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FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 4. Holotype of B. bramei (MVZ 217944). A. Digital x-ray of skull and forelimbs. Digital x-rays were processed using the levels and curves functions in Adobe Photoshop. B. Photo of holotype in life.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 2. Overview of relationships in the subgenus Batrachoseps, based on cob dataset analyzed by Jockusch and Wake (2002). The four major clades are named (attenuatus, Sierran, pacificus and nigriventris groups) and terminals are labeled in all groups except the nigriventris group. Shaded boxes indicate the four geographic units of B. relictus, as recognized by Brame and Murray (1968). Terminal taxa that do not contain populations previously placed in B. relictus are collapsed. Note that topotypic B. relictus are not included in this tree. The clade labeled 'Greenhorns' has been retained in B. relictus until the present, but is described here as B. altasierrae sp. nov.

FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A. Minimum evolution tree showing the relationships of 14 populations based on Nei's (1978) D (Table 4) for 27 variable loci included in allozyme study 1. The topology of the neighbor-joining tree is identical. B. Multidimensional scaling of Nei's (1978) D (Table 5) for eight populations from the nigriventris group based on allozyme study 2. Note the intermediate position of the Cannell Creek (CAN) population between B. bramei from Fairview (FAI) and B. simatus from Erskine Creek (ERS). See Table 5 for abbreviations. Sampling localities are listed in Table 3.

FIGURE 1. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 1. A. Map of California, USA, showing the ranges of Batrachoseps nigriventris group species and other species of Batrachoseps from the vicinity of the Kern River Canyon. The range of B. relictus in the Lower Kern River Canyon is contained within the range of B. simatus. Individual dots indicate isolated populations of B. altasierrae sp. nov. from the Kern Plateau (blue) and of B. robustus from the Scodie Mountains (green). B. Point localities for Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon and vicinity. Localities include all identified specimens from the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, as well as additional specimens from the California Academy of Sciences and, for B. relictus, from the Los Angeles County (California) Museum. Lighter shading indicates higher elevation; blue indicates major streams or rivers. Type localities are indicated by open symbols for all species except B. gregarius (whose type locality is outside of the region shown). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A. Holotype of B. altasierrae. B. B. altasierrae from the type locality in life (no voucher). C. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult female B. altasierrae (MVZ 156394, SL = 39.9 mm) from Sugarloaf Peak, Tulare Co., California. D. Adult B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California in life (no voucher). E. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult (SL = 45.3 mm) female B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain (MVZ 267114). F. Type locality of B. altasierrae. G. High elevation site on Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California at which specimens referred here to B. relictus were discovered. Nearly all individuals at this locality have been found within the seep shown in the foreground. Habitat photos taken on 28 May 2011. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 3. Morphological comparisons of Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon. A–F. Principal components analysis of correlation matrix of regression residuals of specimens from in and around the Kern River Canyon. Each color/symbol combination indicates a population. A–C compare B. relictus from the Lower Kern River Canyon, two candidates for inclusion in B. relictus (Breckenridge Mountain represented by the Lucas Creek and Squirrel Meadow populations and Greenhorn Mountains 1 and 2 from north of the Kern River), and B. kawia, which is the sister taxon to the Greenhorn populations. D–F show differentiation of the Upper Kern River Canyon populations (magenta), described here as Batrachoseps bramei sp. nov., from their close relatives B. gregarius (gray) and B. simatus (black). G–J. Boxplots of principal components (G–I) and SL (J) for species in and around Kern River Canyon. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 9 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 9. Samples included in the cob phylogeny of the Batrachoseps nigriventris group. A. Map of California, showing topographic relief, with localities for specimens from outside of the Kern River Canyon (black symbols). Box shows approximate area of panel B. B. Kern River Canyon, showing localities for specimens from the Kern River Canyon and Breckenridge Mountain. Major side drainages are labeled. For clarity, streams on the north side of the Lower Kern River Canyon are omitted.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of bunchgrass lizard (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the southern sky islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

FIGURE 7. Habitat at the type locality for Sceloporus aurantius sp. nov., Los Alisos, Sierra del Laurel, Aguascalientes.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of bunchgrass lizard (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the southern sky islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

FIGURE 3. Results of the principal components analyses when all individuals of Sceloporus scalaris group species were analyzed together (a), females only (b), and males only (c).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of bunchgrass lizard (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the southern sky islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

FIGURE 2. Multi-locus species tree from Grummer et al. (2014) derived from coalescent-based analyses of 4,635 base pairs of nuclear DNA. The phylogenetic distinctiveness of Sceloporus aurantius sp. nov. was supported by Bayes factor species delimitation. Numbers at nodes represent Bayesian posterior probability support values.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of bunchgrass lizard (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the southern sky islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

FIGURE 5. Dorsal pattern variation within the paratype series of Sceloporus aurantius sp. nov. from the Sierra del Laurel, Aguascalientes: a) MZFC 25102 (female), b) MZFC 25103 (female), c) MZFC 25106 (male), and d) MZFC 25101 (male).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of bunchgrass lizard (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the southern sky islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

FIGURE 4. Holotype specimen of Sceloporus aurantius sp. nov. (MZFC 28392) in dorsal (a), ventral (b), and in-life (c) views.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of bunchgrass lizard (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the southern sky islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

FIGURE 1. Distribution of bunchgrass lizards in the Sceloporus scalaris group included in this study. Stars denote the known localities of Sceloporus aurantius sp. nov. (yellow star is type locality). Colors of S. brownorum, S. scalaris, S. slevini, and S. unicanthalis match the colors in principal components analyses results presented in Figure 3.

FIGURE 6 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 6 Gonopods of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Ventral view. B) Lateral anterior view. C) Anterior view. D) Posterior view. Scale bars: all 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 7. Distribution of the Sierra Nevada millipede species and their hypothesized closest relatives. The white star corresponds to Sierra Nevada. Species records have been obtained from (Mauriès 1984-1985, 1990, 2014; Akkari & Enghoff 2012; Attems 1898) and specimens from the collection at MNHN and ZMUC. Scale bar 500 km. A) Localities of: 1 Archipolydesmus maroccanus (Morocco, Tetouan)—the most similar species to Archipolydesmus altibaeticus, and 2— Proteroiulus hispanus, (Morocco, Azrou-Ifra), both corresponding to a Baetico-Riffan track. B) Ommatoiulus ilicis: 3— Grazalema Mountains; 4—Type locality (Banyuls sur mer) and new records in the same region (Saint-Pierre dels Forcats, Sórede, Montbolo), Pyrenees; 5—Saint Béat, Pyrenees; 6—Santa Fe, Sierra del Montseny, Catalan Pre-Coastal Range; corresponding to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. Since the relationships of this complex genus are yet unsolved, we are not including the apparently closest species O. corsicus (Corsica, France). C) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. soutadei: 7 and 8— C. nivium. 9—C. guttata. 10—C. vandeli. 11—C. simoni. This distribution pattern corresponds to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. D) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. cryodeserti n. sp.: 12—C. maroccana, from Gouffre du Friouato, Taza; 13—C. nodipes from Sierra de Ronda; 14—C. deharvengi from Sierra de las Nieves; 15—C. flammeola from Cazorla Mountains; 16— C. fernandoi from Cueva de Don Fernando, Castril; 17—C. mariacristinae from Monte Toro, Menorca.

FIGURE 4 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 4 Legs of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Tarsus of legs 1 and 2 with their ventral row of setae. Scale bar 0.1 mm. B) Tarsus of leg 3 with the ventral fanners. Scale bar 0.1 mm. C) Body in ventral view, legs from 7 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) Body in ventral view, legs from 10 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. E) Leg 7. Scale bar 0.3 mm. F) Leg 10. Scale bar 0.4 mm. G) Leg 11. Scale bar 0.4 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 5 Anatomical details of Ceratosphys Cryodeserti n. sp. A) Paragonopods (leg 9 of male) in anterior view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. B) Paragonopods (leg 9 of male) in ventral view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. C) Pygidium of the male in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. D) Right vulva in posterior view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. E) Right and left vulvae in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 3 Anatomy details of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Head in anterior view. Scale bar 0.5 mm. B) Head, collum and second 'segment' in lateral view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. C) Tip of the antenna. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) First seven 'segments' in dorsal view. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 1. Pictures taken at the Veleta Glaciar Cirque: A,B) Aspect of the scree where the MSS was sampled. C) Subterranean Sampling Device (SSD) where the trap was placed, inside a hole dug in the scree where the interstices among the rocks are visible D) The place where the SSD is left, once buried and covered with stones to mark its position. E) Ommatoiulus ilicis photographed alive.

FIGURE 2 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 2 Temperature and humidity in the MSS from September 2013 to August 2014. The pale line represents the temperature and the dark line the relative humidity.