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Data from: Experimentally evolved and phenotypically plastic responses to enforced monogamy in a hermaphroditic flatworm
Sexual selection is considered a potent evolutionary force in all sexually reproducing organisms, but direct tests in terms of experimental evolution of sexual traits are still lacking for simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Here, we tested how evolution under enforced monogamy affected a suite of reproductive traits (including testis area, sex allocation, genital morphology, sperm morphology and mating behaviour) in the outcrossing hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano, using an assay that also allowed the assessment of phenotypically plastic responses to group size. The experiment comprised 32 independent selection lines that evolved under either monogamy or polygamy for 20 generations. While we did not observe an evolutionary shift in sex allocation, we detected effects of the selection regime for two male morphological traits. Specifically, worms evolving under enforced monogamy had a distinct shape of the male copulatory organ and produced sperm with shorter appendages. Many traits that did not evolve under enforced monogamy showed phenotypic plasticity in response to group size. Notably, individuals that grew up in larger groups had a more male-biased sex allocation and produced slightly longer sperm than individuals raised in pairs. We conclude that, in this flatworm, enforced monogamy induced moderate evolutionary but substantial phenotypically plastic responses.
FIGURE 1 in Biodiversity of intertidal marine flatworms (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes) in southeastern Australia
FIGURE 1. Map showing locations where polyclads have been collected during the present study.
Figure 3 from: Vanhove M, Tessens B, Schoelinck C, Jondelius U, Littlewood T, Artois T, Huyse T (2013) Problematic barcoding in flatworms: A case-study on monogeneans and rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes). ZooKeys 365: 355-379. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.365.5776
Figure 3 - Pairwise distance (K2P) distributions of intra- and interspecific sequence divergences for the COI gene in Diplectanidae (A), 28S rDNA region in Diplectanidae (B), the COII gene in Gyrodactylus (C), the COI gene in Gyrodactylus (D), the ITS rDNA region in Gyrodactylus (E), the 28S rDNA region in Gieysztoria (F) and the ITS – 5.8S – ITS2 rDNA region in Gieysztoria (G).
Figure 2 from: Vanhove M, Tessens B, Schoelinck C, Jondelius U, Littlewood T, Artois T, Huyse T (2013) Problematic barcoding in flatworms: A case-study on monogeneans and rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes). ZooKeys 365: 355-379. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.365.5776
Figure 2 - Neighbour-Joining tree based on Kimura 2-parameter (Kimura 1980) distances for COI DNA sequences for 100 clones from 27 rhabdocoel species, five flatworm COI sequences available from GenBank and 31 reference COI sequences from taxa that are potential food sources for rhabdocoels. The clade with platyhelminth sequences is indicated in gray.
Figure 4 from: Vanhove M, Tessens B, Schoelinck C, Jondelius U, Littlewood T, Artois T, Huyse T (2013) Problematic barcoding in flatworms: A case-study on monogeneans and rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes). ZooKeys 365: 355-379. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.365.5776
Figure 4 - Optimum threshold defined by the intersection between the cumulative frequency distribution curves of the intraspecific (purple) and the interspecific (yellow) pairwise distances for the COI gene in Diplectanidae (A), 28S rDNA region in Diplectanidae (B), the COII gene in Gyrodactylus (C), the COI gene in Gyrodactylus (D), the ITS rDNA region in Gyrodactylus (E).
Figure 1 from: Vanhove M, Tessens B, Schoelinck C, Jondelius U, Littlewood T, Artois T, Huyse T (2013) Problematic barcoding in flatworms: A case-study on monogeneans and rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes). ZooKeys 365: 355-379. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.365.5776
Figure 1 - Fragments of an alignment of complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes, as amino acids, for a diversity of metazoan taxa indicating the positions of the Folmer et al. (1994) primers. Shading indicates sequence identity to a consensus sequence calculated where > 50% taxa share amino acid identity at any position. All data available from MitoZoa database (Lupi et al. 2010). Vertical bar indicates platyhelminth taxa; black indicates 'turbellarians', grey indicates neodermatans.
Figures 4-6 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figures 4-6 - Girardia multidiverticulata: 4 photograph of a live specimen in ventral view soon after sampling 5 photograph of a live specimen, in ventral view, fed at the laboratory 6 photograph of a preserved specimen in ventral view. The tip of the pharynx is protruded (arrow) through the mouth. Scale bar for the Fig. 4 not available.
Figures 7-10 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figures 7-10 - Girardia multidiverticulata, holotype in sagittal section: 7–8 dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, respectively 9–10 anterior and posterior tips of the body, respectively.
Figures 1-3 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figures 1-3 - Type-locality of Girardia multidiverticulata: 1 location of the "Buraco do Bicho" cave, in Bodoquena Plateau, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, showing the range of limestone outcrops and the adjacent "Serra da Bodoquena" National Park 2 schematical drawing of the "Buraco do Bicho" cave from where the flatworms were sampled 3 cave entrance (arrow).
Figure 14 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figure 14 - Girardia multidiverticulata: sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype.
Figures 11-13 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figures 11-13 - Girardia multidiverticulata, holotype in sagittal section: 11 pharynx in general view 12 detail of pharyngeal musculature and glands 13 detail of the esophagus.
Figures 21-26 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figures 21-26 - Girardia multidiverticulata, holotype in sagittal section (21–23); paratypes MZU PL.00186 in transverse section (24) and MZU PL.00184 in sagittal section (25–26): 21 detail of the copulatory bursa and its canal 22 detail of the proximal part of the female atrium 23 gonoduct 24 protruded penis papilla 25–26 male copulatory organs.
Figures 15-20 from: de Souza ST, Morais ALM, Cordeiro LM, Leal-Zanchet AM (2015) The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America. ZooKeys 470: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728
Figures 15-20 - Girardia multidiverticulata, holotype in sagittal section: 15 testes in the anterior body region 16 detail of the opening of a sperm duct into a diverticulum of the bulbar cavity 17–18 copulatory apparatus in general view 19 detail of the male copulatory organs 20 ovary.
FIGURE 2 in The invasive alien freshwater FLatworm Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in Western Europe: new insights into its morphology, karyology and reproductive biology
FIGURE 2 Girardia tigrina from Liguria. Photomicrographs of the pharynx; sagittal sections (anterior to the left). A. ZMA V.Pl. 7283.1, mouth opening located at the hind end of the pharyngeal pocket; B. CGAS Pla 18.1, mouth opening located at about 1/6 of the distance between the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch and the root of the pharynx; C. CGAS Pla 18.2, mouth opening located about at 1/4 of the distance between the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch and the root of the pharynx.
Data from: A targeted in situ hybridization screen identifies putative seminal fluid proteins in a simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm
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Data from: Experimentally evolved and phenotypically plastic responses to enforced monogamy in a hermaphroditic flatworm
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Seminal fluid-mediated fitness effects in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano
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Data from: Indirect genetic effects and sexual conflicts: Partner genotype influences multiple morphological and behavioural reproductive traits in a flatworm
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Data from: Occurrence, costs and heritability of delayed selfing in a free-living flatworm
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The miRNome of Fasciola hepatica juveniles endorse the existence of a reduced set of highly divergent miRNAs in parasitic flatworms.
GEO Series GSE66490. Fasciola hepatica. 1 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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