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FIGURES 150–154. Turbicellepora yasuharai n in Early Pleistocene and Holocene bryozoans from Indonesia

FIGURES 150–154. Turbicellepora yasuharai n. sp., Holocene, UPGG041, off South Sulawesi. 150–153. Holotype, RGM.1350586. 150. General view of the colony fragment. 151. Close-up of a zooid and two interzooidal avicularia. 152. Close-up of two ovicellate zooids. 153. Close-up of a zooid with a well-preserved orifice, suboral umbo, and broken adventitious avicularium. 154. Paratype, RGM.1350587, general view of the colony. Scale bars: Fig. 150 = 200 µm; Figs 151–153 = 100 µm; Fig. 154 = 400 µm.

FIGURES 96, 97. Calyptotheca sidneyi n in Early Pleistocene and Holocene bryozoans from Indonesia

FIGURES 96, 97. Calyptotheca sidneyi n. sp., paratype, NHMUK 1980.2.1.7, Recent, locality not recorded. 96. General view of an erect colony fragment. 97. Close-up of autozooids at colony bifurcation. Scale bars: Fig. 96 = 200 µm; Fig. 97 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 81–85. Pleurocodonellina javanensis n in Early Pleistocene and Holocene bryozoans from Indonesia

FIGURES 81–85. Pleurocodonellina javanensis n. sp., holotype, RGM.1350564, early Pleistocene, Java. 81. General view of part of the colony including early astogeny. 82. Group of zooids; note the two, oral spine bases visible on the distal orificial edge of the zooid at the bottom. 83. Close-up of two zooids with lateral avicularia of different shapes. 84. Close-up of an orifice. 85. Ovicellate zooids. Scale bars: Fig. 81 = 200 µm; Figs 82, 83, 85 = 100 µm; Fig. 84 = 50 µm.

FIGURES 92–95. Calyptotheca sidneyi n in Early Pleistocene and Holocene bryozoans from Indonesia

FIGURES 92–95. Calyptotheca sidneyi n. sp., holotype, NHMUK 1980.2.1.9A, Recent, north Ubian, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines. 92. Autozooids and vicarious avicularium. 93. Close-up of the avicularium rostrum showing four solid spines. 94. Group of zooids and vicarious avicularium. 95. Close-up of an ooecium. Scale bars: Figs 92, 94 = 200 µm; Figs 93, 95 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 89–91 in Early Pleistocene and Holocene bryozoans from Indonesia

FIGURES 89–91.?Hippoporina sp., RGM.1350566, Holocene, UPGG041, off South Sulawesi. 89. General view of the colony encrusting a bivalve shell fragment. 90. Close-up of two zooids. 91. Close-up of an orifice. Scale bars: Fig. 89 = 500 µm; Fig. 90 = 100 µm; Fig. 91 = 50 µm.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: How relatedness between mates influences reproductive success: an experimental analysis of self-fertilization and biparental inbreeding in a marine bryozoan

Kin associations increase the potential for inbreeding. The potential for inbreeding does not, however, make inbreeding inevitable. Numerous factors influence whether inbreeding preference, avoidance, or tolerance evolves, and, in hermaphrodites where both self-fertilization and biparental inbreeding are possible, it remains particularly difficult to predict how selection acts on the overall inbreeding strategy, and to distinguish the type of inbreeding when making inferences from genetic markers. Therefore, we undertook an empirical analysis on an understudied type of mating system (spermcast mating in the marine bryozoan, Bugula neritina) that provides numerous opportunities for inbreeding preference, avoidance, and tolerance. We created experimental crosses, containing three generations from two populations to estimate how parental reproductive success varies across parental relatedness, ranging from self, siblings, and non-siblings from within the same population. We found that the production of viable selfed offspring was extremely rare (only one colony produced three selfed offspring), and biparental inbreeding more common. Paternity analysis using 16 microsatellite markers confirmed outcrossing. The production of juveniles was lower for sib mating compared to non-sib mating. We found little evidence for consistent inbreeding, in terms of non-random mating, in adult samples collected from three populations, using multiple population genetic inferences. Our results suggest several testable hypotheses that potentially explain the overall mating and dispersal strategy in this species, including early inbreeding depression, inbreeding avoidance through cryptic mate choice, and differential dispersal distances of sperm and larvae.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 3. A in Report of ciliate-bryozoan-crustacean hyperepibiosis on crab (Decapoda Brachyura) from west coast of India, Arabian Sea

FIGURE 3. A. Scar and septate condition in stalk of Triticella pedicellata old zooids; B. Origin of stalk of Triticella pedicellata; C. Epibiont Paracineta saifulae on stalk of Triticella pedicellata; D. Ciliate epibiont on Bryozoan zooidal dilatation—1. Paracineta saifulae; 2. Cothurnia ceramicola; E. Many ciliate Cothurnia ceramicola on stalk of Triticella pedicellata.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 2. A–F in Report of ciliate-bryozoan-crustacean hyperepibiosis on crab (Decapoda Brachyura) from west coast of India, Arabian Sea

FIGURE 2. A–F, Bryozoan Triticella pedicellata (Alder, 1857): A, B. Epibiont colony attached on crab Atergatis sp. (Crustacea: Brachyura); C. Group of erect zooids; D. Three zooids, two with long tubular pedicel and one with distal zooidal dilatation (at center) with broken stalk; E. Close-up of the distal zooidal dilatation; F. Close-up of the distal zooidal dilatation with extended polypide.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 1. Pandanipora fragilis n in Pandanipora fragilis-a new deep-water cyclostome bryozoan from the subequatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean, and a review of Pandanipora worldwide

FIGURE 1. Pandanipora fragilis n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50732. A. Light photomicrograph of colony fragment. B, D, E, H. General views of the first (B, E) and second (D, H) colony fragments, showing successively arranged zooids with no overlap. C. Lateral view of a tubular peristome. F. Single elongate prop from its inception in the zooid basal wall to the point of breakage. G. Enlargement of a prop, showing the slit-like pseudopores and axially embedded crystallites. I. Zooids at the point of colony bifurcation. J. Growing edge of the colony, showing the initial step of differentiation of a daughter zooid (lower) from the floor of the parent zooid (upper). K. Same, enlargement. L. Colony area at the point of bifurcation and new zooid differentiation. M. External zooidal wall, with pseudopores lacking. N. Floor of an autozooid, showing the communication pores between zooids. O. Oblique view of a peristomial aperture, showing the imbricated, foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites. P. Enlargement of L, showing the different crystallite structures on the external and internal zooidal surfaces. Q. Enlargement of an external zooidal wall, showing the crystallites. R. Enlargement of the internal wall of a peristome, with an imbricated, foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites having irregular margins. Scale bars: A, H, I, 250 μm; B, D, E, 500 μm; C, K, M, N, O, 50 μm; F, J, L, 100 μm; G, P, 25 μm; Q, 15 μm; R, 10 μm.

opencc-zeroNov 2012View details →

Data from: Cladistic assignment of specimens to species of the cystoporate bryozoan genera Strotopora Ulrich and Cliotrypa Ulrich and Bassler using gap-coded characters

Gap-coding permits the use of continuous metric characters in cladistic analyses. Character means are converted to integer equivalents by placing character state divisions in the locations of phenetic breaks between specimen clusters, under the assumption that these breaks represent the locations of bottlenecks in character distributions. Similarities and differences between specimens from closely related species of cystoporate bryozoans were evaluated for the first time by converting continuous morphometric measurements into gap-coded binary and multistate characters and analyzing them cladistically, rather than just phenetically, across multiple species of Strotopora, Cliotrypa ramosa and Fistulipora compressa. Our results demonstrate that cladistic analysis of gap-coded morphological characters can be effective in resolving phylogenetic relationships at low taxonomic levels (within and among genera) while objectively highlighting both the morphological features that specimens (taxa) share and those characteristics that differentiate them. Differences in cystiphragm abundances and sizes, especially in the proximal portions of colonies, discriminate between species of Strotopora. Colony size and growth form, abundances and lengths of hemiphragms, and sizes of cystopores discriminate between Strotopora and the closely related genus Cliotrypa. Cladistic patterns indicate that Strotopora foveolata Ulrich is a valid species with Strotopora dermata as its junior subjective synonym. Fistulipora compressa is reassigned to the genus Strotopora whereas a decision on the taxonomic status of Cliotrypa ramosa requires a broader cladistic analysis of fistuliporine genera.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation

Bryozoans are a moderately diverse, mostly marine phylum with a fossil record extending to the early Ordovician. Compared to other phyla, little is known about their phylogenetic relationships at both lower and higher taxonomic levels. Hence, an effort is being made to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among bryozoans. Here, we present newly sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 21 cheilostome bryozoans and compile these with existing orthologous molecular data. Using these data, we focus on reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of Fenestrulina and Microporella, two species-rich genera. They are currently placed in a globally distributed family, Microporellidae, defined by having a semicircular primary orifice and a proximal ascopore, although there are indirect inferences in the morphological literature that suggest they might not be confamilial. Our six-gene phylogenetic analysis reveals that the genera Fenestrulina and Microporella are each monophyletic, with the sister clade to Microporella comprising non-microporellids. These genera thus have a polyphyletic relationship and should not be placed in the same family. Our result supports the reinstatement of the family Fenestrulinidae Jullien, 1888 for Fenestrulina and genera with comparable frontal shield and ooecial morphologies. Our well-supported phylogeny based on independent molecular data lends credit to existing phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological observations but does not conform to the current classification of these particular bryozoans. This illustrates the general need for a rethink of bryozoan higher-level systematics, ideally based on both morphological and molecular data.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Invasive bryozoan alters interaction between a native grazer and its algal food

The epiphytic bryozoan Membranipora membranacea encrusts the surface of kelp blades, causing recurrent large-scale defoliation events in kelp beds off the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. The gastropod Lacuna vincta grazes kelp, creating perforations that weaken blade tissues and increase the fragmentation rate. We assess the interaction between M. membranacea and L. vincta by measuring the grazing rate of snails on bryozoan-encrusted and non-encrusted kelp (Saccharina latissima) in no-choice and choice experiments in the laboratory conducted in November and December 2010. There was no effect of diet on grazing rate in no-choice experiments. In choice experiments, however, L. vincta grazed significantly more non-encrusted than encrusted kelp (7.1 versus 1.1 mg snail−1 d−1), and grazing rate of non-encrusted kelp was almost twice that in the no-choice experiment (3.8 mg snail−1 d−1), indicating that snails may avoid colonies of M. membranacea on partially encrusted kelp blades. We found no effect of diet on growth, reproduction and survival of snails maintained for four weeks on encrusted or non-encrusted kelp. By concentrating grazing damage on non-encrusted areas of blades, L. vincta may act synergistically with M. membranacea to increase the likelihood of blade breakage and canopy loss. This indirect effect of the invasive bryozoan could augment its direct effect on the standing biomass of native kelp beds and detrital export to adjacent communities.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Trepostomate bryozoans from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) of Morocco: gigantism in high latitude Gondwana platforms

A study of the Upper Ordovician trepostomate bryozoans belonging to the families Amplexoporidae and Monticuliporidae, from the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, is presented here. They occur in the marly to fine-grained limestone, intermediate unit of the Khabt-el-Hajar Formation, late Katian in age, representing outer-ramp depositional environments. They inhabited the highest paleolatitude known for a bryozoan fauna during the Ordovician, estimated at more than 65–70ºS. A total of 11 species of the genera Anaphragma, Atactoporella, Homotrypa, Monotrypa, Monticulipora, and Prasopora are described. Three species are already known from the equatorial-tropical paleocontinents of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia: Anaphragma mirabile, Monotrypa jewensis, and Prasopora falesi. Four new taxa are described:Anaphragma undulata, Atactoporella moroccoensis, Monticulipora globulata, and Monticulipora irregularis. The two species of Anaphragma and the one of Atactoporella display significantly larger zoarial sizes than congeneric species, representing gigantism among bryozoans. Polar gigantism is rejected for the two species of Anaphragma as is gigantism related to photosynthetic endosymbionts. An alternative proposal for their giant size is their long zoarial life span due to their well-balanced, robust branching form, with a relatively wide basal supporting surface, adapted to unconsolidated substrates in environments below wave base. Their great stability in outer-ramp environments, with infrequent storms, would allow the zoaria to grow for an extended time and reach large sizes before being overturned and buried. Atactoporella moroccoensis, has both zoaria and zooecia gigantic, suggesting a hypothesis of polar gigantism.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Early Cretaceous cyclostome bryozoans from the early to middle Albian of the Glen Rose and Walnut formations of Texas, USA

The Glen Rose and Walnut formations of southcentral and northcentral Texas comprise shallow-water carbonates deposited during the late Aptian to middle Albian on a carbonate platform. The formations are famous for their rich fossil faunas. Although bryozoans are absent in late Aptian sediments, they are frequently found encrusting bivalve shells from the early to middle Albian parts of these formations. Here, we describe the cyclostome bryozoan fauna, which includes six species; Stomatopora sp., Oncousoecia khirar n. sp., Reptomultisparsa mclemoreae n. sp., Hyporosopora keera n. sp., Mesonopora bernardwalteri n. sp. and ?Unicavea sp. Most cyclostomes are found encrusting rudist shells from Unit 2 of the Lower Member of the Glen Rose Formation and units 3 and 6 of the Upper Member of the Glen Rose Formation.

Figure 7 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 7. Conopeum ongleyi (Brown, 1952): (a), holotype, NHMUK D.36532, Petane, Hawke's Bay, Pleistocene; (b, c, e), NIWA 134507, White Rock Road, Wairarapa; D, NIWA 132867, White Rock Road, Wairarapa, New Zealand. (a–c), Autozooids showing granular cryptocyst, numerous small spine bases with a larger distolateral pair, and smooth proximal gymnocyst. D, Distal ends of three tilted autozooids, showing buttresses on transverse wall. E, Inner face of autozooid tilted laterally to show steeply sloping granular cryptocyst slightly overhanging lateral wall. Scalebars: (a–d), 200 μm; E, 100 μm.

Figure 6. Conopeum oretiensis, 1951 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 6. Conopeum oretiensis, 1951: (a, b), MITS 28211, Manukau Harbour, Auckland; (c), NIWA 132866, Oreti Beach, Southland, New Zealand. (a, b), Bipolar colony astogeny from ancestrula. (c), Etched traces in shell substratum from previously present autozooids. Scalebars: (a), 500 μm; (b, c), 200 μm.

Figure 5. Conopeum oretiensis Uttley, 1951 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 5. Conopeum oretiensis Uttley, 1951: (a), NIWA 92728, Waiinu Beach, Wanganui; (b), MITS 28211, Manukau Harbour, Auckland; (c), unregistered specimen, no longer extant, Napier; (d), NIWA 132866, Oreti Beach, Southland, New Zealand. (a), Autozooids, each with small spine bases, mostly distolateral, and large midproximal spine base; note extent of proximal gymnocyst. (b), Autozooids with periopesial spines intact and adventitious kenozooids. (c), Autozooids, showing some spine bases and numerous adventitious kenozooids; autozooid cystid at middle right with reparative kenozooid inside its cystid. (d), Autozooid with interzooidal margins and gymnocyst completely concealed by kenozooids. Scalebars: (a–c), 300 μm; (d), 200 μm.

Figure 4 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 4. Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928): (a, c), NIWA 98946, Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand; (b), NIWA 134508, Piombino, Tuscany, Italy. (a), Autozooids showing the peripheral cryptocystal groove, and a small kenozooid. (b), Lateral view of the cryptocystal rim of an autozooid, showing part of the peripheral grove, granules, minute pores (in the groove and lateral interior wall, and multiporous septula). (c), Lateral view of an autozooid and its proximal neighbour with mural septula. Scalebars: (a, c), 200 μm; (b), 100 μm.

Figure 3 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 3. (a–e). Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928): A, B, NHMUK 2020.1.3.1, Wadi Bezirk, Tunisia; (c–e), MNHN, Paris, A66832, Wadi Abid, Tunisia. (a), Autozooids and kenozooids of unbleached specimen. (b), Distal end of autozooid showing cryptocystal groove, cryptocystal granules and acicular spinules on transverse interior wall. (c), Specimen of Nitscheina spiculata [= C. seurati]. (d, e), Unbleached autozooids of zooids from (c), showing, respectively, distolateral spines and a kenozooid. Scalebars: (a, d), 500 μm; (b), 100 μm; (e), 200 μm.

Figure 1 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 1. (a–d). Conopeum antipodum n. sp.: NIWA 98813, Te Whanga Lagoon, Chatham Island, New Zealand. (a), Autozooids with membranous frontal walls and opercula in situ. (b), Autozooids with stout distolateral spines. (c), Post-ancestrular autozooids with stout distolateral spines and smaller lateral spines. (d), Ancestrula and daughter zooids. Arrows in (c) and (d) indicate communication-pore areas in lateral walls. Scalebars: All 200 μm.