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Figures 4-7 from: Qi M, Zuo X, Li H (2020) Taxonomic study of genus Peucela Ragonot, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in China, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 976: 147-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.56402

Figures 4-7 Adults of Peucela spp. 4P. acutativalva, sp. nov., holotype, ♂ 5P. baishanzuensis, sp. nov., holotype, ♂ 6P. nigra sp. nov., holotype, ♂ 7P. olivalis, ♂. Scale bars: 5.0 mm.

Figures 1-3 from: Qi M, Zuo X, Li H (2020) Taxonomic study of genus Peucela Ragonot, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in China, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 976: 147-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.56402

Figures 1-3 Morphology of Peucela spp. 1 head of P. acutativalva, sp. nov., ♂ 2 head of P. acutativalva, sp. nov., ♀ 3 venation of P. nigra sp. nov., slide No. QMJ15128w. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (1, 2); 2.5 mm (3).

Figures 8-11 from: Qi M, Zuo X, Li H (2020) Taxonomic study of genus Peucela Ragonot, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in China, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 976: 147-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.56402

Figures 8-11 Male genitalia of Peucela spp. 8P. acutativalva, sp. nov., paratype, slide No. QMJ19023 9P. baishanzuensis, sp. nov., holotype, slide No. LJ17121 10P. nigra sp. nov., holotype, slide No. LJ17056 11P. olivalis, slide No. QMJ19029. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 12-14 from: Qi M, Zuo X, Li H (2020) Taxonomic study of genus Peucela Ragonot, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in China, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 976: 147-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.976.56402

Figures 12-14 Female genitalia of Peucela spp. 12P. acutativalva, sp. nov., paratype, slide No. QMJ19048 13P. nigra sp. nov., paratype, slide No. QMJ15128 13A Enlarged signum 14P. olivalis, slide No. QMJ15152 14A Enlarged signum. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

The complete mitochondrial genome of Orthaga achatina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Pyralidae is the largest family in Lepidoptera, with more than 25,000 species in the world, some of which are pests of agricultural and forestry plants, such as Orthaga (Yang et al. 2020). Orthaga achatina Butler (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the most serious pest of camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora) in China, Korea, Japan, and Malaysia (Wu 2006). O. achatina can also feed on other Lauraceae plants, such as Lindera glauca and Cinnamomum cassia, causing serious defoliates (Long et al. 2017). The mitochondrial genomes have the potential to be “molecular clock” due to its high mutation rate and low DNA recombination rate (Gai et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2020). However, the mitochondrial genome of O. achatina has not been publicly reported. Therefore, we determined to sequence the complete mitochondrial genome of O. achatina using the de novo sequencing techniques strategy to understand the mitogenomic background and genetic evolution relationship of O. achatina.   In the present study, samples of O. achatina were collected from camphor trees in July 2020 in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China (N31.16568o, E120.62638o). Some of these samples were immediately frozen at -80°C for sequencing analysis and others were preserved in the Entomological Lab of Nanjing Forestry University, and their specimen code is 2020NJEM1855-1860. The genomic DNA was extracted from O. achatina using CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium Ammonium Bromide) method (Huanca-Mamani et al. 2015). Raw data generated by the Illumina HiSeq platform (Illumina Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA) were subject to de novo assembly by SPAdes version 3.14 (Bankevich et al. 2012). The complete mitochondrial genomes were annotated by MITOS WebServer (http://mitos.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/index.py) (Bernt et al. 2013) and submitted to NCBI GenBank (GenBank accession number: MT916176).   The mitochondrial genome of O. achatina was 15,150 bp in size, with a nucleotide composition of 38. 9% A, 41.8% T, 11.4% C and 7.9% G. The mitochondrial genome of O. achatina comprised the entire set of 37 typical invertebrate mitochondrial genes consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a control region (D-loop). The majority-coding strand encoded 23 genes (9 PCGs and 14 tRNAs), whereas the minority-coding strand encoded 14 genes (4 PCGs, 8 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs). The sequence and arrangement of genes were highly conserved, suggesting the similarity with typical characteristics of the genome in Lepidoptera (Liu et al. 2018; Wu et al. 2016, 2020). A total of 44 overlapping nucleotides between genes in 6 locations with a length of 2 to 25 bp were found, whereas there were 857 bp intergenic nucleotides in 22 locations, ranging from 4 to 297 bp in length.   All protein-coding genes (PCGs) were initiated with ATN as the start codon except the cox1, which is no justification for continued speculation about polynucleotide start codon similar to other Lepidoptera insects (Liu et al. 2018; Singh et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2020). Ten PCGs had canonical stop codons TAA or TAG, while three had incomplete termination codons single T (cox3 and atp6) or TA (nad4L). There were 22 tRNA genes with a length between 63 and 70 bp. All tRNA genes exhibited a typical clover-leaf secondary structure, except for tRNA-Ser(AGN) lacking the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm, which is common in Lepidoptera insects (Garey and Wolstenholme 1989). The lengths of lrRNA and srRNA were 1,362 bp and 780 bp, respectively. The control region was located between srRNA and tRNA-Met with a total length of 298 bp.   In addition, the BLAST-based ortholog detector OrthoFinder v2.2.7 (Emms and Steven 2019) with default parameter values were used to identify ortholog among all the protein sequences of the 24 mitochondrial genomes. The phylogenetic relationship of O. achatina and 23 Lepidoptera species was inferred from phylogenetic analysis of the 13 protein-coding genes using MEGA7.0 software with maximum likelihood method and 1000 replicate sets on bootstrap analysis. The amino acid identity (AAI) of the 13 protein-coding genes of each Lepidoptera species and O. achatina were calculated by NCBI BLASTP. The phylogenetic tree and AAI heatmap of each protein was visualized using EVOLVIEW version 2 (<a href="https://evolgenius.info/evolview-v2/#login">https://evolgenius.info//evolview-v2</a>) (He et al. 2016). Phylogenetic analyses showed similar relationships among sampled families as shown in Yang et al. (2020). Each clade showed a monophyletic cluster and the following clades were highly supported (Fig 1): (1) Pyralidae + Crambidae; and (2) (Pyralidae + Crambidae) + (Noctuidae + (Bombycidae + Geometridae)). We also found that O. achatina strains had the closest relationship with the genus Hypsopygia and Endotricha, which were located in a clade in the clade of Pyralidae. This study can provide a useful resource for the genetic evolution of O. achatina and underline the potential importance of mitochondrial genomes in comparative genomic analyses of Lepidoptera species.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in Narrow-winged pyralids (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea, Pyralidae, Phycitinae) of Leningrad Province and the city of St. Petersburg, Russia

FIGURE 2. Episcythrastis tabidella in its natural habitat, Luga polygon, 24 July 2015.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic review of the genus Dusungwua Kemal, Kizildağ & Koçak, 2020 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with descriptions of six new species and propositions of synonyms

FIGURE 2. Venation of D. basinigra sp. nov., paratype, ♂, slide No. LHX14123. (Scale bar = 2.0 mm).

Abb. 3 in Asartodes monspesulalis (Duponchel, 1834), Asarta aethiopella (Duponchel, 1837) und Asarta alpicolella (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) aus der Schweiz

Abb. 3. Lebensraum von Asarta aethiopella, Augstbordpassgebiet, Wallis.

Abb. 4 in Asartodes monspesulalis (Duponchel, 1834), Asarta aethiopella (Duponchel, 1837) und Asarta alpicolella (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) aus der Schweiz

Abb. 4. Lebensraum von Asarta alpicolella im Vorfeld des Glacier de Tsanfleuron (Wallis).

Abb. 2. Raupe von A in Asartodes monspesulalis (Duponchel, 1834), Asarta aethiopella (Duponchel, 1837) und Asarta alpicolella (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) aus der Schweiz

Abb. 2. Raupe von A. monspesulalis, gezüchtet auf Thymus.

Abb. 1 in Asartodes monspesulalis (Duponchel, 1834), Asarta aethiopella (Duponchel, 1837) und Asarta alpicolella (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) aus der Schweiz

Abb. 1. Lebensraum von Asartodes monspesulalis bei La Luette, Wallis.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURES 27 in Taxonomic review of the genus Orybina Snellen, 1895 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Pyralinae), with description of two new species

FIGURES 27. Distribution of Orybina in the world.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

FIGURE 49 in Taxonomic review of the genus Lista Walker, 1859 from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Epipaschiinae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 49. Distribution of the genus Lista in China.

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

FIGS 4-5 in A new genus and species of Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

FIGS 4-5

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

FIGS 1-2 in A new genus and species of Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

FIGS 1-2

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIGURES 5–6 in Review of the genus Locastra Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae) from India, with a new species and a new species record

FIGURES 5–6. Scape extension of antennae. 5, L. mizo sp. nov., male; 6, L. crassipennis, male.

Figure 3 from: Pezzini C, Jahnke SM, Köhler A (2017) Morphological characterization of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) ectoparasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 157-171. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.20104

Figure 3 - Immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor (side view): A egg after oviposition B embryo in development C first larval instar D second larval instar E third larval instar F fourth larval instar G cocoon in formation. Scale: (A–C) 0.25 mm (D–G) 0.5 mm.

Figure 5 from: Pezzini C, Jahnke SM, Köhler A (2017) Morphological characterization of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) ectoparasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 157-171. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.20104

Figure 5 - Scanning electron micrographs of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor: A detail of the smooth surface of the egg B detail of the setae on the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen of third and fourth larval instars and prepupa C detail of the smooth dorsal surface of first and second larval instars with spiracles D detail of a trichoid sensillum E prepupa F female pupa G male pupa.

Figure 4 from: Pezzini C, Jahnke SM, Köhler A (2017) Morphological characterization of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) ectoparasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 157-171. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.20104

Figure 4 - Immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor female (side view): A Prepupa B first pupal phase C second pupal phase D third pupal phase before adult emergence. Scale: 0.5 mm.

Figure 2 from: Pezzini C, Jahnke SM, Köhler A (2017) Morphological characterization of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) ectoparasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 157-171. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.20104

Figure 2 - Cephalic capsule (frontal view) of fourth instar larva of Habrobracon hebetor illustrating chaetotaxy (AN antenna, CS clypeal setae, FS frons setae on the antennal region, GN genal setae, HS hypostomal setae, VS vertex setae).