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41 results for “weed seeds”
Figure 2 in Adaptations in wild radish (ROphOnus rOphOnistrum) flowering time, Part 2: Harvest weed seed control shortens flowering by twelve days
Figure 2. Changes in the number of seeds m−2 (A, D, G), the probability of seed capture by harvest weed seed control (HWSC) (B, E, H), and days to first flower (DFF) (C, F, I). (A–C) Varying herbicide efficiencies, in the absence of HWSC, over 30 yr. (D–F) When knockdown herbicide was less effective (-ρ-), when postemergence herbicide was less effective (-○-), and when both herbicides were effective, without HWSC (___) over 20 yr. (G–I) Model used management system P and started with either a smaller seedbank (___) or a larger seedbank (-○-) over 20 yr.
Figure 1 in Crop physiological considerations for combining variable-density planting to optimize seed costs and weed suppression
Figure 1. Schematic representation of (A) an aerial image using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to scout fields in year 1, (B) detection of areas of high (orange) and low (yellow) weed density in year 1, and (C) implementation of year 1 weed maps to calibrate precision planter to plant in high (red) and low (green) crop densities in year 2.
Figure 2 in Crop physiological considerations for combining variable-density planting to optimize seed costs and weed suppression
Figure 2. Schematic diagram representing the workflow process of the area planting optimization model. The graph on the bottom left corresponds to low-density planting yields of maize (red circles, solid line, y = 288.5 − 2.07x), cotton (gray triangles, dashed line, y = 176 − 1.58x), and soybean (blue squares, dotted line, y = 86.5 − 0.70x) in g seed−1.
Figure 3 in Adaptations in wild radish (ROphOnus rOphOnistrum) flowering time, Part 2: Harvest weed seed control shortens flowering by twelve days
Figure 3. Changes in the number of seeds m−2 (A, D), the probability of seed capture by harvest weed seed control (HWSC) (B, E), and changes in days to first flower (DFF) (C, F) under weed management system P; HWSC efficacy (up to 20 yr) was increased from 75% (___) to 95% (-○-) (A–C); the level of fruit abscission (up to 20 yr) was changed from low (37%) (-○-) to high (74%) (—) (D–F). Note the variation between replicates was small as long as seed numbers are above 1 m−2; below that level, genetic changes in one or two plants had a more significant effect on the results.
Figure 1 in Adaptations in wild radish (ROphOnus rOphOnistrum) flowering time, Part 2: Harvest weed seed control shortens flowering by twelve days
Figure 1. Showing the number of seeds produced by weeds from each cohort (y axis), dependent on the evolved days to first flower (DFF) (x axis). The peak of each curve indicates the ideal DFF, with earlier cohorts taking longer to flower. (A) The standard farming system, before introduction of harvest weed seed control (HWSC). The range in ideal DFF across the different cohorts is approximately 15 d for Figure 1A. (B–D) How the various weed management systems affect the number of live seeds (avoiding HWSC) for weed management systems E (B), D (C), and P (D). In Figure 1B–D, the range in ideal DFF across the different cohorts is approximately 50 d.
Figure 2 in Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species
Figure 2. Cumulative percent shatter over four time periods (maturity, maturity + 2 wk, maturity + 3 wk, maturity + 4 wk) for each species. The darker the bar, the greater percent of sampled site-years that corresponded to the percent shatter value. This normalizes across species with different sampling efforts. Species sampled in just a single site-year are indicated by a single black square, which represents 100% of the sampling effort. Species are denoted by their EPPO codes
Figure 3 in Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species
Figure 3. Cumulative percent seed shatter for all species from planting date to soybean physiological maturity (black vertical line) across the participating states in 2016 and 2017.
Figure 1. Heat map indicating the cumulative percent seed shatter across the participating states for a in Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species
Figure 1. Heat map indicating the cumulative percent seed shatter across the participating states for a window starting from soybean physiological maturity to 4 wk past physiological maturity in 2016 and 2017. States were included in these maps only if they conducted sampling during the week indicated. (e.g., In 2017, Arkansas sampled on October 2, October 18, and November 3, none of which are within ±3 d of the October 10 maturity date or maturity +2 wk on October 24 in the state that year. Hence only data from maturity +3 wk are for Arkansas for 2017.)
Data for: Functional redundancy of weed seed predation is reduced by intensified agriculture
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A non-native earthworm shifts the seed predation dynamics of a native weed
<p class="BodyAA"><span>Seed predators both consume and disperse seeds, with important consequences for the population dynamics of many plant species. The net effect of multiple seed predators depends on the relative proportion of the seed pool each predator obtains, and this proportion should reflect species-specific habitat preferences. We studied the effect of the non-native earthworm, <i>Lumbricus terrestris</i>, on seed loss dynamics in the native weed, <i>Ambrosia trifida</i> (giant ragweed)<i>. </i>Giant ragweed seeds are predated by mice, but <i>L. terrestris</i> may protect the seeds against rodent predation by caching them in its burrows. We investigated these interactions, as well as how environmental factors affected net seed losses by competing seed predators. </span></p> <p class="Default">A two-year field study was conducted in which we measured removal of experimentally dispersed giant ragweed seeds by earthworms and mice in habitats varying in plant cover. We analyzed the relative proportion of seeds taken by each species under the varying experimental conditions. </p> <p class="Default">Species-specific responses to abiotic conditions and plant cover drove variation in the share of seeds taken by earthworms versus mice, with earthworms gaining relatively more seeds under warmer, wetter conditions and low plant cover habitats, and mice obtaining more seeds under colder, drier conditions and high plant cover habitats. </p> <p class="Default">Plant cover and weather conditions also determined which predator species accessed seeds first, and this conferred a competitive advantage that was compounded over time.</p> <p class="Default">Earthworms cached some seeds under all experimental conditions, suggesting that <i>L. terrestris </i>can<i> </i>act mutualistically with giant ragweed by making seeds inaccessible to rodent seed predators. </p> <p class="Default"><i>Synthesis and applications. </i>Our results support the view that interactions among the environment and competing seed predators determine the fate of seed pools. The data also support the hypothesis that <i>L. terrestris</i> facilitates giant ragweed by competing with mice for giant ragweed seeds, likely contributing to its spread across the landscape and hindering effective weed management. <i>Lumbricus terrestris </i>is prevalent throughout temperate regions and may similarly affect seed predation dynamics of other large-seeded species, impacting plant communities across a range of habitats.</p>
A non-native earthworm shifts the seed predation dynamics of a native weed
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Data from: Wildflower strip establishment supports beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and pest control but has limited effects on weed seed control and spillover to adjacent fields
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Canalization of seasonal phenology in the presence of developmental variation: seed dormancy cycling in an annual weed
<p>Variation in the developmental timing in one life stage may ramify within and across generations to disrupt optimal phenology of other life stages. By focusing on a common mechanism of developmental arrest in plants-seed dormancy-we investigated how variation in flowering time influenced seed germination behavior and identified potential processes that can lead to canalized germination behavior despite variation in reproductive timing. We quantified effects of reproductive timing on dormancy cycling by experimentally manipulating the temperature during seed maturation and the seasonal timing of seed dispersal/burial, and by assessing temperature-dependent germination of un-earthed seeds over a seasonal cycle. We found that reproductive timing, via both seed-maturation temperature and the timing of dispersal, strongly influenced germination behavior in the weeks immediately following seed burial. However, buried seeds subsequently canalized their germination behavior, after losing primary dormancy and experiencing natural temperature and moisture conditions in the field. After the complete loss of primary dormancy, germination behavior was similar across seed-maturation and dispersal treatments, even when secondary dormancy was induced. Maternal effects themselves may contribute to the canalization of germination: first, by inducing stronger dormancy in autumn-matured seeds, and second by modifying the responses of those seeds to their ambient environment. Genotypes differed in dormancy cycling, with functional alleles of known dormancy genes necessary for the suppression of germination at warm temperatures in autumn through spring across multiple years. Loss of function of dormancy genes abolished almost all dormancy cycling. In summary, effects of reproductive phenology on dormancy cycling of buried seeds were apparent only as long as seeds retained primary dormancy, and a combination of genetically imposed seed dormancy, maternally induced seed dormancy, and secondary dormancy can mitigate variation in germination behavior imposed by variation in reproductive phenology.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Wilson CE, Castro KL, Thurston GB, Sissons A (2016) Pathway risk analysis of weed seeds in imported grain: A Canadian perspective. In: Daehler CC, van Kleunen M, Pyšek P, Richardson DM (Eds) Proceedings of 13th International EMAPi conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii. NeoBiota 30: 49–74. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.30.7502
Weed seed contaminant species reported in imported grain in a Canadian sampling program 2007–2015 : Explanation note: Complete list of weed seed contaminant species reported in 947 samples of 10 imported grain crops in a Canadian sampling program 2007–2015, cross-listed to number of times reported and crops reported in.
Supplementary material 2 from: Wilson CE, Castro KL, Thurston GB, Sissons A (2016) Pathway risk analysis of weed seeds in imported grain: A Canadian perspective. In: Daehler CC, van Kleunen M, Pyšek P, Richardson DM (Eds) Proceedings of 13th International EMAPi conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii. NeoBiota 30: 49–74. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.30.7502
Frequency distributions showing percentage samples with number of contaminant species reported per sample for 10 imported grain crops examined in a Canadian sampling program 2007–2015 : Explanation note: Ten frequency distribution graphs (one per crop) shown in a multi-panel.
Canalization of seasonal phenology in the presence of developmental variation: seed dormancy cycling in an annual weed
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Data from: Direct measurement of ant predation of weed seeds in wheat cropping
The ecosystem service of predation of weed seeds by naturally occurring seed-eating animals, including ants, in agricultural fields has been suggested to be a potentially important biocontrol option. Laboratory and field tests have found high levels of seed removal from experimentally placed seed; however, the effect of predation on naturally dispersed weed seeds is unknown. We measured the effect of invertebrate seed predators on natural weed seed dispersal and germination in a field experiment under commercial growing conditions. The two-factor, large-scale field experiment in a field used to grow wheat with conservation tillage, used an insecticide to remove soil invertebrates (ants had been reduced by 85% relative to water controls) and shallow tillage for mechanical weed removal (no effect on ants). There was one natural weed seeding event, when a wind storm blew one single incursion of Salsola australis (Chenopodiaceae) tumbleweeds across the field. We measured the number of tumbleweeds after two months and found the removal of ants resulted in a doubling of tumbleweeds: 3383 ± 513 weeds ha−1 in the insecticide treatment plots compared with 1768 ± 100 weeds ha−1 in the water control treatment plots, and 1948 ± 227 weeds ha−1 in the rest of the field. The difference in tumbleweed germination and growth was not due to growing conditions. We measured soil nutrients before the incursion and soil moisture during the weed growing period, and found that there were higher levels of nitrogenous compounds in water control plots, but no other nutrient or moisture differences, than insecticide exclusion plots. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide evidence that the ecosystem service of ant predation of naturally dispersed weed seeds limits weed abundance in commercial cereal fields in warmer climates. The fields were not managed to increase ants; alternative conservation agricultural management methods that promote agro-ecology, including low or zero tillage and low insecticide use, could increase ant abundance and thereby reduce weeds. The use of seed predators as a type of biocontrol agent will need to be integrated with other weed management methods, including herbicides and shallow tillage, although the latter may conflict with ant survival. The use of seed predators may be particularly advantageous in organic systems, or locations where economic margins are low.
Supplementary material 1 from: Rubenstein JM, Hulme PE, Rolston MP, Stewart AV, Hampton JG (2023) A century of weed change in New Zealand's forage seed multiplication industry. NeoBiota 85: 167-195. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.85.100825
Supporting information
Data from: Direct measurement of ant predation of weed seeds in wheat cropping
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Data from: Seed predation is key to preventing population growth of the weed Alopecurus myosuroides: life cycle data
<p>Data from: Seed predation is key to preventing population growth of the weed <em>Alopecurus myosuroides</em>, Journal of Applied Ecology</p>
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