dotted line represents a 1:1 deposition rate of one band pair per year.
FIGURE 4 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 4 Age-bias plots for all oxytetracycline (OTC)-marked Alopias vulpinus vertebrae to determine the number of band pairs distal to the birth band (left column), and number of band pairs distal to the OTC mark (right column). Readers 1, 2, and 3 read all sample vertebrae without knowledge of fish ID or time at liberty.
FIGURE 3 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 3 An X-ray image of a section showing band pair progression of an oxytetracycline (OTC)-marked Alopias vulpinus recaptured in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Translucent cartilage (dark bands on image) alternated with more-calcified cartilage (appearing light on image). Opaque, hypermineralized bands are marked with a solid dot; 4 band pairs post birth band and 3.5 band pairs post-OTC. The OTC mark and birth band are labeled. Tagged A. vulpinus A039014 was at liberty 3.81 years, measured 80 cm fork length (LF) at the time of tagging, and 140 cm LF at recapture.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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