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60 results for “white spruce”
De novo transcriptome assembly and discovery of drought-responsive genes in eastern white spruce (Picea glauca)
<p>Forests face an escalating threat from the increasing frequency of extreme drought events driven by climate change. To address this challenge, it is crucial to understand how widely distributed species of economic or ecological importance may respond to drought stress. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to investigate transcriptome responses at increasing levels of water stress in white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em> (Moench) Voss), distributed across North America. We began by generating an expanded transcriptome assembly emphasizing short-term drought stress at different developmental stages. We also analyzed differential gene expression at four time points over 22 days in a controlled drought stress experiment involving 2-year-old plants and three genetically unrelated clones. De novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis revealed a total of 33,287 transcripts (18,934 annotated unique genes), with 4,425 unique drought-responsive genes. Many transcripts that had predicted functions associated with photosynthesis, cell wall organization, and water transport were down-regulated under drought conditions, while transcripts linked to abscisic acid response and defense response were up-regulated. Our study highlights a previously uncharacterized effect of drought stress on lipid metabolism genes in conifers and significant changes in the expression of several transcription factors, suggesting a regulatory response potentially linked to drought response or acclimation. Our research represents a fundamental step in unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying short-term drought responses in white spruce seedlings. In addition, it provides a valuable source of new genetic data that could contribute to genetic selection strategies aimed at enhancing the drought resistance and resilience of white spruce to changing climates.</p>
Рис. 1. Географическое поΛожение Норского заповеΑника (А) и картосхема распоΛожения на его территории (Б) учетных пΛощаΑок с фитоценозами (L_1–L_7) на Αвух мониторинговых станциях (I–II). I — МаΛьцевская: L_1 — березняк с участием осины и Λиственницы рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный; L_2 — осиново-беΛоберезовый рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный Λес; L_3 — Λиственничник с участием березы пΛоскоΛистной осоково-вейниковый с разнотравьем; L_4 — беΛоберезово-Λиственничный с примесью осины роΑоΑенΑроновый бруснично-осоковый Λес; L_5 — закустаренный, преимущественно тавоΛгой ивоΛистной, разнотравно-вейниковый Λуг. II — Антоновская: L_6 — Λиственничник роΑоΑенΑроново-брусничный; L_7 — Λиственнично-беΛоберезовый с примесью пихты и еΛи закустаренный разнотравно-вейниковый Λес (коΑ типа местообитания соответствуют таковому в табΛ. 1 и 3 и на рис. 2) Fig. 1. Geographical location of the Norsky Nature Reserve (A) and the map (B) of registration sites with phytocenoses (L_1–L_7) at two monitoring stations (I–II). I — Maltsevskaya: L_1 — birch forest with aspen and larch, fieldfare reed-forb; L_2 — aspen-white-birch, fieldfare reed-forb forest; L_3 — larch forest with flat-leaved sedge-reed birch with forbs; L_4 — white-birch-larch with an admixture of aspen rhododendron lingonberry-sedge forest; L_5 — bushy, mostly meadowsweet, forb-reed grass meadow. II — Antonovskaya: L_6 — rhododendron-cowberry larch forest; L_7 — larch-white-birch with fir and spruce, shrubby forb-reed grass forest (the code of the habitat type corresponds to that in Tables 1 and 3 and in Fig. 2) in Structure and dynamics of the taxocenes of shrews in different habitats of the Norsky nature reserve
Рис. 1. Географическое поΛожение Норского заповеΑника (А) и картосхема распоΛожения на его территории (Б) учетных пΛощаΑок с фитоценозами (L_1–L_7) на Αвух мониторинговых станциях (I–II). I — МаΛьцевская: L_1 — березняк с участием осины и Λиственницы рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный; L_2 — осиново-беΛоберезовый рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный Λес; L_3 — Λиственничник с участием березы пΛоскоΛистной осоково-вейниковый с разнотравьем; L_4 — беΛоберезово-Λиственничный с примесью осины роΑоΑенΑроновый бруснично-осоковый Λес; L_5 — закустаренный, преимущественно тавоΛгой ивоΛистной, разнотравно-вейниковый Λуг. II — Антоновская: L_6 — Λиственничник роΑоΑенΑроново-брусничный; L_7 — Λиственнично-беΛоберезовый с примесью пихты и еΛи закустаренный разнотравно-вейниковый Λес (коΑ типа местообитания соответствуют таковому в табΛ. 1 и 3 и на рис. 2) Fig. 1. Geographical location of the Norsky Nature Reserve (A) and the map (B) of registration sites with phytocenoses (L_1–L_7) at two monitoring stations (I–II). I — Maltsevskaya: L_1 — birch forest with aspen and larch, fieldfare reed-forb; L_2 — aspen-white-birch, fieldfare reed-forb forest; L_3 — larch forest with flat-leaved sedge-reed birch with forbs; L_4 — white-birch-larch with an admixture of aspen rhododendron lingonberry-sedge forest; L_5 — bushy, mostly meadowsweet, forb-reed grass meadow. II — Antonovskaya: L_6 — rhododendron-cowberry larch forest; L_7 — larch-white-birch with fir and spruce, shrubby forb-reed grass forest (the code of the habitat type corresponds to that in Tables 1 and 3 and in Fig. 2)
De novo transcriptome assembly and discovery of drought-responsive genes in eastern white spruce (Picea glauca)
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Fungal community structure associated with experimentally outplanted white spruce seedlings and the closest Salix and Betula nana shrubs, Toolik Lake, AK.
This dataset contains characterizations of fungal community structure associated with experimentally outplanted seedlings and adjacent naturally established resprouting shrubs.
Net Nitrogen Mineralization Rates for Mature Balsam Poplar and White Spruce: 1999 - 2001
This data set includes results (DIN and DON pools, %C, %N, net nitrogen mineralization, net ammonification, net nitrification, etc) from a multi-year buried soil core (intact core) incubation study in control and fertilized plots of balsam poplar and white spruce along the Tanana River Floodplain. The study began in 1999 and continued until early 2001. Soil cores were incubated monthly but were also incubated during the winters of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001.
Sap Flux and Microclimate Data for Co-Occurring White Spruce and Paper Birch at an Intermediate Aged Stand in the Bonanza Creek LTER Regional Site Network 2013-2018
This dataset contains hourly mean sap flux density and microclimate data for co-occurring white spruce and Alaska paper birch from early June of 2013 to mid-September of 2018. The data were published as part of a 2021 article in Journal of Ecology.
Standardized ring-width chronologies for white and black spruce at three sites in the southern Brooks Range, Alaska
Although black spruce is the dominant treeline species in the eastern boreal forest, its distribution stops several kilometers short of treeline in the Brooks Range in Alaska, and white spruce is the dominant treeline species. The explanation for this distribution is not known, but two hypotheses are plausible. First, black spruce may be less tolerant of climatic conditions near treeline than white spruce. Second, black spruce may be unable to regenerate successfully near treeline due to long intervals between fires. We are establishing permanently marked study plots along a transect from the Yukon River basin, where black spruce is the dominant species, to the foothills of the Brooks Range, where it reaches its distributional limit. We are reconstructing recruitment history of both black and white spruce at our study sites, and are reconstructing recent fire history from analysis of fire scars and stand age structures. These data are being used to parameterize matrix population models, with which we are describing patterns of population stability.
Recruitment of black and white spruce in the Brooks Range, Alaska
Although black spruce is the dominant treeline species in the eastern boreal forest, its distribution stops several kilometers short of treeline in the Brooks Range in Alaska, and white spruce is the dominant treeline species. The explanation for this distribution is not known, but two hypotheses are plausible. First, black spruce may be less tolerant of climatic conditions near treeline than white spruce. Second, black spruce may be unable to regenerate successfully near treeline due to long intervals between fires. We are establishing permanently marked study plots along a transect from the Yukon River basin, where black spruce is the dominant species, to the foothills of the Brooks Range, where it reaches its distributional limit. We are reconstructing recruitment history of both black and white spruce at our study sites, and are reconstructing recent fire history from analysis of fire scars and stand age structures. These data are being used to parameterize matrix population models, with which we are describing patterns of population stability.
Tree densities of black and white spruce in the Brooks Range, Alaska
Although black spruce is the dominant treeline species in the eastern boreal forest, its distribution stops several kilometers short of treeline in the Brooks Range in Alaska, and white spruce is the dominant treeline species. The explanation for this distribution is not known, but two hypotheses are plausible. First, black spruce may be less tolerant of climatic conditions near treeline than white spruce. Second, black spruce may be unable to regenerate successfully near treeline due to long intervals between fires. We are establishing permanently marked study plots along a transect from the Yukon River basin, where black spruce is the dominant species, to the foothills of the Brooks Range, where it reaches its distributional limit. We are reconstructing recruitment history of both black and white spruce at our study sites, and are reconstructing recent fire history from analysis of fire scars and stand age structures. These data are being used to parameterize matrix population models, with which we are describing patterns of population stability.
Estimates of White Spruce density at two elevations from 1600-present
Paleoecological investigations of ecosystem responses to past climate change can provide insight into plausible scenarios of response to future change and can elucidate factors that may influence the overall predictability of such responses. There is particular interest in the rate at which subarctic Picea populations respond to climate change, as the rate of conversion from tundra to forest may affect the rate of future climate warming. We investigated recent changes in the structure and distribution of treeline white spruce forests in the White Mountains and the Alaska Range. Treeline advance was ubiquitous, but asynchronous in time, occurring significantly earlier in the White Mountains in interior Alaska than in the Alaska Range. The mean lag between initiation of recruitment and forest development was estimated at approximately 200 years, similar to what modeling studies have found. Although continued advance of Picea is the most likely scenario of future change, the recent history of treeline advance suggests that nonlinear responses to warming may be likely due to nonlinear growth responses of individual trees to temperature, limitation of Picea establishment in highly permafrost-affected sites, and decreasing seed availability as the advancing front moves farther from dense seed sources. All of these factors may cause Picea populations to respond nonlinearly to future warming, and these potential nonlinearities caution against uncritical extrapolation from recent trends.
Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
<p>This data was prepared to compare insect damage on white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em> (Moench) Voss, Pinaceae) growing in plantations with naturally regenerated trees under mature forest canopies in the boreal forest (Québec, Canada). We selected ten sites in the naturally regenerated forest and small, multispecies plantations and sampled ten young trees (per site) in late summer 2020 and again in early and late summer 2021. We recorded overall rates of damage for galls, damage by spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Clemens, 1865)), spruce bud midge, spruce budmoth, spruce gall midge, cooley adelgid, defoliation from sawflies and other caterpillars.</p>
Data from: Differential defoliation and mortality of white spruce and balsam fir by Eastern spruce budworm
<p>White spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em>) and Balsam fir (<em>Abies balsamea</em>) tree mortality data and tree characteristics recorded in July 2019 following an Eastern spruce budworm outbreak detected at two sites in northern Wisconsin, USA in 2014. These data were collected at the individual tree level, and include tree status, tree diameter at breast height (cm) and canopy class.</p>
Data from: Differential defoliation and mortality of white spruce and balsam fir by Eastern spruce budworm
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Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
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Genes involved in the constitutive production of phenolic compounds in white spruce
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Hydroxyacetophenone defenses in white spruce against spruce budworm
<p>We review a recently discovered <span class="il">white</span> <span class="il">spruce</span> (Picea glauca) chemical defense <span class="il">against</span> <span class="il">spruce</span> <span class="il">budworm</span> (Choristoneura fumiferana) involving hydroxyacetophenones. These defense metabolites detected in the foliage accumulate variably as the aglycons, piceol and pungenol, or the corresponding glucosides, picein and pungenin. We summarize current knowledge of the genomic, molecular and biochemical as well as genetic underpinnings of this defense and its effects on C. fumiferana. We present an update with new results on the ontogenic variation and the phenological window of this defense, including analysis of transcript responses in P. glauca to C. fumiferana herbivory. We also discuss this chemical defense from an evolutionary and a breeding context.</p>
Data from: Scanning SNPs from a large set of expressed genes to assess the impact of artificial selection on the undomesticated genetic diversity of white spruce
A scan involving 1134 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 709 expressed genes was used to assess the potential impact of artificial selection for height growth on the genetic diversity of white spruce. Two case populations of different sizes simulating different family selection intensities (K = 13% and 5%, respectively) were delineated from the Quebec breeding program. Their genetic diversity and allele frequencies were compared with those of control populations of the same size and geographic origin to assess the effect of increasing the selection intensity. The two control populations were also compared to assess the effect of reducing the sampling size. On one hand, in all pairwise comparisons, genetic diversity parameters were comparable and no alleles were lost in the case populations compared with the control ones, except for few rare alleles in the large case population. Also, the distribution of allele frequencies did not change significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between the populations compared, but ten and nine SNPs (0.8%) exhibited significant differences in frequency (P ≤ 0.01) between case and control populations of large and small sizes, respectively. Results of association tests between breeding values for height at 15 years of age and these SNPs supported the hypothesis of a potential effect of selection on the genes harboring these SNPs. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, there was no evidence that selection induced an increase in linkage disequilibrium in genes potentially affected by selection. These results indicate that neither the reduction in the sampling size nor the increase in selection intensity was sufficient to induce a significant change in the genetic diversity of the selected populations. Apparently, no loci were under strong selection pressure, confirming that the genetic control of height growth in white spruce involves many genes with small effects. Hence, selection for height growth at the present intensities did not appear to compromise background genetic diversity but, as predicted by theory, effects were detected at a few gene SNPs harboring intermediate allele frequencies.
Data from: Accuracy of genomic selection models in a large population of open-pollinated families in white spruce
Genomic selection (GS) is of interest in breeding because of its potential for predicting the genetic value of individuals and increasing genetic gains per unit of time. To date, very few studies have reported empirical results of GS potential in the context of large population sizes and long breeding cycles such as for boreal trees. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of marker-aided selection in an undomesticated white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) population of large effective size using a GS approach. A discovery population of 1694 trees representative of 214 open-pollinated families from 43 natural populations was phenotyped for 12 wood and growth traits and genotyped for 6385 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mined in 2660 gene sequences. GS models were built to predict estimated breeding values using all the available SNPs or SNP subsets of the largest absolute effects, and they were validated using various cross-validation schemes. The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) varied from 0.327 to 0.435 when the training and the validation data sets shared half-sibs that were on average 90% of the accuracies achieved through traditionally estimated breeding values. The trend was also the same for validation across sites. As expected, the accuracy of GEBVs obtained after cross-validation with individuals of unknown relatedness was lower with about half of the accuracy achieved when half-sibs were present. We showed that with the marker densities used in the current study, predictions with low to moderate accuracy could be obtained within a large undomesticated population of related individuals, potentially resulting in larger gains per unit of time with GS than with the traditional approach.
Data from: Effects of harvesting of increasing intensities on genetic diversity and population structure of white spruce
Forest harvesting of increasing intensities is expected to have intensifying impacts on the genetic diversity and population structure of postharvest naturally regenerated stands by affecting the magnitude of evolutionary processes, such as genetic drift, gene flow, mating system, and selection. We have tested this hypothesis for the first time by employing widely distributed boreal white spruce (Picea glauca) as a model and controlled, replicated experimental harvesting and regeneration experiment at the EMEND project site (http://www.emendproject.org). We used two approaches. First, genetic diversity and population structure of postharvest natural regeneration after five harvesting treatments (green tree retention of 75%, 50%, 20%, and 10%, and clearcut) were assessed and compared with those of the unharvested control (pristine preharvest old-growth) in two replicates each of conifer-dominated (CD) and mixed-wood (MW) forest, using 10 (six EST (expressed sequence tag) and four genomic) microsatellite markers. Second, genetic diversity and population structure of preharvest old-growth were compared with those of postharvest natural regeneration after five harvesting treatments in the same treatment blocks in one replicate each of CD and MW forests. Contrary to our expectations, genetic diversity, inbreeding levels, and population genetic structure were similar between unharvested control or preharvest old-growth and postharvest natural regeneration after five harvesting treatments, with clearcut showing no negative genetic impacts. The potential effects of genetic drift and inbreeding resulting from harvesting bottlenecks were counterbalanced by predominantly outcrossing mating system and high gene flow from the residual and/or surrounding white spruce. CD and MW forests responded similarly to harvesting of increasing intensities. Simulated data for 10, 50, and 100 microsatellite markers showed the same results as obtained empirically from 10 microsatellite markers. Similar patterns of genetic diversity and population structure were observed for EST and genomic microsatellites. In conclusion, harvesting of increasing intensities did not show any significant negative impact on genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary potential of white spruce in CD and MW forests. Our first of its kind of study addresses the broad central forest management question how forest harvesting and regeneration practices can best maintain genetic biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.
Data from: Adaptive limitations of white spruce populations to drought imply vulnerability to climate change in its western range
A cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy for the forestry sector is to move seed sources to more northern and higher elevation planting sites as part of ongoing reforestation programs. This is meant to match locally adapted populations with anticipated environments, but adaptive traits do not always show population differences suitable to mitigate climate change impacts. For white spruce, drought tolerance is a critical adaptive trait to prevent mortality and productivity losses. Here, we use a 40 year old provenance experiment that has been exposed to severe drought periods in 1999 and 2002 to retrospectively investigate drought response and the adaptive capacity of white spruce populations across their boreal range. Relying on dendrochronological analysis under experimentally controlled environments, we evaluate population differences in resistance, resilience and recovery to these extreme events. Results showed evidence for population differentiation in resistance and recovery parameters, but provenances conformed to approximately the same growth rates under drought conditions and had similar resilience metrics. The lack of populations with better growth rates under drought conditions is contrary to expectations for a wide-ranging species with distinct regional climates. Populations from the wettest environments in the northeastern boreal were surprisingly drought tolerant, suggesting that these populations would readily resist water deficits projected for the 2080s, and supporting the view that northeastern Canada will provide a refugium for boreal species under climate change. The findings also suggest that white spruce is sensitive to growth reductions under climate change in the western boreal. The study highlights that population differentiation in adaptive capacity is species and trait specific, and we provide a counter example for drought tolerance traits, where assisted migration prescriptions may be ineffective to mitigate climate change impacts. For resource managers and policy makers, we provide maps where planning for widespread declines of boreal white spruce forests may be unavoidable.
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