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Fig. 17 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 17. Pristomerus yago sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♀, hind femur, profile. D. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 14 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 14. Pristomerus roberti sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 11 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 11. Pristomerus moramora sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 8 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 8. Pristomerus kelikely sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur,

Fig. 3 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 3. Pristomerus albescens (Morley). A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 5. Pristomerus cunctator Tosquinet 1896. A in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 5. Pristomerus cunctator Tosquinet 1896. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♀, hind femur, profile. D. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 10 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 10. Pristomerus melissa sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 4. Pristomerus caris Fitton, 1994. A in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 4. Pristomerus caris Fitton, 1994. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♂ (paratype), head, dorsal. D. ♂ (Ankaratra), head, dorsal. E. ♀, mesosoma, dorsal. F. ♀, hind femur, profile. G. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 6 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 6. Pristomerus guinness sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 2. Female Femoral Tooth index. A in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 2. Female Femoral Tooth index. A. Tooth absent (FFT = 0). B. Tooth distinct, but wider than high (FFT = 1). C. Tooth higher than wide (FFT = 2).

FIG. 5. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 5. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308; arrow, hypopygium. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.

FIG. 3. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 3. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308: A, head and anterior part of mesosoma, arrow metanotum; B, head, arrow, clypeus. Scale bars: A, 0.4 mm; B, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 4. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 4. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308, mandibles: A, front view; B, side view; ellipses, mandibles. Scale bars: 0.08 mm.

FIG. 2. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 2. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308: A, wings; B, metasoma left view; C, metasoma right view, arrow tergal process. Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; C, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 1. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 1. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308, habitus: A, above; B, below; C, left side. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 6. Phenotypic variation among the four species represented by the first two coordinate axes of a principal component analysis.Twelve morphological characters were analyzed (Table 3). A Mantel test of the multivariate morphological differences among species was highly significant (P <0.0001). In addition, LO1 shows further differentiation based on geography, with distinct clusters recovered for both Baja and Sonora samples.

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X-axes are in units of mutations per site, while y-axes are in units of effective population size scaled by mutation rate. LO1 shows sharp growth in population size, whereas SO1 and SO2 show a similar pattern of consistent population size through time with minimal growth. LO2 was not included as it contains two cryptic species reducing sample sizes too low for analysis.

Fig. 2. A in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 2. A habitus drawing of an Idarnes wasp. The drawing represents a wasp from the LO1 species associated with host Ficus petiolaris. Illustrated are the 12 morphological characters measured for analysis.The characters are as follows: 1) presence of antennal setulae, 2) number of antennal segments, 3) scape length, 4) scape color (amber vs dark), 5) head width, 6) inter-antennal distance, 7) facial width, 8) collar length, 9) stigmal vein length, 10) femur color (amber vs dark), 11) body length, and 12) ovipositor length.

Fig. 3 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 3. Maximum-clade credibility tree for Idarnes mtDNA sequences from wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Four distinct clades (LO1, SO1, LO2, SO2) each with a posterior probability of 1.0 were recovered.There is little information in the data as to how these four clades are related. Posterior probabilities ≥0.50 are presented.Taxon names are composed of clade name, locality number, and internal lab numbers. In addition, LO1 sequences show phylogeographic structure, with sequences primarily clustering based on if sampled from Baja California (BC) or Sonora (S). One sequence (denoted with black box) is an exception, where the wasp was sampled from Sonora (locale 12; see Fig. 1) yet clusters with Baja California sequences.