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3,457 results for “chromosomes”
Chromosome-level genome assembly of Pterygoplichthys pardalis reveals its genetic basis of extensive invasion
<p>The catfish, <em>Pterygoplichthys</em> <em>pardalis</em>, which belongs to the Loricariidae family, an invasive species which has caused huge damage to the ecological environment. However, the high-quality reference genome for the catfish has not yet been reported. In this study, we successfully assembled the first chromosome-level high-quality genome of <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> using the data we produced from multiple sequencing platforms, which contains 26 chromosomes and with a scaffold N50 of 49.47 Mb. Different evaluation methods all indicate the high connectivity and accuracy of the <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> genome we got. We predicated 23,859 protein-coding genes in the <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> genome, and 22,169 (~92.92%) coding genes could be functionally annotated in public databases. Phylogenetic relationship analysis found <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> was clustered with all the catfishes we used and diverged with them 132.5 million years ago. Besides, whole-genome collinearity analysis found that chromosome 6 of <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> was aligned to two distinct chromosomes both for <em>Ameiurus</em> <em>melas</em>, <em>Pangasianodon</em> <em>hypophthalmus</em> and <em>Ictalurus</em> <em>punctatus</em>, indicating that there may have been a chromosomal fusion/fission event occurred. Furthermore, many immune-system-related genes were large-scale expanded in <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> genome, which may make great contributions to their adaptive traits, even for the highly polluted environmental conditions, and successful invasion. Taken together, this study not only provides insights into the genetic basis of the successful invasion of <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em>, but also provides important data resources for comparative genomic analysis of <em>P</em>. <em>pardalis</em> in Siluriformes in the future.</p>
Genetic sex determination, sex chromosome size and sex-specific lifespan across tetrapods
<p>Sex differences in lifespan are ubiquitous across the tree of life and exhibit broad taxonomic patterns that remain a puzzle, such as males living longer than females in birds and <em>vice</em> <em>versa</em> in mammals. The prevailing "unguarded-X" hypothesis explains sex differences in lifespan by differential expression of recessive mutations <span>o</span>n the X or Z chromosome of the heterogametic sex but has only received indirect support to date. An alternative hypothesis is that the accumulation of deleterious mutations and repetitive elements on the Y or W chromosome might lower the survival of the heterogametic sex ("toxic Y" hypothesis). Here, we use a new database to report lower survival of the heterogametic relative to the homogametic sex across 136 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, as expected if sex chromosomes shape sex-specific lifespans, and consistent with previous findings. We also found that the relative sizes of both the X and the Y chromosomes in mammals (but not the Z or the W chromosomes in birds) are associated with sex differences in lifespan, as predicted by the "unguarded-X" and the "toxic Y". Furthermore, we report that the relative size of the Y is negatively associated with male lifespan in mammals, so that small Y size correlates with increased male lifespan. In theory, toxic Y effects are expected to be particularly strong in mammals, and we did not find similar effects in birds. Our results confirm the role of sex chromosomes in explaining sex differences in lifespan across tetrapods and further suggest that, at least in mammals, "toxic Y" effects may play an important part in this role.</p>
A chromosome-scale high-contiguity genome assembly of the threatened cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
<p><span>The cheetah (<em>Acinonyx</em> <em>jubatus</em>, SCHREBER 1775) is a large felid and is considered the fastest land animal. Historically, it inhabited open grassland across Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and southwestern Asia; however, only small and fragmented populations remain today. Here, we present a de novo genome assembly of the cheetah based on PacBio continuous long reads and Hi-C proximity ligation data. The final assembly (VMU_Ajub_asm_v1.0) has a total length of 2.38 Gb, of which 99.7% are anchored into the expected 19 chromosome-scale scaffolds. The contig and scaffold N50 values of 96.8 Mb and 144.4 Mb, respectively, a BUSCO completeness of 95.4% and a k-mer completeness of 98.4%, emphasize the high quality of the assembly. Furthermore, annotation of the assembly identified 23,622 genes and a repeat content of 40.4%. This new highly contiguous and chromosome-scale assembly will greatly benefit conservation and evolutionary genomic analyses and will be a valuable resource, e.g., to gain a detailed understanding of the function and diversity of immune response genes in felids.</span></p>
Stochastic motion and transcriptional dynamics of pairs of distal DNA loci on a compacted chromosome
<p>This repository contains the trajectory data from "Stochastic motion and transcriptional dynamics of pairs of distal DNA loci on a compacted chromosome".</p> <p><strong>Data sets</strong></p> <p>We provide data sets for the following constructs and imaging conditions, where we give the name of the construct and the MS2-parS genomic separation in kb:</p> <ul> <li>data_line0.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 58 kb</li> <li>data_line1.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 82 kb</li> <li>data_line2.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 88 kb</li> <li>data_line3.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 149 kb</li> <li>data_line4.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 190 kb</li> <li>data_line5.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 595 kb</li> <li>data_line6.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 3.3 Mb</li> <li>data_line3_5s.csv: parS-homie-evePr-PP7, 149 kb, 5 second time interval</li> <li>data_line0_nohomie.csv: parS-lambda-evePr-PP7, 58 kb</li> <li>data_line3_nohomie.csv: parS-lambda-evePr-PP7, 149 kb</li> </ul> <p><strong>Structure of Data</strong></p> <p>The trajectory data are provided as csv files consisting of 13 columns. The column headers are:</p> <ul> <li>cell_id: a unique cell index</li> <li>time_point: the time frame</li> <li>x_blue: x-coordinate of the locus in the blue channel (units in nm)</li> <li>y_blue: y-coordinate of the locus in the blue channel (units in nm)</li> <li>z_blue: z-coordinate of the locus in the blue channel (units in nm)</li> <li>x_green: x-coordinate of the locus in the green channel (units in nm) </li> <li>y_green: y-coordinate of the locus in the green channel (units in nm)</li> <li>z_green: z-coordinate of the locus in the green channel (units in nm) </li> <li>x_Rij: x-component of the aberration corrected 3D distance vector connecting the blue and green loci (units in nm)</li> <li>y_Rij: y-component of the aberration corrected 3D distance vector connecting the blue and green loci (units in nm)</li> <li>z_Rij: z-component of the aberration corrected 3D distance vector connecting the blue and green loci (units in nm)</li> <li>red: intensity in the red channel (a.u.)</li> <li>state: inferred state using a 3-state HMM, with entries 0 (O_off), 1 (P_off), 2 (P_on)</li> </ul>
Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the African spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)
<p>Genomic DNA was extracted from blood from a single male A. cahirinus animal using a Monarch HMW DNA Extraction Kit for Cells & Blood (T3050, New England Biolabs, Ipswich MA) following the manufacturer’s recommended protocol. DNA was quantified prior to library construction using the Qubit DNA HS Assay (ThermoFischer, Waltham MA) and DNA fragment lengths were assessed using the Agilent Femto Pulse System (Santa Clara, CA). Libraries were prepared for sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore ligation kit (SQK-LSK110) following the manufacturers’ instructions, except that DNA repair and A-tailing was performed for 30 min and the ligation was allowed to continue for 1 hr. Prepared libraries were quantified using a Qubit fluorometer and 30 fmol of the library was loaded onto a Nanopore version R.9.4.1 flow cell and loaded on a PromethION running MinKNOW version (21.05.20). To increase output, the flow cell was washed after approximately 24 hr of sequencing then an additional 12 fmol of library was added to the flow cell and run for an additional 48 hr. Basecalling was performed using Guppy 5.0.12 (Oxford Nanopore) using the superior model (dna_r9.4.1_450bps_sup_prom.cfg). FASTQ files for assembly were extracted from unaligned bam files using samtools (Li et al. 2009) then Flye version 2.9 for assembly using the --nano-hq flag (Kolmogorov et al. 2019). Haplotigs and overlaps in the assembly were purged using purge_dups (https://github.com/dfguan/purge_dups). The assembly was then polished using Medaka version 1.4.2 (https://github.com/nanoporetech/medaka) followed by a second polishing step with pilon version 1.24 (Walker et al. 2014). Assembly statistics at each step were generated using Quast (Gurevich et al. 2013) and BUSCO (Simão et al. 2015) (Table S2). The primary contigs assembled from the Nanopore data were anchored to chromosomes using 505,210,505 read pairs of a Hi-C library isolated from another A. cahirinus individual of unknown sex downloaded from the NCBI Short Read Archive (SRX13258644) (Wang et al. 2022). After aligning the Hi-C reads with the ArimaHi-C Mapping Pipeline (https://github.com/ArimaGenomics/mapping_pipeline), YaHS v1.0 (Zhou et al. 2023) was used with default error correction for scaffolding, and Juicebox v1.11.08 (Dudchenko et al. 2018) was used to generate a Hi-C contact map. Progressive Cactus was used (Armstrong et al. 2020) to perform a whole-genome alignment of the A. cahirinus draft assembly to the Mus musculus GRCm39 reference genome (RefSeq GCF_000001635.27_GRCm39). Comparative annotation of the draft genomes was then performed using the Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT) (Fiddes et al. 2018). Briefly, the M. musculus RefSeq annotation GFF was parsed and validated with the “parse_ncbi_gff3” and “validate_gff3” programs (respectively) from CAT. The M. musculus reference transcript cDNA sequences were downloaded and mapped to the M. musculus draft genome with minimap2 (Li 2018) and provided to CAT as long-read RNA-seq reads in the “[ISO_SEQ_BAM]” field of the configuration file. For A. cahirinus, bulk RNA-seq data obtained from multiple pooled organs were downloaded from NCBI SRA BioProject PRJNA342864 (Bellofiore et al. 2017) and mapped to the draft assembly with STAR (Dobin et al. 2013) then provided to CAT in the “[BAMS]” field. CpG islands were identified using the cpg_lh utility from the UCSC suite of tools (Kent et al. 2002).</p>
Chromosome VCF files and 1Mb recombination rate estimations for: Fine-scale recombination rate variation and association with genomic features in a butterfly
<p>Genetic recombination is a key molecular mechanism that has profound implications on both micro- and macro-evolutionary processes. However, the determinants of recombination rate variation in holocentric organisms are poorly understood, in particular in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). The wood white butterfly (<em>Leptidea</em> <em>sinapis</em>) shows considerable intraspecific variation in chromosome numbers and is a suitable system for studying regional recombination rate variation and its potential molecular underpinnings. Here, we developed a large whole-genome resequencing data set from a population of wood whites to obtain high-resolution recombination maps using linkage disequilibrium information. The analyses revealed that larger chromosomes had a bimodal recombination landscape, potentially due to interference between simultaneous chiasmata. The recombination rate was significantly lower in subtelomeric regions, with exceptions associated with segregating chromosome rearrangements, showing that fissions and fusions can have considerable effects on the recombination landscape. There was no association between the inferred recombination rate and base composition, supporting a negligible influence of GC-biased gene conversion in butterflies. We found significant but variable associations between the recombination rate and the density of different classes of transposable elements (TEs), most notably a significant enrichment of SINEs in genomic regions with higher recombination rate. Finally, the analyses unveiled significant enrichment of genes involved in farnesyltranstransferase activity in recombination cold-spots, potentially indicating that expression of transferases can inhibit formation of chiasmata during meiotic division. Our results provide novel information about recombination rate variation in holocentric organisms and has particular implications for forthcoming research in population genetics, molecular/genome evolution and speciation.</p>
Genetic dissection of triplicated chromosome 21 orthologs yields varying skeletal traits in Down syndrome model mice
<p><span class="normaltextrun">Down syndrome (DS) phenotypes result from triplicated genes, but effects of three copy genes are not well known. A mouse mapping panel genetically dissecting human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) syntenic regions was used to investigate the contributions and interactions of triplicated Hsa21 orthologous genes on mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu16) on skeletal phenotypes. Skeletal structure and mechanical properties were assessed in femurs of male and female Dp9Tyb, Dp2Tyb, Dp3Tyb, Dp4Tyb, Dp5Tyb, Dp6Tyb, Ts1Rhr, and Dp1Tyb;<em>Dyrk1a</em><sup>+/+/-</sup> mice. Dp1Tyb mice, with the entire Hsa21 homologous region of Mmu16 triplicated, display bone deficits similar to those of humans with DS and served as a baseline for other strains in the panel. Bone phenotypes varied based on triplicated gene content, sex, and bone compartment. Three copies of <em>Dyrk1a</em> played a sex-specific, essential role in trabecular deficits and may interact with other genes to influence cortical deficits related to DS. Triplicated genes in Dp9Tyb and Dp2Tyb mice improved some skeletal parameters. As triplicated genes can both improve and worsen bone deficits, it is important to understand the interaction between and molecular mechanisms of skeletal alterations affected by these genes.</span></p>
Data for the manuscript "Ion-mediated condensation controls the mechanics of mitotic chromosomes"
<p>Data accompanying the manuscript "Ion-mediated condensation controls the mechanics of mitotic chromosomes". Each folder contians data to one set of experiments together with scripts to analyse the data and produce plots.</p>
Lacustrine speciation associated with chromosomal inversion in a lineage of riverine fishes
<p>Geographic isolation is the primary driver of speciation in many vertebrate lineages. This trend is exemplified by North American darters, a clade of freshwater fishes where nearly all sister species pairs are allopatric and separated by millions of years of divergence. One of the only exceptions is the Lake Waccamaw endemic <em>Etheostoma perlongum</em> and its riverine sister species <em>E. maculaticeps</em>, which have no physical barriers to gene flow. Here we show that lacustrine speciation of <em>E. perlongum</em> is characterized by morphological and ecological divergence likely facilitated by a large chromosomal inversion. While <em>Etheostoma perlongum</em> is phylogenetically nested within the geographically widespread <em>E. maculaticeps</em>, there is a sharp genetic and morphological break coinciding with the lake-river boundary in the Waccamaw River system. Despite recent divergence, an active hybrid zone, and ongoing gene flow, analyses using a de novo reference genome reveal a 9 Mb chromosomal inversion with elevated divergence between <em>E. perlongum</em> and <em>E. maculaticeps</em>. This region exhibits striking synteny with known inversion supergenes in two distantly related fish lineages, suggesting deep evolutionary convergence of genomic architecture. Our results illustrate that rapid, ecological speciation with gene flow is possible even in lineages where geographic isolation is the dominant mechanism of speciation.</p>
Fixed allele differences associated with the centromere reveal chromosome morphology and rearrangements in a reptile (Varanus acanthurus Boulenger)
<p>Chromosome rearrangements are often implicated with genomic divergence and are proposed to be associated with species evolution. Rearrangements alter the genomic structure and interfere with homologous recombination by isolating a portion of the genome. Integration of multi-platform next generation DNA sequencing technologies has enabled putative identification of chromosome rearrangements in many taxa, however, integrating these data sets with cytogenetics is still uncommon beyond model genetic organisms. Therefore, to achieve the ultimate goal for the genomic classification of eukaryotic organisms, physical chromosome mapping remains critical. The ridge-tailed goannas (<em>Varanus</em> <em>acanthurus</em> BOULENGER) are a group of dwarf monitor lizards comprised of several species found throughout Northern Australia. These lizards exhibit extreme divergence at both the genic and chromosomal levels. The chromosome polymorphisms are widespread extending across much of their distribution, raising the question if these polymorphisms are homologous within the <em>V. acanthurus</em> complex. We used a combined genomic and cytogenetic approach to test for homology across divergent populations with morphologically similar chromosome rearrangements. We showed that more than one chromosome pair was involved with the widespread rearrangements. This finding provides evidence to support <em>de novo</em> chromosome rearrangements have occurred within populations. These chromosome rearrangements are characterised by fixed allele differences originating in the vicinity of the centromeric region. We then compared this region with several other assembled genomes of reptiles, chicken and the platypus. We demonstrated that the synteny of genes in chordates remains conserved despite centromere repositioning across these taxa.</p>
Data from: Context-dependent thermolability of sex determination in a lacertid lizard with heteromorphic sex chromosomes
<p>Developmental conditions can profoundly impact key life history traits of the individual. In cases where offspring sex is driven by developmental reaction norms, permanent changes to the phenotype can fundamentally alter life history trajectories. Sex determination mechanisms in reptiles are remarkable diverse including well-characterized genetic and temperature-dependent sex determination. In rarer, but increasingly more commonly documented cases, sex can also be determined by a combination of the two, with temperature overriding the genetically determined sex. Thus, sex-by-temperature interactions is a mechanism that can be contextually labile, where reaction norms of sex against developmental environment might only be observable under certain conditions. We examine the effects of incubation temperature on hatchling sex in an oviparous lizard with clearly defined heteromorphic sex chromosomes presumed to determine sex solely on a genetic basis. We also test the repeatability of our results by replicating incubation experiments across three years. We show that warmer temperatures may override chromosomal sex and cause overproduction of daughters. However, this effect was inconsistent among years, with high temperature only resulting in a daughter-significant bias in one year. Warm-incubated daughters were more efficient at converting yolk into tissue, which would allow for greater resource allocation to other fitness-related processes, such as growth. This suggests that thermolabile sex determination could be a trait under selection. More energy-efficient embryos also produced faster-growing offspring, suggesting that energy utilization patterns of the embryo were maintained into the juvenile stage, which could have important implications for the ontogenetic development and evolution of life histories.</p>
Data from: Complex evolutionary processes maintain an ancient chromosomal inversion
<p>Genome re-arrangements such as chromosomal inversions are often involved in adaptation. As such, they experience natural selection, which can erode genetic variation. Thus, whether and how inversions can remain polymorphic for extended periods of time remains debated. Here we combine genomics, experiments, and evolutionary modeling to elucidate the processes maintaining an inversion polymorphism associated with the use of a challenging host plant (Redwood trees) in <em>Timema </em>stick insects. We show that the inversion is maintained by a combination of processes, finding roles for life-history trade-offs, heterozygote advantage, local adaptation to different hosts, and gene flow. We use models to show how such multi-layered regimes of balancing selection and gene flow provide resilience to help buffer populations against the loss of genetic variation, maintaining the potential for future evolution. We further show that the inversion polymorphism has persisted for millions of years and is not a result of recent introgression. We thus find that rather than being a nuisance, the complex interplay of evolutionary processes provides a mechanism for the long-term maintenance of genetic variation.</p>
The evolutionary maintenance of ancient recombining sex chromosomes in the ostrich
<p><span>Sex chromosomes have evolved repeatedly across the tree of life and often exhibit extreme size dimorphism due to genetic degeneration of the sex-limited chromosome (e.g. the W chromosome of some birds and Y chromosome of mammals). However, in some lineages, ancient sex-limited chromosomes have escaped degeneration. Here, we study the evolutionary maintenance of sex chromosomes in the ostrich (<em>Struthio</em> <em>camelus</em>), where the W remains 65% the size of the Z chromosome, despite being more than 100 million years old. Using genome-wide resequencing data, we show that the population-scaled recombination rate of the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is higher than similar-sized autosomes and is correlated with pedigree-based recombination rate in the heterogametic females</span><span>,</span><span> but not homogametic males. Genetic variation within the sex-linked region (SLR) (π = 0.001) was significantly lower than in the PAR, </span><span>consistent with recombination cessation. Conversely, genetic variation </span><span>across the PAR (π = 0.0016) was similar to that of autosomes and dependent on local recombination rates, GC content, and to a lesser extent, gene density. In particular, the region close to the SLR was as genetically diverse as autosomes, likely due to high recombination rates around the PAR boundary restricting genetic linkage with the SLR to only ~50Kb. The potential for alleles with antagonistic fitness effects in males and females to drive chromosome degeneration is therefore limited. While some regions of the PAR had divergent male-female allele frequencies, suggestive of sexually antagonistic alleles, coalescent simulations showed this was broadly consistent with neutral genetic processes. Our results indicate that the degeneration of the large and ancient sex chromosomes of the ostrich may have been slowed by high recombination in the female PAR, reducing the scope for the accumulation of sexually antagonistic variation to generate selection for recombination cessation.</span></p>
Chromosome-level assemblies of the Pieris mannii butterfly genome suggest Z-origin and rapid evolution of the W chromosome
<p><span>The insect order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) represents the largest group of organisms with ZW/ZZ sex determination. While the origin of the Z chromosome predates the evolution of the Lepidoptera, the W chromosomes are considered younger, but their origin is debated. To shed light on the origin of the lepidopteran W, we here produce chromosome-level genome assemblies for the butterfly <em>Pieris</em> <em>mannii</em>, and compare the sex chromosomes within and between <em>P. mannii </em>and its sister species <em>P. rapae</em>. Our analyses clearly indicate a common origin of the W chromosomes of the two <em>Pieris</em> species, and reveal similarity between the Z and W in chromosome sequence and structure. This supports the view that the W in these species originates from Z-autosome fusion rather than from a redundant B chromosome. We further demonstrate the extremely rapid evolution of the W relative to the other chromosomes and argue that this may preclude reliable conclusions about the origins of W chromosomes based on comparisons among distantly related Lepidoptera. Finally, we find that sequence similarity between the Z and W chromosomes is greatest toward the chromosome ends, perhaps reflecting selection for the maintenance of recognition sites essential to chromosome segregation. Our study highlights the utility of long-read sequencing technology for illuminating chromosome evolution.</span></p>
processed single-cell data from "Cancer cell non-autonomous tumor progression from chromosomal instability"
<p>The h5ad files can be used as processed scRNA-seq input to the ContactTracing code (https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/625036312).</p> <p>There is one file for the highCIN/lowCIN comparison, and another for the highCIN/noSTING comparison.</p>
Chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera
<p>Supplementary data sets associated with the manuscript 'Chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera'.</p> <p><strong>repeat_libraries_all_species.zip</strong> - Repeat libraries for each of the 209 Lepidopteran and 4 Trichopteran species analysed with Earl Grey. Supplied in fasta format.</p> <p><strong>repeat_annotation_gffs_all_species.zip </strong>- Repeat annotations for each of the 209 Lepidopteran and 4 Trichopteran species annotated with Earl Grey. Supplied in gff format.</p> <p><strong>phylogeny_210Leps_5Trichop.treefile </strong>- Lepidopteran<em> </em>species tree in newick format from IQ-TREE. </p> <p><strong>orthologs2Merian_elements_all_species.zip -</strong> tsv files containing assignments of orthologues to Merian elements for each of the 210 Lepidopteran and 4 Trichopteran species analysed.</p> <p><strong>merian_paints_all_species.zip </strong>- PDF files displaying Merian elements painted across the chromosomes of each analysed species.</p> <p><strong>merian_paints_all_species_differences_only.zip </strong>- PDF files displaying Merian elements painted across the chromosomes of each analysed species. Orthologues that belong the 'dominant' Merian element for a given chromosome are painted grey while all other orthologues are painted by Merian element identity. </p>
Data from: Limited evidence for extensive genetic differentiation between X and Y chromosomes in Hybognathus amarus (Cypriniformes:Leuciscidae)
<p>We used Nextera-tagmented reductively amplified DNA (nextRAD) sequencing data to discover SNPs in Rio Grande silvery minnow samples of known and unknown sex; and we produced two contig level genomes from<span> Nanopore long-read sequencing. </span><span>Raw NextRAD was aligned to each of the genomes. </span><span>Subsequent SNP calling and filtering were repeated independently to obtain two datasets, one using the female genome as reference (female-referenced dataset) and another using the male genome (male-referenced dataset). The SNP calling identified 4.46 M raw variants in female-referenced dataset and of these 16,714 biallelic SNPs were retained after all filtering steps. For this set of SNPs, the average depth of coverage for the retained 64 females was 35.81 (ranging from 8.94 to 86.88) and 33.14 for the retained 53 males (ranging from 18.93 to 65.56). When using the male genome as reference we obtained 3.77 M raw variants and 17,920 biallelic SNPs. In this case the average depth of coverage for the same 64 females was 36.01 (ranging from 8.99 to 87.34) and for the same 53 males was 33.36 (ranging from 19.23 to 66.27).</span></p>
Supporting information for: Integrating morphological, molecular, and cytogenetic data for F2 sea turtle hybrids diagnosis revealed balanced chromosomal sets
<p><span>Hybridization could be considered part of the evolutionary history of many species. The hybridization among sea turtle species on the Brazilian coast is atypical and occurs where nesting areas and reproductive seasons overlap. Integrated analysis of morphology and genetics is still scarce, and there is no evidence of the parental chromosome set distribution in sea turtle interspecific hybrids. In this study, chromosome markers previously established for pure sea turtle species were combined with morphological and molecular analyses aiming to recognize genetic composition and chromosome sets in possible interspecific hybrids initially identified by mixed morphology. The data showed that one hybrid could be an F<sub>2</sub> individual among <em>Caretta caretta </em>× <em>Eretmochelys</em> <em>imbricata</em> × <em>Chelonia</em> <em>mydas</em>, and another is resulting from backcross between <em>C. caretta </em>× <em>Lepidochelys</em> <em>olivacea</em>. Native alleles of different parental lineages were reported in the hybrids, and, despite this, it was verified that the hybrid chromosome sets were still balanced. Thus, how sea turtle hybridism can affect genetic features in the long term is a concern, as the implications of the crossing-over in hybrid chromosomal sets and the effects on genetic function are still unpredictable. </span></p>
X chromosome drive is constrained by sexual selection and influences ornament evolution
<p>Experimental evolution provides an integrative method for revealing complex interactions among evolutionary processes. One such interaction involves sex-linked selfish genetic elements and sexual selection. X-linked segregation distorters, a type of selfish genetic element, influence sperm transmission to increase in frequency and consequently alter the population sex ratio and the opportunity for sexual selection, while sexual selection may impact the spread of X-linked distorters. Here we manipulated sexual selection by controlling female mating opportunities and the presence of a distorting X chromosome in experimental lines of the stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni , over 11 generations . We find that removal of sexual selection leads to an increase in the frequency of the X-linked distorter and sex ratio across generations and that post-copulatory sexual selection alone is sufficient to limit the frequency of distorters. In addition, we find that male eyestalk length, a trait under pre-copulatory sexual selection, evolves in response to changes in the strength of sexual selection with the magnitude of the response dependent on X chromosome type and the frequency of distorting X chromosomes. These results reveal how a selfish X can interact with sexual selection to influence the evolution of sexually selected traits in multiple ways.</p>
Reinterpretation of Max Planck Neanderthal Y chromosome study
<p>Genetic datasets and Python scripts used to analyze them.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.