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1,580 results for “Vulnerabilities”
Data from: A genome‐wide search for local adaptation in a terrestrial‐breeding frog reveals vulnerability to climate change
Terrestrial‐breeding amphibians are likely to be vulnerable to warming and drying climates, as their embryos require consistent moisture for successful development. Adaptation to environmental change will depend on sufficient genetic variation existing within or between connected populations. Here, we use Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data to investigate genome‐wide patterns in genetic diversity, gene flow and local adaptation in a terrestrial‐breeding frog (Pseudophryne guentheri) subject to a rapidly drying climate and recent habitat fragmentation. The species was sampled across 12 central and range‐edge populations (192 samples), and strong genetic structure was apparent, as were high inbreeding coefficients. Populations showed differences in genetic diversity, and one population lost significant genetic diversity in a decade. More than 500 SNP loci were putatively under directional selection, and 413 of these loci were correlated with environmental variables such as temperature, rainfall, evaporation and soil moisture. One locus showed homology to a gene involved in the activation of maturation in Xenopus oocytes, which may facilitate rapid development of embryos in drier climates. The low genetic diversity, strong population structuring and presence of local adaptation revealed in this study shows why management strategies such as targeted gene flow may be necessary to assist isolated populations to adapt to future climates.
Data from: Conservation phylogeography: does historical diversity contribute to regional vulnerability in European tree frogs (Hyla arborea)
Documenting and preserving the genetic diversity of populations, which conditions their long-term survival, has become a major issue in conservation biology. The loss of diversity often documented in declining populations is usually assumed to result from human disturbances; however, historical biogeographic events, otherwise known to strongly impact diversity, are rarely considered in this context. We apply a multi-locus phylogeographic study to investigate the late-Quaternary history of a tree frog (Hyla arborea) with declining populations in the northern and western part of its distribution range. Mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphisms reveal high genetic diversity in the Balkan Peninsula, with a spatial structure molded by the last glaciations. While two of the main refugial lineages remained limited to the Balkans (Adriatic coast, southern Balkans), a third one expanded to recolonize Northern and Western Europe, loosing much of its diversity in the process. Our findings show that mobile and a priori homogeneous taxa may also display substructure within glacial refugia ("refugia within refugia"), and emphasize the importance of the Balkans as a major European biodiversity center. Moreover, the distribution of diversity roughly coincides with regional conservation situations, consistent with the idea that historically impoverished genetic diversity may interact with anthropogenic disturbances, and increase the vulnerability of populations. Phylogeographic models seem important to fully appreciate the risks of local declines and inform conservation strategies.
Data from: Three dimensional tracking of a wide-ranging marine predator: flight heights and vulnerability to offshore wind farms
A large increase in offshore wind turbine capacity is anticipated within the next decade, raising concerns about possible adverse impacts on birds as a result of collision risk. Birds' flight heights greatly influence this risk, yet height estimates are currently available only using methods such as radar- or ship-based observations over limited areas. Bird-borne data-loggers have the potential to provide improved estimates of collision risk and here, we used data from Global Position System (GPS)-loggers and barometric pressure loggers to track the three-dimensional movements of northern gannets rearing chicks at a large colony in south-east Scotland (Bass Rock), located <50 km from several major wind farm developments with recent planning consent. We estimated the foraging ranges and densities of birds at sea, their flight heights during different activities and the spatial variation in height during trips. We then used these data in collision-risk models to explore how the use of different methods to determine flight height affects the predicted risk of birds colliding with turbines. Gannets foraged in and around planned wind farm sites. The probability of flying at collision-risk height was low during commuting between colonies and foraging areas (median height 12 m) but was greater during periods of active foraging (median height 27 m), and we estimated that ˜1500 breeding adults from Bass Rock could be killed by collision with wind turbines at two planned sites in the Firth of Forth region each year. This is up to 12 times greater than the potential mortality predicted using other available flight-height estimates. Synthesis and applications: The use of conventional flight-height estimation techniques resulted in large underestimates of the numbers of birds at risk of colliding with wind turbines. Hence, we recommend using GPS and barometric tracking to derive activity-specific and spatially explicit flight heights and collision risks. Our predictions of potential mortality approached levels at which long-term population viability could be threatened, highlighting a need for further data to refine estimates of collision risks and sustainable mortality thresholds. We also advocate raising the minimum permitted clearance of turbine blades at sites with high potential collision risk from 22 to 30 m above sea level.
Data from: Domesticated tomatoes are more vulnerable to negative plant-soil feedbacks than their wild relatives
Domesticated plants can differ from their wild counterparts in the strength and outcome of species interactions, both above- and belowground. Plant-soil feedbacks influence plant success, and plant-associated soil microbial communities can influence plant interactions with herbivores and their natural enemies, yet, it is unclear if domestication has changed these relationships. To determine the effects of domestication on plant-soil interactions, we characterized soil microbial communities associated with various cultivars of domesticated tomato and some of its wild relatives. We measured the strength and direction of plant-soil feedbacks for domesticated and wild tomatoes, and the effects of soil on plant resistance to specialist herbivory by Manduca sexta, and the attraction of a parasitoid wasp, Cotesia congregata. Domesticated tomatoes and their wild relatives had negative plant-soil feedbacks, as conspecifics cultivated soil that negatively impacted performance of subsequent plants (longer germination time, lower biomass) than if they grew in non-tomato soils. Significant variation existed among domesticated and wild tomato varieties in the strength of these feedbacks, ranging from neutral to strongly negative. For aboveground plant biomass, tomato wild relatives were unaffected by growing in tomato-conditioned soil while domesticated tomatoes grew smaller in tomato soil, indicating effects of plant domestication. Overall, increased microbial biomass within the rhizosphere resulted in progressively less-negative plant-soil feedbacks. Plant cultivars had different levels of resistance to herbivory by M. sexta, but this did not depend on plant domestication or soil type. The parasitoid C. congregata was primarily attracted to herbivore damaged plants, independent of plant domestication status, and for these damaged plants, wasps preferred some cultivars over others, and wild plants grown in tomato soil over wild plants grown in non-tomato soil. Synthesis: These results indicate that crop tomatoes are more likely to show negative plant-soil feedbacks than wild progenitors, which could partially explain their sensitivity to monocultures in agricultural soils. Further, cultivar-specific variation in the ability to generate soil microbial biomass, independent of domestication status, appears to buffer the negative consequences of sharing the same soil. Last, soil legacies were relatively absent for herbivores, but not for parasitoid wasps, suggesting trophic level specificity in soil feedbacks on plant-insect interactions.
Data from: Adaptive limitations of white spruce populations to drought imply vulnerability to climate change in its western range
A cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy for the forestry sector is to move seed sources to more northern and higher elevation planting sites as part of ongoing reforestation programs. This is meant to match locally adapted populations with anticipated environments, but adaptive traits do not always show population differences suitable to mitigate climate change impacts. For white spruce, drought tolerance is a critical adaptive trait to prevent mortality and productivity losses. Here, we use a 40 year old provenance experiment that has been exposed to severe drought periods in 1999 and 2002 to retrospectively investigate drought response and the adaptive capacity of white spruce populations across their boreal range. Relying on dendrochronological analysis under experimentally controlled environments, we evaluate population differences in resistance, resilience and recovery to these extreme events. Results showed evidence for population differentiation in resistance and recovery parameters, but provenances conformed to approximately the same growth rates under drought conditions and had similar resilience metrics. The lack of populations with better growth rates under drought conditions is contrary to expectations for a wide-ranging species with distinct regional climates. Populations from the wettest environments in the northeastern boreal were surprisingly drought tolerant, suggesting that these populations would readily resist water deficits projected for the 2080s, and supporting the view that northeastern Canada will provide a refugium for boreal species under climate change. The findings also suggest that white spruce is sensitive to growth reductions under climate change in the western boreal. The study highlights that population differentiation in adaptive capacity is species and trait specific, and we provide a counter example for drought tolerance traits, where assisted migration prescriptions may be ineffective to mitigate climate change impacts. For resource managers and policy makers, we provide maps where planning for widespread declines of boreal white spruce forests may be unavoidable.
Data from: Generic and specific facets of vulnerability for analyzing trade-offs and synergies in natural resource management
<p>1. The concept of vulnerability as the combination of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to a stressor is gaining traction outside of the climate realm, opening new avenues to address contemporary sustainability issues more holistically. Yet, critical notions that underpin vulnerability have yet to be integrated into its application to natural resource management and non-climatic stressors. In particular, the way generic and stressor-specific facets of vulnerability interact and can inform decision-makers about how interventions combine and/or trade-off remains unexplored.</p> <p>2. Here, we investigate the salience of the generic/specific framing in the context of Chilean artisanal fishing communities engaged in rights-based co-management and experiencing pressures from two stressors: poaching and market volatility. Specifically, we draw on market data combined with socioeconomic surveys conducted with 446 members and leaders from 42 fisher unions to quantitatively investigate potential trade-offs and synergies between facets of vulnerability to poaching and markets.</p> <p>3. Generic adaptive capacity (i.e. flexibility, assets, learning, organization and agency) likely facilitated stressor-specific adaptive capacities to both stressors. High levels of specific adaptive capacity to one stressor neither increased exposure nor undermined specific adaptive capacity to the other stressor. However, adaptive capacity did not translate into exposure reduction as expected, suggesting that adaptation barriers may prevent fishers from mobilizing adaptive capacity into effective adaptive action.</p> <p>4. This study illustrates how breaking down vulnerability into generic and specific facets can help us better anticipate important trade-offs and synergies in management interventions. More generally, it highlights the potential of the climate adaptation and vulnerability literatures in informing place-based management of natural resources.</p>
FIGURES 17–19 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 17–19. Acizzia keithi, sp. nov. (17), Male terminalia (lateral aspect); (18), paramere (inner face, lateral aspect); (19), female terminalia, (lateral aspect). Scale = 0.2 mm.
FIGURES 11–16 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 11–16. Acizzia keithi, sp. nov. (11), Head, male, (dorsal aspect, slide); (12), habitus, male, (dorsal aspect); (13), habitus, female, (dorsal aspect); (14), habitus, male (lateral aspect); (15), habitus, female (lateral aspect); (16), forewing, male. Scale = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 7–10 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 7–10. Acizzia veski, sp. nov. (7), Male terminalia (lateral aspect); (8), paramere (inner face, lateral aspect); (9), female terminalia, (lateral aspect); (10), fifth (final) instar nymph (ventral aspect, left; dorsal aspect right). Scale = 0.2 mm in Figs 7–9, 0.5 mm in Fig. 10.
FIGURES 1–6 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 1–6. Acizzia veski, sp. nov. (1), Head, male, (dorsal aspect, from slide); (2), habitus, male, (dorsal aspect); (3), habitus, female, (dorsal aspect); (4), habitus, male (lateral aspect); (5), habitus, female (lateral aspect); (6), forewing, male. Scale = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4. a in Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 4. a) O. elium holotype, RE003737 (photo: Jean-Claude Stahl), Motunau Island. b) Live specimen of O. elium, Motunau Island (photo: Marieke Lettink).
FIGURE 6. a–e in Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 6. a–e. Notched boxplots comparing the morphological characteristics of the species in the Oligosoma lineoocellatum species group (O. elium, O. kokowai, O. lineoocellatum, O. prasinum). a) snout-vent length (SVL)/head width (HW), b) midbody scales, c) lower ciliaries, d) axilla-groin (AG)/snout-forelimb (SF), e) upper ciliaries. If there is no overlap between two medians, then the medians are significantly different at a 95% confidence interval.
FIGURE 3. a in Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 3. a) O. kokowai holotype, RE000305, Brothers Island (photo: Jean-Claude Stahl). b) Live specimen of O. kokowai, Matiu/Somes Island.
FIGURE 5. a in Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 5. a) O. prasinum holotype, Tekapo, Mt Hay (photo: Jean-Claude Stahl). b) Live specimen of O. prasinum, Edwards Stream (photo: Marieke Lettink).
FIGURE 2. a in Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 2. a) O. lineoocellatum holotype (photo: Te Papa). b) Live specimen of O. lineoocellatum, Mt Cavendish, Port Hills, Christchurch (photo: Marieke Lettink).
FIGURE 1 in Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 1. Map showing the localities for the Oligosoma lineoocellatum species complex specimens examined in this study. (O. lineoocellatum, solid black circles; O. elium, white circles; O. kokowai, white triangles; O. prasinum, white circle with central black dot).
Dataset from 'Age effects on saccadic adaptation: Evidence from different paradigms reveals specific vulnerabilities', Journal of Vision, 17(6):9, 1-18. DOI: 10.1167/17.6.9
<p>Dataset associated with the following publication:</p> <p>Huang, J., Gegenfurtner K., Schütz, A.C., & Billino, J. (2017). Age effects on saccadic adaptation: Evidence from different paradigms reveals specific vulnerabilities. Journal of Vision, 17(6:9, 1-18. DOI: 10.1167/17.6.9 <span><a></a></span></p> <p>--------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>For each experiment one folder is provided.</p> <p>Each folder contains 2 data files and 1 description file providing column labels.<br> One data file contains data on saccadic eye movements, the other one gives measures of executive control.</p> <p>-------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p> </p>
Heat stress vulnerability and critical environmental limits for older adults
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fouling communities from the South African west coast are vulnerable to cooling and ocean acidification
<p>Data was generated during a laboratory study considering the responses of fouling communities to altered acidificationa nd cooling.. All methods are detailed within Matikinca & Robinson (2024) Fouling communities from the South African west coast are vulnerable to cooling and ocean acidifcation. Marine Biodiversity 54: 27 DOI: 10.1007/s12526-024-01420-0</p> <p>Data layout: Community data is provided for plates subjected to different treatments. Additionally, species richness and diverstity are provided. </p>
Data and code for manuscript ``Insights on the vulnerability of Antarctic glaciers from the ISMIP6 ice sheet model ensemble and associated uncertainty''
<p>Supporting data and code for manuscript:</p><p>Seroussi, H., Verjans, V., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Goelzer, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A., Agosta, C., Albrecht, T., Asay-Davis, X., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J. M., Greve, R., Hattermann, T., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Jourdain, N. C., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P., Little, C. M., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Pelle, T., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Reese, R., Schlegel, N.-J., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Sun, S., Trusel, L. D., Van Breedam, J., Van Katwyk, P., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., and Zwinger, T.: Insights into the vulnerability of Antarctic glaciers from the ISMIP6 ice sheet model ensemble and associated uncertainty, The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023.</p><p> </p><p>It contains the code to prepare the datasets, to create the figures and the data for the analysis, and the scalar values computed for the 198 Antarctic glaciers stored by ice flow models.</p><p>The files Glacier_XX contain the data to emulate the results for individual glaciers.</p><p>The files Antarctica and AntarcticaWithCtrl contain the data to emulate the results for the Antarctic runs without and with the ctrl_proj experiment.</p><p>The files GROUP_ICEFLOW contain the ice flow model data for all the experiments recomputed for the 198 glaciers in Antarctica.</p>
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