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Fig. 15. Energy-dispersive X in On the Nature of Tintinnid Loricae (Ciliophora: Spirotricha: Tintinnina): a Histochemical, Enzymatic, EDX, and High-resolution TEM Study

Fig. 15. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometric (EDX) analysis in the scanning electron microscope, using uncoated material. The analysed area of the Eutintinnus angustatus lorica is marked by a white frame (~ 11 × 9 µm in size). Since this part of the lorica was freely suspended in the vacuum, elemental detection occurred without influence of the carbon substrate.

Fig. 7 in Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners

Fig. 7. BI tree inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences. Numbers near the branches represent BI posterior probabilities and nonparametric maximum likelihood bootstrap values. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide position. The subclass Peniculia is highlighted in gray. The species newly sequenced in this work is in bold. ZH – Zhuhai population of F. magna, QD – Qingdao population of F. magna.

Figs 16–19 in On the Nature of Tintinnid Loricae (Ciliophora: Spirotricha: Tintinnina): a Histochemical, Enzymatic, EDX, and High-resolution TEM Study

Figs 16–19. Transmission electron micrographs of an uncoated lorica surface of Eutintinnus angustatus at different magnifications. 16 – overview of right lorica half. The lorica lies nearly horizontally on the electron transparent holey carbon substrate. The black rectangular structures are the copper bars of the TEM grid; 17 – anterior portion of right lorica half; 18 – apical lorica portion; 19 – lateral lorica portion. The dark crystalline dendritic structures consist of sodium chloride nanocrystals, which probably originate in the sea water.

Fig. 4 in Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners

Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm.

Fig. 2 in Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners

Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm.

Fig. 3 in Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners

Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm.

Figs 43–52. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 43 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 43–52. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 43 – ventral view of ciliary pattern, nuclear and oral apparatus of a neotype specimen; 44 – ventral view of ciliary pattern and oral apparatus of a mirror-image cell; 45 – dorsal view of double pharyngeal tube of the monster shown in (44); 46 – lateral view of oral apparatus. The nematodesmal rods are straight for most of their length, but curve toward the oral opening at distal end (arrowhead); 47, 48, 52 – shape variability of macronucleus. Most specimens have an ellipsoidal macronucleus (47), while some display a curved (48) or a clavate (52) macronucleus; 49 – ventral view of anterior body portion showing oral apparatus and synhymenium; 50 – synhymenium extends obliquely interrupting most of the ciliary rows. It is composed of narrowly spaced dikinetids, except for the posterior tail, where they are spaced comparatively loosely (arrowheads); 51 – ventrolateral view of a specimen having some breaks in synhymenium (asterisks). CA – capitulum, D – ingested diatom, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, OA – oral apparatus, OO – oral opening, NE – nematodesmal rods, PT – pharyngeal tube, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium. Scale bars: 20 µm (47, 48, 50–52), 30 µm (44–46, 49), and 50 µm (43).

Figs 31–32. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens from life. All specimens are from a field sample processed within 24 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 31–32. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens from life. All specimens are from a field sample processed within 24 hours of collection. 31 – ventral view of a representative neotype cell with an ingested diatom; 32 – variability of body shape and size. Note that the largest specimen (arrow) is almost twice the size of the smaller ones (arrowheads). D – diatoms, OA – oral apparatus, PB – pharyngeal basket. Scale bars: 50 µm (31) and 100 µm (32).

Fig. 3A–M in Taxonomic Studies on Three Marine Ciliates from China, Including a New Species (Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)

Fig. 3A–M. Trochilioides recta from life (A, B, E–G, K) and after protargol impregnation (C, D, H–J, L, M). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B, F – right view, arrowhead (F) indicates contractile vacuole; C, D – to show infraciliature, arrows mark kinetosome-like granules at base of podite; E, G – ventral view, arrowheads (E) point to tooth and arrow (G) shows podite; H – anterior portion, double arrowheads point to circumoral kineties, arrow refers to preoral kinety, arrowhead indicates terminal fragment; I – posterior portion, arrow marks kinetosome-like granules at base of podite; J – anterior portion, arrows point to postoral kineties; K – details of cytoplasm, arrows show contractile vacuoles, arrowheads refer to nematodesmal rods; L – right portion of ventral side, arrowhead points to equatorial fragment; M – infraciliature. Co – circumoral kineties, EF – equatorial fragment, FvK – frontoventral kineties, Ma – macronucleus, Pr – preoral kinety, TF – terminal fragment. Scale bars: 20 µm (A, C), 15 µm (E, G, M).

Fig. 1A–P in Morphology and Ontogenesis of a Marine Ciliate, Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Euplotida) and Definition of Euplotes wilberti nov. spec.

Fig. 1A–P. Euplotes balteatus from life (A–G, L–N), after protargol (J, K, O, P) and silver nitrate (H, I) impregnation. A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view of a well-fed specimen; C – dorsal views showing general body shape; D – ventral view to demonstrate the arrangement of cirri; E, F – details of cell (ventral view), arrow and arrowhead in E indicate the left marginal cirri and paroral membrane respectively; arrows in F mark the dorsal cilia; G – arrows denote the transverse cirri; H, I – silverline system on dorsal and ventral sides respectively; J – macronucleus (arrows); K – infraciliature on ventral side; L – ventral view of a representative individual, arrow indicates the contractile vacuole; M – sub-pellicular rod-like structures around dorsal cilia; N – lateral view, to show the flattened body shape; O, P – ventral and dorsal views, to show the infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. CC – caudal cirri, LMC – left marginal cirri, Ma – macronucleus, Mi – micronucleus, PM – paroral membrane. Scale bar: 40 µm.

Figs 23–30. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 23, 25 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 23–30. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 23, 25 – ventral view of ciliary pattern and oral apparatus of normal specimens; 24 – ventral view of ciliary pattern and oral apparatus of an abnormal specimen having a double cytostome and cyrtos; 26 – dorsal view of ciliary pattern showing synhymenium extending onto dorsal side; 27 – ventral view of the monster whose anterior body portion is shown in (24); 28 – ventrolateral view of a specimen having some breaks in synhymenium (asterisks); 29, 30 – ventral and dorsal views of ciliary pattern in posterior body portion showing that somatic kineties extend meridionally, i.e. do not form a suture or spica. Arrowheads denote slit-like cytopyge. CY – cytopyge, D – diatoms, MA – macronucleus, OA – oral apparatus, PB – pharyngeal basket, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium. Scale bars: 20 µm (28), 30 µm (23–26, 29, 30), and 50 µm (27).

Figs 33–42. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 33 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 33–42. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 33 – ventral view of ciliary pattern, nuclear and oral apparatus of a main neotype specimen; 34, 39, 40 – frontal (34) and lateral (39, 40) views of oral apparatus which consists of a central deeply impregnated pharyngeal tube and nematodesmal rods arranged in a ring. The nematodesmata are straight for most of their length but curve toward the oral opening at their distal end, where they are capped by a capitulum. Arrowheads (39, 40) note the site where the cytopharyngeal tube radiates fibres towards the nematodesmata; 35 – dorsal view of ciliary pattern showing synhymenium extending onto dorsal side (opposed arrowheads); 36 – surface view showing a fibre bundle extending in parallel and right of the somatic kineties; 37, 38 – dorsal and ventral views of ciliary pattern in posterior body portion. The somatic kineties extend meridionally, i.e. do not form a suture. Arrowheads in (37) denote the slit-like cytopyge. 41, 42 – lenticular and globular macronucleus. CA – capitulum, CV – contractile vacuole, CY – cytopyge, MA – macronucleus, OO – oral opening, NE – nematodesmal rods, PT – pharyngeal tube, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium. Scale bars: 10 µm (34), 20 µm (39–42), 30 µm (35–38), and 50 µm (33).

Fig. 3A–O in Morphology and Ontogenesis of a Marine Ciliate, Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Euplotida) and Definition of Euplotes wilberti nov. spec.

Fig. 3A–O. Photomicrographs of Euplotes balteatus during binary division after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of an early divider, arrowheads mark the frontoventral transverse cirral anlagen (FVT-anlagen), arrow indicates the oral primordium of the opisthe; B – dorsal view of the same specimen as A, arrows denote the parental dorsal kineties; C, D – ventral and dorsal views of the same early divider; E – ventral view, arrows indicate the FVT-anlagen; F – ventral view, arrow depicts the migratory cirri anlage in the proter; G – dorsal view of the same divider as F, arrows mark the dorsal kinety anlagen; H, I – ventral and dorsal views of the same mid-divider, arrows and arrowhead in H indicate the newly formed frontoventral transverse cirri and migratory cirral anlage in the proter respectively, arrows in I mark the gaps between the dorsal kinety anlagen in both dividers; J, K – ventral and dorsal views of the same divider, arrows in K mark the dorsal kinety anlagen; L – ventral view, to show the marginal cirral anlagen in the proter (arrow); M, N – ventral and dorsal views of the same late divider, arrows mark the new caudal cirri; O – ventral view of a late divider, arrow indicates the new migratory cirri in the proter. Scale bar: 40 µm.

Figs 53–67 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 53–67. Zosterodasys transversus and its supposed synonyms from life (53–64), after protargol impregnation (65, 67), and after methyl green-pyronin stain (66). After Kahl 1928 (53), 1931 (54); Buchar 1957 (55); Buck 1961 (56); Šrámek-Hušek 1957 (57); Drageso 1960 (58–60); and Foissner et al. 1994 (61–67). 53 – C. transversa, length 90–120 µm; 54 – C. vorax, length 180 µm; 55 – C. vorax, length 200 µm; 56 – C. vorax, length 175 µm; 57 – C. vorax, length not given; 58–60 – C. vorax, total dorsal view, length 185 µm (58); frontal view of oral apparatus (59); and lateral view of nematodesmal rods (60); 61–67 – Z. transversa, optical section (61) and surface view (62), showing cortical granulation and vacuolated cytoplasm; the nematodesmal rods are anteriorly curved (63); total ventral view, length 160 µm (64); ventral (65) and dorsal (67) views of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, length 185 µm; with methyl green-pyronin staining the cells are first covered by a red substance of small plates which later becomes blue and structureless (66). CA – capitulum, CV – contractile vacuoles, D – ingested diatoms, EP – excretory pores, G – cortical granules, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, NE – nematodesmata, PB – pharyngeal basket, SL – slime layer, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium, V – vacuoles.

Fig. 1A–M in Taxonomic Studies on Three Marine Ciliates from China, Including a New Species (Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)

Fig. 1A–M. Orthotrochilia sinica spec. nov. from life (A–C, F–J, L) and after protargol impregnation (D, E, K, M). A – ventral view of a representative individual; B, L – lateral view; C – to show contractile vacuoles (arrowheads) and the furrow in dorsal side; D, E – infraciliature of ventral (D) and dorsal (E) side; F, G – ventral view, arrow (F) indicates cytostome and arrowheads (G) mark contractile vacuoles; H – dorsal view; I, J – ventral view of different individuals, arrowhead (I) indicates the podite; K – posterior portion; M – infraciliature. EF – equatorial fragment, Ma – macronucleus, PK – perioral kineties, TF – terminal fragment. Scale bars: 30 μm.

Fig. 4A–K in Morphology and Ontogenesis of a Marine Ciliate, Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Euplotida) and Definition of Euplotes wilberti nov. spec.

Fig. 4A–K. Euplotes balteatus and Euplotes wilberti nov. spec. from life (A, G), after protargol (D, J, K) and silver nitrate (B, C, E, F, H, I) impregnation. Arrows point to the marginal cirri. A – ventral view of Euplotes balteatus, to show the ventral ciliature (from Kahl 1932); B, C – ventral and dorsal views of Euplotes balteatus, showing the silverline systerm (from Tuffrau 1964); D – Euplotes balteatus, to show variations in the shape of the macronucleus; E, F – ventral and dorsal views showing the silverline system; G–K – Euplotes wilberti nov. spec., to show the live morphology (G), silverline system (H, I), infraciliature (J, K) and macronucleus (K) (from Song and Wilbert 2002). Scale bar: 30 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2014View details →

Figure 1 in Rumen ciliate fauna (Ciliophora, Protista) of Turkish domestic goats living in İzmir, Turkey

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of E. semahatae, fixed and stained with MFS. The cell is in the early stage of binary fission. a) From right side, b) from left side.

Figure 3 in Frontonia anatolica n. sp., a new peniculid ciliate (Protista, Ciliophora) from Lake Van, Turkey

Figure 3. General morphology and oral field of Frontonia spp. F. elliptica (a–d, g), F. fusca (e, f). a, b, g, from Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis (1986); c, from Kahl (1931); d, from Foissner (1996); e, f, from Fokin (2008). Cs = Somatic kinety; Cv1–4 = Vestibular kinety 1–4; P1–3 = Peniculus 1–3; Pa = Parorale membrane; Vc = Excretory pores; Large arrow in e marks pigment granules; Small arrow in e marks micronuclei; Arrows in white area in e mark contractile vacuole; Arrows in f mark excretory pores.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 4. Epistylis semiciculus n in Morphological and molecular identification of epibiontic sessilid Epistylis semiciculus n. sp. (ciliophora, Peritrichia) from Procambarus clarkia (Crustacea, Decapoda) in China

Fig. 4. Epistylis semiciculus n. sp. drawing from vivo and stained specimens. A. Morphotype I of Epistylis semiciculus n. sp. in vivo. B, C. Morphotype II of Epistylis semiciculus n. sp. in vivo. D. Oral infraciliature Oral. E. Transverse striations. G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P, polykinety; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3. Scale bars: A = 20 μm; B = 400 μm; C = 20 μm.