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Data from: Plant–insect interactions: double-dating associated insect and plant lineages reveals asynchronous radiations
An increasing number of plant-insect studies using phylogenetic analysis suggest that cospeciation events are rare in plant–insect systems. Instead, nonrandom patterns of phylogenetic congruence are produced by phylogenetically conserved host switching (to related plants) or tracking of particular resources or traits (e.g., chemical). The dominance of host switching in many phytophagous insect groups may make the detection of genuine cospeciation events difficult. One important test of putative cospeciation events is to verify whether reciprocal speciation is temporally plausible. We explored techniques for double-dating of both plant and insect phylogenies. We use dated molecular phylogenies of a psyllid (Hemiptera)–Genisteae (Fabaceae) system, a predominantly monophagous insect–plant association widespread on the Atlantic Macaronesian islands. Phylogenetic reconciliation analysis suggests high levels of parallel cladogenesis between legumes and psyllids. However, dating using molecular clocks calibrated on known geological ages of the Macaronesian islands revealed that the legume and psyllid radiations were not contemporaneous but sequential. Whereas the main plant radiation occurred some 8 million years ago, the insect radiation occurred about 3 million years ago. We estimated that >60% of the psyllid speciation has resulted from host switching between related hosts. The only evidence for true cospeciation is in the much more recent and localized radiation of genistoid legumes in the Canary Islands, where the psyllid and legume radiations have been partially contemporaneous. The identification of specific cospeciation events over this time period, however, is hindered by the phylogenetic uncertainty in both legume and psyllid phylogenies due to the apparent rapidity of the species radiations.
Medieval Date, Via Talassese, Arcidosso
A carved Medieval date on a wall stone on Via Talassese, Arcidosso, Grosseto, Tuscany. The meaning of this inscription is unknown but probalby is a date "giorno decimo del 1594" - or 1509 (day ten of 1594 or 1509) and the symbol on the right is a shoemaker knife, with iconographic references to be found in a fresco dated to the 15th c. from Santa Maria Maggiore church in Sovana. Model was created in Reality Capture using 33 photographs. The Mt. Amiata Project is an ongoing GDH collaboration involving faculty and students at the University of Florence and the University of Siena. We could not have done this project without the considerable support of the Municipality of Arcidosso. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 2 in Publication and dating of the two " Bulletins " of the Société Entomologique de France (1873 1894)
FIGURE 2. First page of issue number 24 of the Bulletin Bimensuel for 1879 (= consecutive issue number 161) showing format for identifying marks of year and issue numbers.
FIGURE 1 in Publication and dating of the two " Bulletins " of the Société Entomologique de France (1873 1894)
FIGURE 1. First page of issue number 24 of the Bulletin Bimensuel for 1876 (= consecutive issue number 90) showing format for identifying marks of year and issue numbers.
FIGURE 2. Tenuipalpus omani n in A new flat mite (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae) from date palm in the Sultanate of Oman
FIGURE 2. Tenuipalpus omani n. sp., male. A, Dorsum of idiosoma; B, venter of idiosoma; C, dorsum of leg I; D, venter of leg I; E, dorsum of leg II; F, venter of leg II; G, dorsum of leg III; H, venter of leg III; I, dorsum of leg IV; J, venter of leg IV.
FIGURE 1. Tenuipalpus omani n in A new flat mite (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae) from date palm in the Sultanate of Oman
FIGURE 1. Tenuipalpus omani n. sp., female. A, Venter of gnathosoma; B, dorsum of idiosoma; C, venter of idiosoma; D, dorsum of leg I; E, venter of leg I; F, dorsum of leg II; G, venter of leg II; H, dorsum of leg III; I, venter of leg III; J, dorsum of leg IV; K, venter of leg IV.
FIGURE 1 in Names and publication dates of the Brachyura in F. É. Guérin (Guérin-Méneville) (Crustacea: Decapoda)
FIGURE 1. Examples of two plates from the Iconographie du Règne animal (Guérin-Méneville 1829–1837: pls. 1 and 2): A, plate 1 of the Iconographie du Règne animal (Guérin-Méneville 1829–1837) in which Matuta peronii Leach, 1817, Orythia mamillaris [sic] (Fabricius, 1793), Podophtalmus [sic] vigil (Fabricius, 1798), and Thalamites admete (Herbst, 1803), are figured (top to bottom); B, plate 2 of the same in which Cancer rhumphii Guérin, 1829, Atelecyclus cruentatus Desmarest, 1825, and Thia polita Leach, 1816, are figured (top to bottom). The names Thalamites and Cancer rhumphii are considered to have been made available in these two plates (see text for discussion). Images from a work no longer in copyright available at the Biodiversity Heritage Library [http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6255].
FIGURE 1 in The Decapoda described by Henri Filhol: checklist and dates of publication (Crustacea: Anomura, Brachyura, Caridea)
FIGURE 1. Examples from two works published by Henri Filhol in 1885. A, the title-page of La vie au fond des mers (Filhol 1885k). B, plate 45 from the Passage de Vénus sur le Soleil (Filhol 1885j). Images from works no longer in copyright: A, digitised by the Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org); B, digitised by Google Books (http://www.books.google.com).
FIGURE 1 in A short biography of Hubert Ludwig and a note on the publication dates of his monograph Die Seewalzen (1889 – 1892)
FIGURE 1. Hubert Jakob Ludwig (1852–1913), German echinodermologist (about 1880) [MfN: HBSB_B I/271].
FIGURE 2 in A short biography of Hubert Ludwig and a note on the publication dates of his monograph Die Seewalzen (1889 – 1892)
FIGURE 2. Title page with merged publication dates (1889–1892) and Plate VI of Hubert Ludwig's Die Seewalzen, including the entry (ex libris stamp) of the former owners, the Swiss naturalists (Carl Friedrich) Fritz (1859–1942) and Paul Benedict (1856–1929) Sarasin [MRM].
FIGURE 3 in A short biography of Hubert Ludwig and a note on the publication dates of his monograph Die Seewalzen (1889 – 1892)
FIGURE 3. Selection of title pages of individual parts (fascicle 1, fascicle 2/3, fascicle 13/14) of Hubert Ludwig's Die Seewalzen. Single parts were distributed by the author or on behalf of the author through the publisher C. F. Winter (Leipzig and Heidelberg, Germany). Copies formerly in the private library of the German zoologist Karl August Möbius (1825–1908) [MRM].
FIGURES 135–140 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 135–140. Cebrennus rechenbergi spec. nov., female from Erg Chebbi, Morocco, entering the tube through a semicircular slit in the silken lid. Photos: I. Rechenberg.
FIGURES 109–117 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 109–117. Cebrennus rechenbergi spec. nov., males from Erg Chebbi, Morocco (109 holotype, 110 PJ 3395, 111–117 PJ 3407). 109–115 Left male palp (109–111 ventral, 112 retrolateral, 113 bulb, prolateral, 114 tibia, dorsal, 115 distal femur, retrolatero-dorsal); 116 Cheliceral dentition, ventral; 117 Eye arrangement, dorsal. DE—distal part of embolus, here developed as coil, FA—femoral apophysis, K—embolic kink, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURE 172 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURE 172. Cebrennus clerckii (Audouin, 1826) from Egypt or Israel, holotype (female?) (from Audouin 1826: habitus, leg claws, prosoma, eye arrangement, and mouthparts).
FIGURES 141–146. Cebrennus rechenbergi spec. nov. from Erg Chebbi, Morocco. 141–144 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 141–146. Cebrennus rechenbergi spec. nov. from Erg Chebbi, Morocco. 141–144 Copulation (141–142 on sand, 143–144 in grass); 145 Threatening behaviour; 146 Habitat with mobile research station of Ingo Rechenberg. Photos: I. Rechenberg.
FIGURES 105–108. Cebrennus laurae spec. nov., holotype male from Canary Islands. 105–106 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 105–108. Cebrennus laurae spec. nov., holotype male from Canary Islands. 105–106 Left male palp (105 ventral, 106 retrolateral); 107 Cheliceral dentition, ventral; 108 Eye arrangement, dorsal. DE—distal part of embolus, here developed as coil, K—embolic kink, PE—proximal part of embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURES 77–87 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 77–87. Cebrennus spp., eye arrangement, dorsal. 77–81 Cebrennus wagae (Simon, 1874) (77 female from Algeria, 78 female from Malta, 79 male from Tunisia, 80 female from Tunisia, 81 male from Libya); 82–86 Cebrennus aethiopicus Simon, 1880 (82 male from "A Sefza", 83 female from Eritrea, 84 female from A Sefza?, 85 female from Eritrea, 86 male from Sudan); 87 Cebrennus flagellatus spec. nov., holotype male from Afghanistan.
FIGURES 36–43. 36–38 Cebrennus castaneitarsis Simon, 1880 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 36–43. 36–38 Cebrennus castaneitarsis Simon, 1880, females from Wahran, Algeria or Casablanca, N Morocco (see note in text); 39–41 Cebrennus spec. B, female from Aouinet Torkoz, S Morocco; 42–44 Cebrennus wagae (Simon, 1874), female from Algier, Algeria. 36, 38–39, 42 Epigyne, ventral; 37, 40, 43 Vulva, dorsal; 41, 44 Schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal. GA—glandular appendages, LR—lateral ridge, MA—membranous atrium.
FIGURES 12–17. 12–13 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 12–17. 12–13 Cebrennus rungsi Jäger, 2000, males from Anti-Atlas, Morocco; 14 Cebrennus spec. A, male from Beni Abbes Algeria; 15–17 Cebrennus castaneitarsis Simon, 1880, males (15 Algeria, 16–17 holotype male from Wahran, Algeria). Left male palp (12–16 ventral, 17 retrolateral). DE—distal part of embolus, K—embolic kink, PE—proximal part of embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURES 24–29. Cebrennus aethiopicus Simon, 1880 in Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae): a revisionary up-date with the description of four new species and an updated identification key for all species
FIGURES 24–29. Cebrennus aethiopicus Simon, 1880, males (24–25 holotype male, Massaua, Eritrea, 26–27 Djibouti, 28–29 "A Sefza"). Left male palp (24, 26, 28 ventral, 25, 27, 29 retrolateral). EB—embolus base.
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