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77 results for “vulture”
Vulture culture: dietary specialization of an obligate scavenger
<p><span>Individual dietary variation has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, it has been overlooked in many taxa that are thought to have homogeneous diets. This is the case of vultures, considered merely as "carrion eaters". Given their high degree of sociality, vultures are an excellent model to investigate how inter-individual transmissible behaviors drive individual dietary variation. Here, we combine GPS-tracking and accelerometers with an exhaustive fieldwork campaign to identify the individual diet of 55 griffon vultures (<em>Gyps</em> <em>fulvus</em>) from two Spanish populations that partially overlap in their foraging areas. We found that individuals from the more humanized population consumed more anthropic resources (e.g., stabled livestock or rubbish), resulting in more homogeneous diets. In contrast, individuals from the wilder population consumed more wild ungulates, increasing their dietary variability. Between sexes, we found that males consumed anthropic resources more than females did. Interestingly, in the shared foraging area, vultures retained the dietary preference of their original population, highlighting a strong cultural component. Overall, these results expand the role of cultural traits in shaping key behaviors, and call for the need of including cultural traits in Optimal Foraging models, especially in those species that strongly rely on social information while foraging.</span></p>
Where do Gyps fulvus (Griffon Vultures) feed? Combining biologging with socio-economic analysis can guide sustainable ecotourism development
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Vulture culture: dietary specialization of an obligate scavenger
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Impacts of African elephants and other environmental drivers on trees nested in by critically endangered white-backed vultures
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Data from: Identifying timescales of change in vulture social networks
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Blood lead levels in an endangered vulture decline following changes in hunting activity
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Genomic and morphometric data used in a demographic study of Coragyps vultures
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Data from: Monitoring vultures in the 21st century: the need for standardized protocols
This article calls on scientists, managers and organizations focused on vulture conservation to promote and use standardized monitoring programs based on sampling of molted feathers.
Data from: Major histocompatability complex variation in insular populations of the Egyptian vulture: inferences about the roles of genetic drift and selection
Insular populations have attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists because of their morphological and ecological peculiarities with respect to their mainland counterparts. Founder effects and genetic drift are known to distribute neutral genetic variability in these demes. However, elucidating whether these evolutionary forces have also shaped adaptive variation is crucial to evaluate the real impact of reduced genetic variation in small populations. Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) are classical examples of evolutionarily relevant loci because of their well-known role in pathogen confrontation and clearance. In this study, we aim to disentangle the partial roles of genetic drift and natural selection in the spatial distribution of MHC variation in insular populations. To this end, we integrate the study of neutral (22 microsatellites and one mtDNA locus) and MHC class II variation in one mainland (Iberia) and two insular populations (Fuerteventura and Menorca) of the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus). Overall, the distribution of the frequencies of individual MHC alleles (N=17 alleles from two class II B loci) does not significantly depart from neutral expectations, which indicates a prominent role for genetic drift over selection. However, our results point towards an interesting co-evolution of gene duplicates that maintains different pairs of divergent alleles in strong linkage disequilibrium on islands. We hypothesize that the co-evolution of genes may counteract the loss of genetic diversity in insular demes, maximize antigen recognition capabilities when gene diversity is reduced, and promote the co-segregation of the most efficient allele combinations to cope with local pathogen communities.
FIGURE 4 in Validity of Bartram's Painted Vulture (Aves: Cathartidae)
FIGURE 4. As reproduced from a photograph in Knight (1996), a limestone bowl recovered from the Moundville prehistoric site in central Alabama in 1906 has a handle resembling the head and neck of a King Vulture (or Painted Vulture), as suggested by Witmer Stone. A projection from the bird's forehead could represent the lappets of this species. Although somewhat posterior to the usual position of these structures, this projection might have been more extensive and extended farther forward in the original bowl. Alternatively, and perhaps more likely, the projection could have been a representation of the forehead snood of a Wild Turkey, as suggested by Steponaitis and Knight (2004). Supporting this interpretation is the existence of an incised worm-like structure on the underside of the bowl resembling the feathered beard of a Wild Turkey.
FIGURE 2. A in Validity of Bartram's Painted Vulture (Aves: Cathartidae)
FIGURE 2. A painting by Narca Moore-Craig illustrates Painted Vultures assembling at a Florida fire to consume roasted lizards and snakes, as described by Bartram. Details of coloration incorporate all of Bartram's descriptive materials, but for features left undescribed by Bartram, such as color of the neck ruff, presence of a red eye-ring, and presence of a dark belt encircling the base of the bill, the painting incorporates characteristics described in Albin's Warwovwen and also known to be present in King Vultures, presumably making the painting as close to the actual Painted Vulture as possible. The width of the terminal dark band to the tail reflects the feathers in Bartram's portrait of Mico Chlucco, rather than Albin's portrait of the Warwovwen, on the assumption that the former were indeed tail feathers of his described Painted Vulture.
FIGURE 1 in Validity of Bartram's Painted Vulture (Aves: Cathartidae)
FIGURE 1. Eleazar Albin's painting of the Warwovwen or Indian Vulture was a hand-colored 1734 rendition of a captive vulture at Charing-Cross, England, that was of uncertain geographic origin, but presumably came from somewhere in the New World. Described details of this bird, including tail color, provide a close match to Bartram's Painted Vulture description, although the colors in this print, reproduced from a copy in the U.S. National Museum, may not fully or accurately reflect their original appearance.
Fig. 1 in Oceanisphaera avium sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain AMac2203T and type strains of two closely related taxa. The neighbour-joining (NJ) algorithm was employed for reconstruction, and the maximum-parsimony (MP) and maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithms were used for additional analyses. Bootstrap values (>70 %) based on 1000 replicates are shown at the nodes (NJ/MP/ML, respectively). Filled diamonds indicate branches that are found in all trees, including those based on MP and ML. Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047T was established as an outgroup. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Micro-thermometry and minerochemical composition of ultramafic xenoliths and minerals from Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy)
<p>Here minerochemical composition and micro-thermometric data of ultramafic xenoliths (wehrlite) and loose xenocrysts (olivine and Cr-diopside) from the last melilitite-carbonatite explosive volcanic activity of Mt. Vulture volcano. In addition, some geometrical parameters of pelletal lapilli are reported.</p>
FIGURE 5 in A new look at an old Australian raptor places "Taphaetus" lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)
FIGURE 5. Parsimony analysis of morphological (ordered) data. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees. Tree length = 1792, MPT = 3, CI = 0.2176, HI = 0.7824, RI 0.5755. Bootstrap values are given at each node.
FIGURE 4 in A new look at an old Australian raptor places "Taphaetus" lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)
FIGURE 4. Comparisons of the elements of Cryptogyps lacertosus to those of six species of Aegypiinae, tarsometatarsus in plantar view to show structure of the hypotarsus (top), tarsometatarsus in dorsal view (middle) and distal humerus in cranial view (bottom): Trigonoceps occipitalis (A); Torgos tracheliotos (B); Sarcogyps calvus (C); Aegypius monachus (D); Necrosyrtes monachus (E); Gyps coprotheres (F); and Cryptogyps lacertosus (G). Numbers reflect the characters given in the tarsometatarsus description. Images are scaled to similar size.
FIGURE 3 in A new look at an old Australian raptor places "Taphaetus" lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)
FIGURE 3. Tarsometatarsi of Cryptogyps lacertosus (A, B, D, F, G, I) compared to that of Aquila audax FUR 125 (C, E, H, J): left tarsometatarsus AM F.58093 (B, D, I); proximal tarsometatarsus WAM 15.9.73 (A, F, G); in dorsal (A–C), plantar (D–F), proximal (G, H) and distal (I, J) views. Abbreviations: Cl, cotyla lateralis; CLFHL, crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus; CM, cotyla medialis; CMFDL, crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FI, fossa infracotylaris; FPL, fossa parahypotarsalis lateralis; FPM, fossa parahypotarsalis medialis; FVPM, foramen vascularia proximalia medialis; IL, impressio ligamentum collateralis lateralis; IRE, impressio retinaculi extensorii; NP, nervus peroneus notch; SE, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; SH, sulcus hypotarsus; T, tuberositas m. tibialis cranialis; TMII, trochlea metatarsi II; TMIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TMIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new look at an old Australian raptor places "Taphaetus" lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)
FIGURE 2. Photographs of Cryptogyps lacertosus lectotype QM F.5507 (A–C), right distal humerus AM F.58092 (D–F) and left distal AM F.58092 (G–I) in cranial (A, D, G), caudal (B, E, H) and ventral (C, F, I) views. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CV, condylus ventralis; DEMR, dorsal attachment m. extensor metacarpi radialis; ED, epicondylus dorsalis; EV, epicondylus ventralis; FB, fossa m. brachialis; FO, fossa olecrani; II, incisura intercondylaris; MPPO, origin of m. pronator profundus; MPSO, origin of distal head m. pronator superficialis; PF, processus flexorius; PEMR, palmar attachment m. extensor metacarpi radialis; SHTV, ventral belly of sulcus humerotricipitalis; SHTD, dorsal belly of sulcus humerotricipitalis; SST, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; TSD, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale; TSV, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bar 10 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new look at an old Australian raptor places "Taphaetus" lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)
FIGURE 1. Comparisons of the distal humeri of Cryptogyps lacertosus QM F5507 (scanned, A, D, G), Aquila audax (B, E, H) and Haliaeetus leucogaster (C, F, I) in cranial (A, B, C), caudal (D, E, F) and ventral (G, H, I) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CV, condylus ventralis; DEMR, dorsal attachment m. extensor metacarpi radialis; ED, epicondylus dorsalis; EV, epicondylus ventralis; FB, fossa brachialis; FO, fossa olecrani; II, incisura intercondylaris; MeDCo, m. extensor digitorum communi origin; MPSO, origin of distal head of m. pronator superficialis; MPPO, m. pronator profundus origin; PF, processus flexorius; PEMR, palmar attachment m. extensor metacarpi radialis; SHTD, dorsal sulcus humerotricipitalis; SHTV, ventral sulcus humerotricipitalis; SST, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; TSD, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale; TSV, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bar 10 mm.
FIGURES 13–14 in Chewing lice from the white-rumped vulture in Nepal, with description of a new species of Aegypoecus
FIGURES 13–14. Aegypoecus bengalensis, male: 13, dorsal view of thorax. 14, ventral view of terminal segments and genitalia.
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