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Figures 6–8 in Redescription of the Allomyia renoa (Milne) female and association and description of the male and larva (Trichoptera: Apataniidae)
Figures 6–8. Allomyia renoa (Milne). 6–7) Female genitalia, scale line = 0.2 mm. 6) Lateral. 7) Ventral. 8) Pupal hook plates. Abbreviations: spr = supragenital plate; spr.sct = spermathecal sclerite; ssc.o = spermathecal opening; IXt = tergum IX; Xt = tergum X; III–VII = abdominal terga III through VII; a = anterior; p = posterior.
Data from: Sexual selection on male but not female function in monoecious and dioecious populations of broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
<p class="MsoNormal">Direct measures of sexual selection in plants are rare and complicated by modular growth. Because of modularity, instantaneous measures of fitness scale with size, but size variation in plants is largely non-heritable, obscuring patterns of selection on heritable variation. We measured the magnitude of sexual selection in a monoecious and a dioecious population of the clonal plant <em>Sagittaria latifolia</em> using Bateman gradients (<em>ß<sub>ss</sub></em>). These gradients were calculated using parentage analysis and residual regression to account for the effects of shoot and clone size on mating and reproductive success. In both populations: (i) mating via male function was associated with greater promiscuity; and (ii) <em>ß</em><sub>ss</sub> were positive, with significant associations between mating and reproductive success for male but not female function. Moreover, estimated <em>ß</em><sub>ss</sub> were similar for the monoecious and dioecious populations, possibly because non-overlapping female and male sex phases in hermaphroditic <em>S. latifolia </em>reduces the scope for interference between sex functions during mating. This study builds on previous studies of selection on plant mating traits, and of sexual selection under experimental conditions by showing that sexual selection can operate in natural populations of plants, including populations of hermaphrodites.</p>
Data for: Skin bacterial microbiome diversity predicts lower activity levels in female, but not male, guppies, Poecilia reticulata
<p>While the link between the gut microbiome and host behaviour is well established, how the microbiomes of other organs correlate with behaviour remains unclear. Additionally, behaviour–microbiome correlations are likely sex-specific because of sex differences in behaviour and physiology, but this is rarely tested. Here, we tested whether the skin microbiome of the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata , predicts fish activity level and shoaling tendency in a sex-specific manner. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the bacterial community richness on the skin (Faith's phylogenetic diversity) was correlated with both behaviours differently between males and females. Females with richer skin-associated bacterial communities spent less time actively swimming. Activity level was significantly correlated with community membership (unweighted UniFrac), with the relative abundances of 16 bacterial taxa significantly negatively correlated with activity level. We found no association between skin microbiome and behaviours among male fish. This sex-specific relationship between the skin microbiome and host behaviour may indicate sex-specific physiological interactions with the skin microbiome. More broadly, sex specificity in host–microbiome interactions could give insight into the forces shaping the microbiome and its role in the evolutionary ecology of the host.</p>
Evidence for stronger sexual selection in males than females using an adapted method of Bateman's classic study of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Bateman’s principle, originally a test of Darwin’s theoretical ideas, has since become fundamental to sexual selection theory and vital to contextualising the role of anisogamy and the operational sex ratio in sex differences in both reproductive competition and precopulatory sexual selection. Despite this, Bateman’s principle has received substantial criticism, and researchers have highlighted both statistical and methodological errors, suggesting that Bateman’s original experiment contains too much sampling bias for there to be any evidence of sexual selection. This study uses Bateman’s original method as a template, accounting for two fundamental flaws in his original experiments, (i) viability effects and (ii) a lack of mating behaviour observation. Experimental populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> consisted of wild-type focal individuals and non-focal individuals established by backcrossing the brown eye (<em>bw<sup>-</sup></em>) eye-colour marker. Mating assays included direct observation of mating behaviour and subsequently, total number of offspring were counted, to obtain measures of mating success, reproductive success, and standardised variance measures based on Bateman’s principle. The results provide observational support for Bateman’s principle, particularly that (i) males had significantly more variation in number of mates compared to females and (ii) males had significantly more individual variation in total number of offspring. We also find significantly steeper Bateman gradient for males compared to females, suggesting that sexual selection is operating more intensely in males. However, female remating was limited, providing the opportunity for future study to further explore female reproductive success in correlation with higher levels of remating.</p>
Early-life food stress hits females harder than males in insects: a meta-analysis of sex differences in environmental sensitivity
<p><span>Fitness consequences of early-life environmental conditions are often sex-specific, but corresponding evidence for invertebrates remains inconclusive. Here we use meta-analysis to evaluate sex-specific sensitivity to early-life nutritional conditions in insects. Using literature-derived data for 85 species with broad phylogenetic and ecological coverage, we show that </span><span>females are generally more sensitive to food stress than males. Stressful nutritional conditions during development typically lead to female-biased mortality and thus increasingly male-biased sex ratios of emerging adults. We further demonstrate that the general trend of higher sensitivity to food stress in females can primarily be attributed to their typically larger body size in insects and hence higher energy needs during development. By contrast, there is no consistent evidence of sex-biased sensitivity in sexually size-monomorphic species. Drawing conclusions regarding sex-biased sensitivity in species with male-biased size dimorphism remains to wait for the accumulation of relevant data. Our results suggest that environmental conditions leading to elevated juvenile mortality may potentially affect the performance of insect populations further by reducing the proportion of females among individuals reaching reproductive age. Accounting for sex-biased mortality is therefore essential to understanding the dynamics and demography of insect populations, not least importantly in the context of ongoing insect declines.</span></p>
A trans-African migrant shows repeatable route choice in males and repeatable timing in females
<p>Migrant bird populations often show substantial variation in route choice and timing. Determining whether this population-level variation is driven by between-individual differences and/or flexibility within individuals is key to identifying drivers of migration patterns. 'Repeatability' (R, the proportion of population-level variation attributable to between-individual variation) has become a central metric for the relative consistency of individual behaviour. Individual repeatability in migratory route choice and timing is often reported to vary between seasonal and regional contexts and may also differ between demographic groups (e.g. sexes), but interpreting repeatability requires careful consideration of the underlying changes in between- and within-individual variation. We GPS-tracked repeat migrations for eight male and five female Eleonora's falcons <em>Falco eleonorae</em> and quantified the magnitude of within- and between-individual variation and the individual repeatability of their seasonal routes and timing at 100km intervals all across Africa. We did this across both sexes and then separately for males and females. We found greater between-individual variation in spring routes, albeit with substantial regional fluctuations in both seasons. The greatest between-individual variation in routes occurred during the spring desert-crossing, but this coincided with high within-individual variation, and thus only low repeatability of route choice. Route repeatability instead peaked (R = 0.6–0.8) through the Horn of Africa in spring and during the rainforest-crossing in autumn. Variation and repeatability of timing were stable across regions, with generally higher between-individual variation and repeatability in spring. Sex-specific analyses suggest males exhibit higher route repeatability, while females exhibit stronger seasonal contrasts in timing repeatability. Such sex differences were unexpected, but overall, between-individual variation and repeatability in routes and timings appear greater where environmental and annual cycle constraints are weaker. Route repeatability is especially high where falcons show fidelity to stop-over sites, or individual barrier-crossing preferences. Individual routines may be acquired through early-life exploration-refinement.</p>
Data from: Female preference for males with lower pattern contrast follows Weber's law of proportional processing in an ornate jumping spider
<p>According to Weber's law of proportional processing, perceptual discrimination between stimuli of different magnitudes is based on their proportional differences in magnitude (not absolute differences). Proportional processing operates in various sensory modalities and behavioural contexts. However, whether female mate preference for colour patterns in animals follows Weber's law of proportional processing remains untested. </p> <p>We addressed this research gap using the jade jumping spider, <em>Siler semiglaucus</em>, whose males exhibit remarkable sexually selected colour patterns and whose females show preferences for males with low abdomen pattern contrast (pattern contrast is defined as the spatial feature of the relative abundance of two adjacent colour patches). By manipulating the dorsal abdomen colour patterns of <em>S. semiglaucus</em> males, we created males with varying abdomen pattern contrasts. We then assessed female preference for males that varied in both absolute and proportional differences in pattern contrast.</p> <p>We found that females preferred males with lower abdomen pattern contrasts and discriminated between males based on both absolute and proportional differences in pattern contrast. While proportional difference alone was not a significant predictor of female mate choice, discrimination based on proportional difference, coupled with absolute difference had a greater influence on female mate preference than absolute difference alone. </p> <p>Hence, our findings suggest that <em>S. semiglaucus</em> female preference for males with lower pattern contrast follows Weber's law, and female discrimination may have the potential to limit the exaggeration of sexually selected colour patterns. </p>
FIGS. 286–296. Orus. 286–295. Orus rubens. 286. Head. 287. Prothorax. 288. Labrum, male. 289. Tergites IX, X, female. 290. Lateral gonocoxal plates. 291. Sternite IX, male. 292. Tergites IX, X, male. 293. Labrum, female. 294–295. Mandibles, dorsal. 296 in Generic Revisions Of The Scopaeina And The Sphaeronina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini)
FIGS. 286–296. Orus. 286–295. Orus rubens. 286. Head. 287. Prothorax. 288. Labrum, male. 289. Tergites IX, X, female. 290. Lateral gonocoxal plates. 291. Sternite IX, male. 292. Tergites IX, X, male. 293. Labrum, female. 294–295. Mandibles, dorsal. 296. Orus dentiger, labrum, female.
- Enchodelus (Enchodelus) microdoroides (A) Entire female. (B) Entire male, Clã! Ã Fig.2 I IÉ' B' In' (C) Head end. (D) Head end (dorsoventral), (E) Head end showing amphid. (F) Expanded part of oesophagus, (G) Posterior female sexual branch, (H & I) Female tail ends, (J) Male tail end, (K) Spicule. in A REVIEW OF THE GENUS ENCHODELUS THORNE, 1939 WITH DESCRIPTIONS -OF SPECIES FROM INDIA
- Enchodelus (Enchodelus) microdoroides (A) Entire female. (B) Entire male, Clã! Ã Fig.2 I IÉ' B' In' (C) Head end. (D) Head end (dorsoventral), (E) Head end showing amphid. (F) Expanded part of oesophagus, (G) Posterior female sexual branch, (H & I) Female tail ends, (J) Male tail end, (K) Spicule.
Ú-ÑI Ê Fig. 5 - Enchodelus (Paraenchodelus) constrictus (A) Entire female, (B) Entire male, (C) Head end, (D) Head end showing amphid. (E) Expanded part of oesophagus. (F) Posterior female sexual branch. (G & H) Female tail ends. (î) \Ãolnftail Dflfı Ü) Spicule. in A REVIEW OF THE GENUS ENCHODELUS THORNE, 1939 WITH DESCRIPTIONS -OF SPECIES FROM INDIA
Ú-ÑI Ê Fig. 5 - Enchodelus (Paraenchodelus) constrictus (A) Entire female, (B) Entire male, (C) Head end, (D) Head end showing amphid. (E) Expanded part of oesophagus. (F) Posterior female sexual branch. (G & H) Female tail ends. (î) \Ãolnftail Dflfı Ü) Spicule.
Рис. 1–7. Новые ΑΛя фауны России и маΛоизвестные виΑы жуков-ΑоΛгоносиков. 1–3 – Cionus rossicus: 1 – самец, 2 – эΑеагус, 3 – самка; 4 – Cionus gebleri; 5 – Mecinus janthiniformis; 6 – Smicronyx robustus; 7 – Smicronyx albopictus. Figs 1–7. New to the fauna of Russia and little known species of weevils. 1–3 – Cionus rossicus: 1 – male, 2 – aedeagus, 3 – female; 4 – Cionus gebleri; 5 – Mecinus janthiniformis; 6 – Smicronyx robustus; 7 – Smicronyx albopictus. in Interesting records of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) in the steppe zone of the European part of Russia and the Urals
Рис. 1–7. Новые ΑΛя фауны России и маΛоизвестные виΑы жуков-ΑоΛгоносиков. 1–3 – Cionus rossicus: 1 – самец, 2 – эΑеагус, 3 – самка; 4 – Cionus gebleri; 5 – Mecinus janthiniformis; 6 – Smicronyx robustus; 7 – Smicronyx albopictus. Figs 1–7. New to the fauna of Russia and little known species of weevils. 1–3 – Cionus rossicus: 1 – male, 2 – aedeagus, 3 – female; 4 – Cionus gebleri; 5 – Mecinus janthiniformis; 6 – Smicronyx robustus; 7 – Smicronyx albopictus.
Рис 1–4. Stomaphis wojciechowskii, внешний виΔ. 1, 2 – бескрыΛая живороΔящая самка; 3, 4 – неотенический самец. Figs 1–4. Stomaphis wojciechowskii, habitus. 1, 2 – apterous viviparous female; 3, 4 – neotenic male. in Stomaphis wojciechowskii Depa, 2012 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) - a new record of aphids in the fauna of Belarus
Рис 1–4. Stomaphis wojciechowskii, внешний виΔ. 1, 2 – бескрыΛая живороΔящая самка; 3, 4 – неотенический самец. Figs 1–4. Stomaphis wojciechowskii, habitus. 1, 2 – apterous viviparous female; 3, 4 – neotenic male.
Figure 1 in The first description of male of Raphignathus arcus Akyol (Acari: Raphignathidae) and a variation in the number of genital setae of its a female
Figure 1. Raphignathus arcus Akyol (male): A. Dorsal view of idiosoma, B. Ventral view of idiosoma, C. Leg I, D. Leg II, E. Leg III, F. Leg IV, G. Palp, H. Abnormal genital setae of female of R. arcus.
Sex differences in the song circuit and song acoustic complexity in male and female house wrens
<p>In this study, we compared neural song circuit morphology to singing behavior recorded in the field for 17 male and 18 female house wrens. The acoustic complexity of house wren songs was quantified using a recently published machine learning approach. This data set includes recordings of all house wren songs used in this analysis along with Raven selection tables defining the boundaries of each syllable. This includes 109 female songs. R code used to extract acoustic features and estimate element diversity and our proxy for song acoustic complexity are included. Summaries of acoustic variables for each song and each element are provided as well as files necessary to replicate the analysis. For each bird, we measured volume, cell number, cell density, and neuron soma size for three song circuits, Area X, HVC (used as a proper name), and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), and one control region, the nucleus rotundus (Rt). This data set includes these neural morphology measurements for each bird as well as R code used to (1) compare males and females for each neural measurement and (2) explore the relationship between acoustic complexity and neural morphology within each sex. </p>
Architecture, morphology and strength of the quadriceps muscle in male and female soccer players at the national level: a cross-sectional study
<p>This is the dataset for the corresponding publication. The dataset includes the "raw" data as well as the analysis script used for the calculation of the group differences and correlations.</p>
Figure 1 in Inter-group conflicts involving adult female and male bearded capuchins, Sapajus libidinosus (Primates: Cebidae), in the context of provisioned resources: resource defense or sexual selection?
Figure 1. The study site is an isolated fragment of forest, surrounded by an urban matrix: Bosque Bougainville in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Source: ArcGIS Data and Maps©.
A Study to Evaluate the Effect of SAR443820 on Serum Neurofilament Levels in Male and Female Adult Participants With Multiple Sclerosis
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05630547. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 10. Publications: 1.
Data from: Show me you care: female mate choice based on egg attendance rather than male or territorial traits
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Sexual selection on male but not female function in monoecious and dioecious populations of broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
A trans-African migrant shows repeatable route choice in males and repeatable timing in females
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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