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1,424 results for “Eastern Pacific”
Data from: Isolation by environment in the highly mobile olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the eastern Pacific
Spatial and temporal scales at which processes modulate genetic diversity over the landscape are usually overlooked, impacting the design of conservation management practices for widely distributed species. We examine processes shaping population divergence in highly mobile species by re-assessing the case of panmixia in the iconic olive ridley turtle from the eastern Pacific. We implemented a biophysical model of connectivity and a seascape genetic analysis based on nuclear DNA variation of 634 samples collected from 27 nesting areas. Two genetically distinct populations largely isolated during reproductive migrations and mating were detected, each composed of multiple nesting sites linked by high connectivity. This pattern was strongly associated with a steep environmental gradient and also influenced by ocean currents. These findings relate to meso-scales features of a dynamic oceanographic interface in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) region, a scenario that possibly provides different cost-benefit solutions and selective pressures for sea turtles during both the mating and migration periods. We reject panmixia and propose a new paradigm for olive ridley turtles where reproductive isolation due to assortative mating is linked to its environment. Our study demonstrates the relevance of integrative approaches for assessing the role of environmental gradients and oceanographic currents as drivers of genetic differentiation in widely distributed marine species. This is relevant for the conservation management of species of highly mobile behaviour; and assists the planning and development of large-scale conservation strategies for the threatened olive ridley turtles in the ETP.
Data from: Possible ballast water transfer of lionfish to the eastern Pacific Ocean
The Indo-Pacific Red Lionfish was first reported off the Florida coast in 1985, following which it has spread across much of the SE USA, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Lionfish negatively impact fish and invertebrate assemblages and abundances, thus further spread is cause for concern. To date, the fish has not been reported on the Pacific coast of North or Central America. Here we examine the possibility of ballast water transfer of lionfish from colonized areas in the Atlantic Ocean to USA ports on the Pacific coast. Over an eight-year period, we documented 27 commercial vessel-trips in which ballast water was loaded in colonized sites and later discharged untreated into Pacific coast ports in the USA. California had the highest number of discharges including San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles-Long Beach. A species distribution model suggests that the probability of lionfish establishment is low for the western USA, Colombia and Panama, low to medium for Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala, medium to high for mainland Ecuador, and very high for western Mexico, Peru and the Galapagos Islands. Given the species' intolerance of freshwater conditions, we propose that ballast water exchange be conducted in Gatún Lake, Panama for western-bound vessels carrying 'risky' ballast water to prevent invasion of the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Data from: Incomplete datasets obscure associations between traits affecting dispersal ability and geographic range size of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Dispersal is thought to be an important process determining range size, especially for species in highly spatially structured habitats, such as tropical reef fishes. Despite intensive research efforts, there is conflicting evidence about the role of dispersal on determining range size. We hypothesize that traits related to dispersal drive range sizes, but that complete and comprehensive datasets are essential for detecting relationships between species' dispersal ability and range size. We investigate the roles of six traits affecting several stages of dispersal (adult mobility, spawning mode, pelagic larval duration (PLD), body size, aggregation behaviour and circadian activity), in explaining range size variation of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). All traits, except for PLD (148 species), had data for all 497 species in the region. Using a series of models, we investigated which traits were associated with large range sizes, when analysing all TEP species or only species with PLD data. Furthermore, using null models, we analysed whether the PLD-subset is representative of the regional species pool. Several traits affecting dispersal ability were strongly associated with range size, although these relationships could not be detected when using the PLD-data subset. Pelagic spawners (allowing for passive egg dispersal) had on average 56% larger range sizes than non-pelagic spawners. Species with medium or high adult mobility had on average a 25% or 33% larger range, respectively, than species with low mobility. Null models showed that the PLD-subset was non-representative of the regional species pool, explaining why model outcomes using the PLD-subset differed from the ones based on the complete dataset. Our results show that in the TEP, traits affecting dispersal ability are important in explaining range size variation. Using a regionally complete dataset was crucial for detecting the theoretically expected, but so far empirically unresolved, relationship between dispersal and range size.
Data from: Geographical structure of endosymbiotic bacteria hosted by Bathymodiolus mussels at eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents
Background: Chemolithoautotrophic primary production sustains dense invertebrate communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps. Symbiotic bacteria that oxidize dissolved sulfur, methane, and hydrogen gases nourish bathymodiolin mussels that thrive in these environments worldwide. The mussel symbionts are newly acquired in each generation via infection by free-living forms. This study examined geographical subdivision of the thiotrophic endosymbionts hosted by Bathymodiolus mussels living along the eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. High-throughput sequencing data of 16S ribosomal RNA encoding gene and fragments of six protein-coding genes of symbionts were examined in the samples collected from nine vent localities at the East Pacific Rise, Galápagos Rift, and Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. Results: Both of the parapatric sister-species, B. thermophilus and B. antarcticus, hosted the same numerically dominant phylotype of thiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. However, sequences from six protein-coding genes revealed highly divergent symbiont lineages living north and south of the Easter Microplate and hosted by these two Bathymodiolus mussel species. High heterogeneity of symbiont haplotypes among host individuals sampled from the same location suggested that stochasticity associated with initial infections was amplified as symbionts proliferated within the host individuals. The mussel species presently contact one another and hybridize along the Easter Microplate, but the northern and southern symbionts appear to be completely isolated. Vicariance associated with orogeny of the Easter Microplate region, 2.5–5.3 million years ago, may have initiated isolation of the symbiont and host populations. Estimates of synonymous substitution rates for the protein-coding bacterial genes examined in this study were 0.77–1.62%/nucleotide/million years. Conclusions: Our present study reports the most comprehensive population genetic analyses of the chemosynthetic endosymbiotic bacteria based on high-throughput genetic data and extensive geographical sampling to date, and demonstrates the role of the geographical features, the Easter Microplate and geographical distance, in the intraspecific divergence of this bacterial species along the mid-ocean ridge axes in the eastern Pacific. Altogether, our results provide insights into extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting the dispersal and evolution of chemosynthetic symbiotic partners in the hydrothermal vents along the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Data from: Genetic variation in blue whales in the eastern Pacific: implication for taxonomy and use of common wintering grounds
Many aspects of blue whale biology are poorly understood. Some of the gaps in our knowledge, such as those regarding their basic taxonomy and seasonal movements, directly affect our ability to monitor and manage blue whale populations. As a step towards filling in some of these gaps, microsatellite and mtDNA sequence analyses were conducted on blue whale samples from the Southern Hemisphere, the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), and the northeast Pacific. The results indicate that the ETP is differentially used by blue whales from the northern and southern eastern Pacific, with the former showing stronger affinity to the region off Central America known as the Costa Rican Dome, and the latter favoring the waters of Peru and Ecuador. Although the pattern of genetic variation throughout the Southern Hemisphere is compatible with the recently proposed subspecies status of Chilean blue whales, some discrepancies remain between catch lengths and lengths from aerial photography, and not all blue whales in Chilean waters can be assumed to be of this type. Also, the range of the proposed Chilean subspecies, which extends to the Galapagos region of the ETP, at least seasonally, perhaps should include the Costa Rican Dome and the eastern North Pacific as well.
FIGURE 8 in tus (Jordan and Gilbert) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the eastern Pacific, with evidence of monophyly and limits of Notarius
FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic hypothesis of 11 species of the genus Notarius and three other ariid taxa. The topol
FIGURE 7. A in tus (Jordan and Gilbert) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the eastern Pacific, with evidence of monophyly and limits of Notarius
FIGURE 7. A: Palatine teeth patches (anteroventral view) of an adult male of Notarius insculptus (USNM 30995, 260 mm SL). B: Palatine tooth patches (ventral view) of an adult female of Notarius insculptus (STRI 5715, 236 mm SL).
FIGURE 7 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 7. Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. Holotype (LACM AHF POLY 6237: A, F, H–J; paratype LACM AHF POLY 6237/1: B–E, G, K–T): (A) anterior region, dorsal view; (B) anterior region with palps, dorso-lateral view paratype; (C) notopodium of anterior chaetigers; (D) posterior region, dorso-lateral view; (E) parapodium of chaetiger 7; (F) parapodium of middle chaetiger; (G) posterior postchaetal lamellae and chaeta; (H) anterior region, lateral view; (I) parapodium of chaetigers 5–12; (J) parapodium of middle chaetigers; (K) neuropodium of chaetiger 49 with unidentate hooded hooks and sabre chaetae; (L) parapodium of posterior chaetigers; (M) anterior notopodial chaeta of dorsal tuft; (N) anterior notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (O) anterior notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (P) middle notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (Q) posterior notopodial chaeta of dorsal tuft; (R) anterior neuropodial chaeta of anterior row; (S) anterior neuropodial chaeta of posterior row; (T) anterior chaeta in position of sabre chaeta. CBC= C-shaped double band of cilia. Scale bars: A, C, D, F, H–J, L 1.0 mm; B 1.5 mm; E, G, K M–T 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 4. Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. Holotype (LACM-AHF POLY -6242: A, C–X; paratype LACM-AHF POLY -6239: B): (A) anterior region, dorsal view; (B) anterior region with palps, dorso-lateral view; (C) parapodium of anterior chaetigers; (D) parapodium of posterior chaetigers; (E) anterior region, dorso-lateral view; (F) notopodium of chaetigers 2–6; (G) parapodium of chaetiger 5; (H) parapodium of chaetiger 44; (I) parapodium of chaetiger 83; (J) parapodium of posterior chaetigers; (K) anterior region, dorsal view; (L) anterior region, dorsal view; (M) parapodium of chaetiger 102; (N) dorsal tuft notopodial chaeta of anterior chaetigers; (O, O') anterior notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (P) anterior notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (Q) posterior notopodial chaeta of dorsal tuft; (R) anterior neuropodial chaeta of anterior row; (S) anterior neuropodial chaeta of posterior row; (T) anterior chaeta of ventral tuft; (U) sabre chaeta of chaetiger 44; (V) unidentate neuropodial hooded hook; (V') bidentate neuropodial hooded hook; (W) posterior neuropodial chaeta of posterior row; (X) pygidium, dorso-lateral view. Br= Branchiae, CBC= C-shaped double band of cilia. Scale bars: A, L 1.5 mm; B, C–F, J, K, X 1.0 mm; G–H, M 0.05 mm; I, U–W 0.025 mm; N–S 0.005 mm; T 0.0025 mm.
FIGURE 3. Dispio mororoi Gibbs, 1971 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 3. Dispio mororoi Gibbs, 1971. Holotype (BMNH-1970.53: A–J; paratype BMNH-1970.54: K–P): (A) anterior region, lateral view right; (B) anterior region, lateral view left; (C) middle region, dorsal view; (D) parapodium of anterior chaetigers; (E) notopodium of middle chaetigers; (F) parapodium of middle chaetigers; (G) neuropodium of anterior chaetigers; (H) parapodium of chaetigers 10–14; (I) parapodium of chaetigers 30–35; (J) notopodium of posterior chaetigers with accessory branchiae; (K) anterior notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (L) anterior notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (M) middle notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (N) hooded hook; (O) neuropodial chaeta of posterior chaetiger; (P) sabre chaetae. CBC= C-shaped double band of cilia. Scale bars: A–I 0.5 mm; mm; J 0.25 mm; K–P 0.03 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 8. Dispio panamensis sp. nov. Holotype (LACM-AHF POLY -6233; A, B, D–Z; paratype LACM-AHF POLY -6233/ 1): C): (A) anterior region, dorsal view; (B) anterior region, lateral view; (C) anterior region, dorsal view; (D) parapodium of chaetiger 3; (E) parapodium of chaetigers 1–6; (F) parapodium of chaetigers 7–14; (G) parapodium of chaetiger 32; (H) parapodium of chaetigers 27–31; (I) parapodium of chaetiger 38; (J) parapodium of posterior chaetiger; (K) middle segment, dorsal view; (L) notopodial chaeta of anterior row on chaetiger 1; (M) notopodial chaeta of anterior row on chaetiger 2; (N) notopodial chaeta of anterior row on chaetiger 7; (O) notopodial chaeta of posterior row on chaetiger 32; (P) posterior notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (Q) posterior notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (R) dorsal tuft chaetae of notopodial chaeta on posterior chaetiger; (S) anterior neuropodial chaeta of anterior row; (T) anterior neuropodial chaeta of posterior row; (U) ventral chaeta located in the position of the sabre chaeta of anterior chaetiger; (V, V') anterior neuropodial chaeta of anterior row (dorsal position, ventral position); (W) sabre chaeta of chaetiger 32; (X) neuropodial hooded hook; (Y) neuropodial chaeta of posterior row on chaetiger 32; (Z) posterior neuropodial chaeta. CBC= C-shaped double band of cilia. Scale bars: A–H 1.0 mm; I–J 0.2 mm; K–M 0.5 mm; N–R, V–Z 0.01 mm; S–U 0.005 mm.
FIGURE 2. Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 2. Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951. Holotype (LACM-AHF POLY 0634: A–C, E, H; paratype LACM-AHF POLY 0635: D, F, G, I–X): (A) anterior region, dorsal view; (B) anterior region, lateral view; (C) anterior region, lateral view; (D) parapodium of chaetiger 1; (E) anterior region, lateral view; (F) parapodium of chaetiger 10; (G) parapodium of posterior chaetiger; (H) prostomium, dorsal view; (I) anterior notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (J) anterior notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (K) dorsal tuft chaetae of chaetiger 2; (L) dorsal tuft chaetae of chaetiger 7; (M) notopodial chaeta of chaetiger 7; (N) posterior chaeta of tuft from posterior fragment; (O) notopodial chaeta of posterior chaetiger; (P) notopodial chaeta of posterior chaetiger; (Q) anterior neuropodial chaeta; (R) anterior neuropodial chaeta; (S) anterior neuropodial chaeta; (T) sabre chaeta of chaetiger 11; (U) sabre chaeta of posterior chaetiger; (V) neuropodial hooded hook; (W) neuropodial chaeta; (X) neuropodial hooded hook. Lateral lobes (Ll), dorsal tuft (dt), ventral fascicle (vf). Scale bars: A, B, C, E, F–G, H, Q–T, V–X 0.005 mm; D 0.5 mm; I–L, M–P, U 0.001 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 5. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. Holotype (Ecosur- 0178: B-C; paratype (Ecosur- 0179: A, D-Z): (A) anterior region, dorsal view, (B); anterior region, dorsal view; (C) same, lateral view; (D) parapodium of chaetiger 1, anterior view; (E) parapodium of chaetiger 2, anterior view; (F) parapodium of chaetiger 3, anterior view; (G); parapodium of chaetiger 7, anterior view (H) parapodium of chaetiger 35, anterior view; (I) parapodium of chaetiger 58, anterior view; (J) parapodium of chaetiger 90, anterior view; (K) mid-anterior segments, dorsal view; (L) lateral organs from middle chaetigers; (M) accessory branchiae; (N) notopodial chaetae from anterior row of chaetiger 1; (O) notopodial chaetae from ventral fascicle of chaetiger 1, anterior row; (P) notopodial chaetae from ventral fascicle of chaetiger 1, posterior row; (Q) notopodial chaetae from anterior row of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers; (R) notopodial chaetae from posterior row of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers; (S) uppermost notopodial chaetae from subsequent chaetigers; (T) lower notopodial chaetae from subsequent chaetigers; (U) notopodial chaetae from anterior row; (V) neuropodial chaetae from posterior row; (W) sabre chaetae; (X) unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks; (Y) neurochaetae bundle from chaetiger 20; (Z) pygidium, dorsal view. Lateral organ (LO). Scale bars: A, B, C, J, Z 0.5 mm; D–I 0.5 mm; K 0.5 mm; L 0.05; M–W 0.045 mm; Y 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
FIGURE 6. Dispio lenislamellata sp. nov. Holotype (LACM-AHF POLY- 6238: B-Z; paratype (LACM-AHF POLY- 6238/1: A): (A) anterior region, dorso-lateral view; (B) anterior region, lateral view; (C) notopodium of chaetigers 1–3; (D) notopodium of chaetigers 8; (E) notopodium of chaetiger 27; (F) notopodium of chaetigers 25–33; (G) parapodium of chaetiger 75; (H) middle segment, dorsal view; (I) middle segment, lateral view; (J) neuropodium of chaetigers 1–2; (K) neuropodium of chaetiger 5; (L) neuropodium of chaetiger 22; (M) notopodial lamellae and branchiae, dorsal view and accessory branchiae; (N) dorsal tuft notopodial chaeta of chaetiger 1; (O) anterior notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (P) anterior notopodial chaeta of posterior row; (Q) dorsal tuft notopodial chaeta of chaetiger 4; (R) middle notopodial chaeta of anterior row; (S) dorsal tuft chaetae of notopodial chaeta of posterior chaetiger; (T) anterior neuropodial chaeta of anterior row; (U) anterior neuropodial chaeta of posterior row; (V) ventral chaeta located in the position of a sabre chaeta of anterior chaetiger; (W) sabre chaeta of chaetiger 27; (X) unidentate neuropodial hooded hook; (Y) bidentate neuropodial hooded hook; (Z) pygidium, lateral view. N1= Notolamellae of chaetiger 1, N2= Notolamellae of chaetiger 2, N3= Notolamellae of chaetiger 3, CBC= C-shaped double band of cilia. LO= Lateral organ. Scale bars: A, F, H, I, M, Z 0.5 mm; B 1.0 mm; C–E, Q, S 0.005 mm; G 5 0.05 mm; J–L, V 0.0025; N 0.01 mm; O–P, R, T, U, W 0.025 mm; X, Y 0.0125 mm.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific
FIGURE 6. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), holdfast mineralisation: A, fractured surface showing layers of gorgonin and mineralized loculi; B, mineralized filaments of loculi (a close view of the right bottom section of A); C, microspheres of CHAp on organic filament; D, microspheres of CHAp coating filaments that were partially removed after maceration.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific
FIGURE 2. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), SEM sclerites: A, from the coenenchyme; B, from the anthocodia.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific
FIGURE 1. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov.: A, living colonies photographed 4 m depth by H.M. Guzman; B, holotype (UCR 398A); C, detail of colony branch; D, light micrograph of sclerites.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific
FIGURE 4. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), axis mineralisation, SEMmicrograph stereo pairs of longitudinal sections of terminal twig after maceration in sodium hypochlorite: A, longitudinal strands of CHAp in the axial cortex; B, chambered core with mineralized filaments.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific
FIGURE 5. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), axis mineralisation, SEMmicrograph of longitudinal sections of terminal twig after maceration in sodium hypochlorite: A, central chamber showing filaments coated with CHAp (stero pair); B, detail of CHAp microspheres coating filaments.
FIGURE 45 in Systematics of the bubblegum corals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Paragorgiidae) with description of new species from New Zealand and the Eastern Pacific
FIGURE 45. Sibogagorgia dennisgordoni sp. nov., holotype (NIWA 3328): A–C, radiates from the surface (scales 10 m) (A–B are stereo pairs); D, intermediate sclerites from the subsurface/ medulla (scales 10 m); E, sclerites from the medulla (scales 100 m).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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