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opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

FIGURE 5. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 5. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. culm (scale 5 cm), b. transverse section of culm at breast height (1.3 m) (scale 3 cm), c. tip of the growing shoot showing culm sheath with wavy blade, d. outer side of culm sheath (scale 5 cm), e. sheath blade (scale 5 cm), f. base of the leaf (scale 2 cm), g. single anther (scale 2 mm), h: upper palea (scale 2 mm), i. leaves (scale 5 cm), j. spikelet (scale 2 mm), k. lower glume (scale 2 mm), l. lower lemma (scale 2 mm), m. upper lemma (scale 2 mm), n. gynoecium with hairy style (scale 2 mm), o. apiculate stamen (scale 2 mm).

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Coarse woody debris density and carbon concentration by decay classes in mixed montane wet tropical forests (Dataset)

This dataset contains data from a study considering the relationship between decay class, wood density and C content of CWD in old-growth mixed monsoon montane tropical forests in Vietnam based on the inventory of 359 CWD pieces. The CWD inventories were conducted on forty one (3-4 per site) 50 m long and 4 m wide transects. The first dataset for contains site description, plot and transect numbers with geographical coordinates. All CWD pieces of more than 6 cm in diameter were inventoried. The dataset contains position of CWD: stumps, standing dead trees (snags), lying logs, leaning logs and branches, diameter, proportion consumed by termites, decay class, bulk density and moisture of wood and mass loss. The second dataset contains the data on the wood density of tree species present in the study area according to the global database compiled by Zanne et al. (2009).

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Preserving the woody plant tree of life in China under future climate and land-cover changes

The tree of life (TOL) is severely threatened by climate and land-cover changes. Preserving the TOL is urgent, but has not been included in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Protected areas (PAs) are fundamental for biological conservation. However, we know little about the effectiveness of existing PAs in preserving the TOL of plants and how to prioritize PA expansion for better TOL preservation under future climate and land-cover changes. Here, using high-resolution distribution maps of 8732 woody species in China and phylogeny-based Zonation, we find that current PAs perform poorly in preserving the TOL both at the present and in the 2070s. The geographical coverage of TOL branches by current PAs is ca. 9%, and < 3% of the identified priority areas for preserving the TOL are currently protected. Interestingly, the geographical coverage of TOL branches by PAs will be improved from 9% to 52–79% by the identified priority areas for PA expansion. Human pressures in the identified priority areas are high, leading to high costs for future PA expansion. We thus suggest that besides nature reserves and national parks, other effective area-based conservation measures should be considered. Our study argues for the inclusion of preserving the TOL in the post-2020 conservation framework and provides references for decision-makers to preserve the Earth's evolutionary history.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Woody phenology and weather data related to Trelease Woods, Urbana, IL, USA 1993-2022

In this study, weekly phenological observations throughout spring and autumn were made annually over 30 years for 22 woody plant taxa of multiple growth forms in Trelease Woods, a mature old-growth deciduous forest remnant near Urbana, Illinois, USA. The growth forms included canopy trees, saplings, subcanopy treelets, shrubs, and vines. Data collection began in the spring of 1993 and continued through the end of autumn 2022. The phenological data set is paired with weather data collected from a nearby weather station in Champaign, Illinois. These two data sets were used to determine if dates of phenological events and durations of phenophases were changing over time, possibly in connection with changing weather related to global climate change. To supplement these phenological data, two older phenological data sets are made available here. First, Charles Smith, Woods Custodian at the University of Illinois, made comparable observations from 1949 to 1964 of seven of the same phenological events on six of the same woody species. Data were collected from Trelease Woods and Brownfield Woods. The latter is an old-growth forest separated by 2 km from Trelease Woods, and the two sites were connected in a larger forest before the mid-19th century. Second, Thomas Mikesell, a farmer from Ohio, USA, made comparable observations from 1883 to 1912 of six of the same phenological events on 11 of the same woody species. Mikesell's data were collected in a deciduous forest near Wauseon, Ohio, USA. Because of the distance between the Mikesell study site and the site of the current study in Urbana, Illinois, in order to compare the two data sets, adjustments were made to the event dates in the Mikesell data set based on bioclimatic laws. Comparison of the current data to those collected by Charles Smith and Thomas Mikesell provides evidence as to whether the trends in phenological event dates observed from 1993 to 2021 held consistent when investigated at longer time scales.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Aridity-dependent sequence of water potentials for wilting, stomatal closure, and embolism in woody plants

The dataset of the paper "Aridity-dependent sequence of water potentials for wilting, stomatal closure, and embolism in woody plants"

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

High-intensity fires may have limited medium-term effectiveness for reversing woody plant encroachment in an African savanna

1. Woody thickening or "bush encroachment" is a growing concern in savannas worldwide and can reportedly be reversed by applying high-intensity fires. Preliminary findings following experimental fires in 2010 and 2013 indicated that woody plant cover declined one year after high-intensity fires, but increased after low-intensity fires. However, the longer-term outcomes of high-intensity fires are largely unknown. 2. To establish longer-term outcomes, we re-assessed sites subjected to Low, Medium and High-intensity fire treatments 10 years after the initial experimental fires. We compared woody vegetation structure in 2010 with that in 2020 using both ground surveys and airborne LiDAR. 3. Ground surveys revealed increases in the number of stems and individual shrubs (< 10 m tall) over 10 years, and decreases in shrub height, with no significant differences between treatments. Large trees (≥ 10 m) declined by about 65% in number due to ongoing high mortality across treatments over 10 years. 4. LiDAR surveys revealed significant but very small differences in woody plant height and cover between treatments after 10 years. Median height was around 2 m in all treatments, and 90th percentile tree height was moderately taller in the Low fire treatment. Mean canopy cover was about 55% in all treatments. The treatments, therefore, did not result in a meaningful reversal of woody encroachment with no discernible difference between the treatment sites after 10 years. 5. Synthesis and applications. The application of high-intensity fires did not reverse woody encroachment in the longer term. In addition, the application of such treatments would be impractical at a large scale. Within a framework of Strategic Adaptive Management, the next logical step would be to attempt a different approach. In this case, it is intended to use early or late wet season burns to increase the mortality of shrubs when they are in a more vulnerable phenological state. This study illustrates the importance of ongoing long-term monitoring, review and adaptation for finding practical ways to achieve desired ecological outcomes.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Shumskaya M, Lorusso N, Patel U, Leigh M, Somervuo P, Schigel D (2023) MycoPins: a metabarcoding-based method to monitor fungal colonization of fine woody debris. MycoKeys 96: 77-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.96.101033

Sequences of the primers used in the experiment and ITS2 fragment amplified from DNA extracted from saw dust of the pins

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Contrasting mycorrhizal growth responses in native and invasive woody species are associated with distinct root trait syndromes

<ol> <li>Invasive plant species often express resource-acquisitive leaf traits that support rapid growth, but associated fine root traits and the role of microbial mutualists in invader whole-plant functioning remains poorly understood.</li> <li>We performed an experiment of 12 phylogenetically-grouped native and non-native, invasive woody species, grown with or without a common inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) across two nutrient levels. We measured 10 fine root traits associated with nutrient uptake and suitability of AMF colonization.</li> <li>The presence of AMF increased the growth rate of all species, but native species were significantly more dependent on AMF than invaders. Further, invaders expressed a distinct syndrome of first-order root traits, including longer, thinner roots of high specific root length, greater branching intensity, and lower tissue density, which are traits associated with rapid nutrient uptake and low AMF association. This syndrome was independent of phylogeny, AMF inoculation, and soil fertility.</li> <li>An acquisitive fine root trait syndrome for invaders supports high photosynthetic and growth rates, linking above- and below-ground functioning. The occurrence of this syndrome across phylogenetic groups indicates that lineages of woody invaders typically associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas may be generally less dependent on AMF than native species.</li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Data manuscript Gomez et al. Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile. Applied Vegetation Science

Data of the paper: Nicolás Gómez-Fernández, Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, Cristian A. Delpiano, Alejandro Miranda, Inao Vásquez, Pablo I. Becerra. Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile. Applied Vegetation Science

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 5 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils

Fig. 5. General habit of parasite, its hosts and habitats: A-C – Orobanche laxissima (Orobanchaceae) parasitizes Punica granatum (Lythraceae) in Sighnaghi, B – flowering P. granatum, D-F – O. laxissima parasitizes Fraxinus angustifolia (Oleaceae) near Antoki, E F. angustifolia leaves. Photo by R. Piwowarczyk.

Fig. 4 in Characterization of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (PoSAD) from woody oil crop Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii in oleic acid biosynthesis

Fig. 4. Quantification of fatty acids in the developing endosperm of P. ostii var. lishizhenii. The FA contents (A) and composition (B) in the developing endosperm of P. ostii var. lishizhenii. The graph shows average values of three replicates with the respective error bars indicating standard deviations. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences at P<0.05.

Fig. 5 in Characterization of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (PoSAD) from woody oil crop Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii in oleic acid biosynthesis

Fig. 5. The fatty acid contents (A) and the ratios of PA/POA and SA/OA (B) in pYES2-PoSAD and pYES2 transgenic INVSc1. The graph shows average values of three replicates with the respective error bars indicating standard deviations. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences at P <0.05.

Fig. 3 in Characterization of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (PoSAD) from woody oil crop Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii in oleic acid biosynthesis

Fig. 3. Relative expression levels of PoSAD by qRT-PCR. The data show the relative gene expression of PoSAD in Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii roots, leaves, shoots, stems, petals, stamens and seven development stages of endosperm (S1~S7). The graph shows average values of three replicates with the respective error bars indicating standard deviations.

Fig. 2 in Characterization of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (PoSAD) from woody oil crop Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii in oleic acid biosynthesis

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic analysis of plant stearoyl-ACP desaturase. The position of PoSAD is marked by a bold black dot. Plant species included in the phylogenetic tree are: Arabidopsis thaliana, Camellia sinensis, Camellia oleifera, Citrus clementina, Corchorus capsularis, Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu, Coffea arabica, Herrania umbratica, Manihot esculenta, Macadamia tetraphylla, Nelumbo nucifera, Oryza sativa, Paeonia lactiflora, Paeonia ludlowii, Panicum miliaceum, Populus alba, Populus euphratica, Populus trichocarpa, Ricinus communis, Setaria italica, Theobroma cacao, Triticum aestivum, Vernicia montana, Vitis vinifera, Zea mays and Ziziphus jujube.

Fig. 6 in Characterization of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (PoSAD) from woody oil crop Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii in oleic acid biosynthesis

Fig. 6. Fatty acid analysis of A. thaliana seeds. (A) FA contents in the seeds of wild-type, empty and three different PoSAD overexpressing transgenic A. thaliana lines. (B) FA composition in the seed oils of wild-type, empty and three different PoSAD overexpressing transgenic A. thaliana lines. The graph shows average values of three replicates with the respective error bars indicating standard deviations. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences at P<0.05.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 4 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils

Fig. 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) for mineral compositions and phenolic content in Orobanche laxissima (Orobanchaceae).

FIGURE 5. A in The 'woody clade' in Kalanchoe: reinstatement and amendment of K. subg. Calophygia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006

FIGURE 5. A selection of variously tomentose species and nothospecies included in Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia Desc. emend. Gideon F.Sm. A. Kalanchoe ×gildenhuysii. B. Kalanchoe ×hummeliae. C. Kalanchoe millotii. D. Kalanchoe orgyalis. E. Kalanchoe tomentosa, type of K. sect. Stellatopilosae. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 4. A in The 'woody clade' in Kalanchoe: reinstatement and amendment of K. subg. Calophygia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006

FIGURE 4. A selection of species and one nothospecies included in Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia Desc. emend. Gideon F.Sm. A. Kalanchoe linearifolia. B. Kalanchoe rhombopilosa. C. Kalanchoe bracteata. D. Kalanchoe ×edwardii. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 1 in The 'woody clade' in Kalanchoe: reinstatement and amendment of K. subg. Calophygia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006

FIGURE 1. Kalanchoe beharensis is arguably the best known representative of K. subg. Calophygia. A. A densely-leaved canopy. B. Close-up of the flowers. C. The diameter of the stem shown here in cross-section is 8 cm. D. Once the wood produced by K. beharensis has dried, it can be sanded and varnished. The pen stand—the yellowish white, cylindrical piece in the centre—was made from the wood of K. beharensis. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 2 in The 'woody clade' in Kalanchoe: reinstatement and amendment of K. subg. Calophygia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006

FIGURE 2. Representatives of Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia Desc. emend. Gideon F.Sm. use a diverse range of vegetative and sexual reproductive strategies. Some of the vegetative strategies are shown here. A. Rhizomatous sprouts developing in the proximity of a specimen of K. beharensis that has not yet reached reproductive maturity. B. Plantlets developing from the proximal end of a turgid, severed leaf of K. rhombopilosa, type of K. sect. Rhombopilosae. The leaves of this species are easily shed. C. Plantlets developing on the inflorescence of K. bracteata. D. A cluster of plantlets sprouting at the proximal end of the petiole of a severed leaf of the non-tomentose variant of K. beharensis, which is generally known as "Kalanchoe beharensis var. subnuda" Jacobsen (1970: 250), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1). Note that the plantlets are at first tomentose, but the tomentum is lost as plants mature. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith.