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Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages. in Suidae

Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages.

Distribution. The range is unknown, but it is believed to occur on the W slopes and foothills of the Andes of W Colombia, in the region of Quindio and Riseralda. in Aotidae

Distribution. The range is unknown, but it is believed to occur on the W slopes and foothills of the Andes of W Colombia, in the region of Quindio and Riseralda.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. a. azarae Humboldt, 1812 — SC Brazil (Pantanal), S Bolivia (Banados del Izozog), Paraguay (S & W Chaco, W of the Rio Paraguay), and N Argentina (provinces of Chaco & Formosa). A. a. boliviensis Elliot, 1907 — SE Peru (S of the rios Madre de Dios and Inambari) and Bolivia E of the Andes (from the Rio Madre de Dios S to the Banados del Izozog in the border region with Paraguay). A. a. infulatus Kuhl, 1820 — Brazil, S of the Rio Amazonas (but with a small enclave in the SE tip of Amapa State), including Marajo and Caviana Is, extending E in the state of Maranhao as far as the Rio Parnaiba, S along the W bank of Rio Tocantins to the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, W limits are marked by the rios Tapajos and Juruena. in Aotidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. a. azarae Humboldt, 1812 — SC Brazil (Pantanal), S Bolivia (Banados del Izozog), Paraguay (S & W Chaco, W of the Rio Paraguay), and N Argentina (provinces of Chaco & Formosa). A. a. boliviensis Elliot, 1907 — SE Peru (S of the rios Madre de Dios and Inambari) and Bolivia E of the Andes (from the Rio Madre de Dios S to the Banados del Izozog in the border region with Paraguay). A. a. infulatus Kuhl, 1820 — Brazil, S of the Rio Amazonas (but with a small enclave in the SE tip of Amapa State), including Marajo and Caviana Is, extending E in the state of Maranhao as far as the Rio Parnaiba, S along the W bank of Rio Tocantins to the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, W limits are marked by the rios Tapajos and Juruena.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department). in Atelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department).

Subspecies and Distribution. A. g. geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820 — S & SE Nicaragua (coastal region around San Juan del Norte or Martina Bay, probably ranging across the lowlands to the vicinity of Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua on the Pacific coast); possibly in N Costa Rica. A. g. azuerensis Bole, 1937 — SC Panama, known only from the forested mountains of the W side of the Azuero Peninsula (Veraguas Province) in the vicinity of Ponuga, where it appears to be isolated; it may also occur to the W along the Pacific coastto the Burica Peninsula, near the Panamanian and Costa Rican border. A. g. frontatus Gray, 1842 — N & W Nicaragua and NW Costa Rica. A. g. grisescens Gray, 1866 — S Panama along the Pacific coast in the valley of the Rio Tuyra and SE through the Serrania del Sapo of extreme SE Panama into the Cordillera de Baudo of NW Colombia. A. g. ornatus Gray, 1871 — C & E Costa Rica, and Panama (from Chiriqui Province to the Serrania de San Blas E of the Canal Zone). A. g. vellerosus Gray, 1866 — E & SE Mexico (E San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Tabasco, E Oaxaca, and Chiapas states), Guatemala (including the highlands), El Salvador, and Honduras (along the N coastto the lowlands of La Mosquitia in Gracias a Dios Department). A. g. yucatanensis Kellogg & Goldman, 1944 — SE Mexico (forests of the Yucatan Peninsula), NE Guatemala, and adjoining parts of Belize; intergrading in S Mexico (Campeche State) and Guatemala with vellerosus. in Atelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. g. geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820 — S & SE Nicaragua (coastal region around San Juan del Norte or Martina Bay, probably ranging across the lowlands to the vicinity of Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua on the Pacific coast); possibly in N Costa Rica. A. g. azuerensis Bole, 1937 — SC Panama, known only from the forested mountains of the W side of the Azuero Peninsula (Veraguas Province) in the vicinity of Ponuga, where it appears to be isolated; it may also occur to the W along the Pacific coastto the Burica Peninsula, near the Panamanian and Costa Rican border. A. g. frontatus Gray, 1842 — N & W Nicaragua and NW Costa Rica. A. g. grisescens Gray, 1866 — S Panama along the Pacific coast in the valley of the Rio Tuyra and SE through the Serrania del Sapo of extreme SE Panama into the Cordillera de Baudo of NW Colombia. A. g. ornatus Gray, 1871 — C & E Costa Rica, and Panama (from Chiriqui Province to the Serrania de San Blas E of the Canal Zone). A. g. vellerosus Gray, 1866 — E & SE Mexico (E San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Tabasco, E Oaxaca, and Chiapas states), Guatemala (including the highlands), El Salvador, and Honduras (along the N coastto the lowlands of La Mosquitia in Gracias a Dios Department). A. g. yucatanensis Kellogg & Goldman, 1944 — SE Mexico (forests of the Yucatan Peninsula), NE Guatemala, and adjoining parts of Belize; intergrading in S Mexico (Campeche State) and Guatemala with vellerosus.

Distribution. Not well known, but includes S Venezuela (upper Orinoco Basin, limited by the Llanos/forest interface to the W and by the left bank of the Rio Caura in the E), NW Brazil (N of the Rio Solimoes as far as the mouth of the Rio Japura, E to the Rio Negro, throughout the region N of the Rio Negro and W of the Rio Branco in Amazonas and Roraimastates), E Colombia (in the piedmont of the Cordillera Oriental as far N as the Rio Upia drainage in Boyaca Department, including the region of Sierra de la Macarena, E Meta Department, and S to the Coehmani rapids of the Rio Caqueta in the SE of Caqueta Department; it is rare W of the Rio Yari and has been seen on the upper Rio Mesay, opposite the mouth of the Rio Pira-Parana on the right bank of the Rio Apaporis, and the lower right bank of the Apaporis), E Ecuador and NE Peru (restricted to the S of the Rio Napo, extending into N Peru between the rios Putumayo and Amazonas, along the left bank of the Rio Ucayali, and including the basins of the rios Napo, Tigre, Maranén, Pastaza, Pacaya, and Samiria, S as far as the Rio Cushabatay, a tributary of the Rio Ucayali). in Atelidae

Distribution. Not well known, but includes S Venezuela (upper Orinoco Basin, limited by the Llanos/forest interface to the W and by the left bank of the Rio Caura in the E), NW Brazil (N of the Rio Solimoes as far as the mouth of the Rio Japura, E to the Rio Negro, throughout the region N of the Rio Negro and W of the Rio Branco in Amazonas and Roraimastates), E Colombia (in the piedmont of the Cordillera Oriental as far N as the Rio Upia drainage in Boyaca Department, including the region of Sierra de la Macarena, E Meta Department, and S to the Coehmani rapids of the Rio Caqueta in the SE of Caqueta Department; it is rare W of the Rio Yari and has been seen on the upper Rio Mesay, opposite the mouth of the Rio Pira-Parana on the right bank of the Rio Apaporis, and the lower right bank of the Apaporis), E Ecuador and NE Peru (restricted to the S of the Rio Napo, extending into N Peru between the rios Putumayo and Amazonas, along the left bank of the Rio Ucayali, and including the basins of the rios Napo, Tigre, Maranén, Pastaza, Pacaya, and Samiria, S as far as the Rio Cushabatay, a tributary of the Rio Ucayali).

Distribution. NW Colombia, between the Rio Atrato and the lower Rio Cauca (W of the Rio Cauca and the Mompos I) and Rio Magdalena (from the Uraba region, W of the Rio Cauca), and NE Choco Department, E of the Rio Atrato, from sea level to ¢.400 m. Small, introduced populations occur in Tayrona National Natural Park (15,000 ha) and on some small Is near Cartagena and in Panama, outside its natural distribution. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. NW Colombia, between the Rio Atrato and the lower Rio Cauca (W of the Rio Cauca and the Mompos I) and Rio Magdalena (from the Uraba region, W of the Rio Cauca), and NE Choco Department, E of the Rio Atrato, from sea level to ¢.400 m. Small, introduced populations occur in Tayrona National Natural Park (15,000 ha) and on some small Is near Cartagena and in Panama, outside its natural distribution.

Distribution. NE Brazil (states of Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, N Bahia & possibly NE Tocantins), originally extending S as far as the Rio Sao Francisco and its W bank tributary the Rio Grande (c.11° 30" S), in the NW in Maranhao and Piaui extending to the left bank of the Rio Parnaiba, probably as far as the interfluvium of the rios Itapecurt and Mearim. Introduced in numerous other regions S of the Rio Sao Francisco, Sergipe State, the N & NE of Bahia, and the more humid Atlantic Forest on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina in SE Brazil. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. NE Brazil (states of Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, N Bahia & possibly NE Tocantins), originally extending S as far as the Rio Sao Francisco and its W bank tributary the Rio Grande (c.11° 30" S), in the NW in Maranhao and Piaui extending to the left bank of the Rio Parnaiba, probably as far as the interfluvium of the rios Itapecurt and Mearim. Introduced in numerous other regions S of the Rio Sao Francisco, Sergipe State, the N & NE of Bahia, and the more humid Atlantic Forest on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina in SE Brazil.

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas between the Rio Maués and probably its tributary the Rio Parauari in the W, and the Rio Tapajos in the E; the S limit is not known but may be in the region of the Rio Parauari. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas between the Rio Maués and probably its tributary the Rio Parauari in the W, and the Rio Tapajos in the E; the S limit is not known but may be in the region of the Rio Parauari.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. w. weddelli Deville, 1849 — W Brazil (between the rios Purus and Madeira in the states of Amazonas, Acre, and NW Rondonia, as far N as the Rio Pixuna) to SE Peru (from the Rio Abujao, E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, to the S along both banks of the Rio Ucayali, E of the Andes, E of the Rio Apurimac, and along the upper reaches of the Apurimac, Inambari, Urubamba, and Tambopata), and to N Bolivia (rios Madeira and Beni or Mamoré); it crosses the upper Rio Madeira to its right bank in Rondonia in the region of the Rio Jamari, S of the Rio Ji-parana, being sympatric there with Rondon's Marmoset (Mico rondonz). S. w. crandalli Hershkovitz, 1966 — provenance unknown but possibly near the headwaters of the rios Jurua and Tarauaca in W Brazil. S. w. melanoleucus Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 — Brazilian Amazon, along the right bank of the upper Rio Jurua, S from the mouth of the Rio Eira, up to its headwaters, E to the left bank of the Rio Tarauaca (no saddle-back tamarins have been recorded to the E of the Rio Tarauaca in Acre State as far as the upper Rio Purus), in SE Peru from the upper reaches of the Rio Breu and the Quebrada Breu, right bank affluents of the upper Rio Yurua. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. w. weddelli Deville, 1849 — W Brazil (between the rios Purus and Madeira in the states of Amazonas, Acre, and NW Rondonia, as far N as the Rio Pixuna) to SE Peru (from the Rio Abujao, E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, to the S along both banks of the Rio Ucayali, E of the Andes, E of the Rio Apurimac, and along the upper reaches of the Apurimac, Inambari, Urubamba, and Tambopata), and to N Bolivia (rios Madeira and Beni or Mamoré); it crosses the upper Rio Madeira to its right bank in Rondonia in the region of the Rio Jamari, S of the Rio Ji-parana, being sympatric there with Rondon's Marmoset (Mico rondonz). S. w. crandalli Hershkovitz, 1966 — provenance unknown but possibly near the headwaters of the rios Jurua and Tarauaca in W Brazil. S. w. melanoleucus Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 — Brazilian Amazon, along the right bank of the upper Rio Jurua, S from the mouth of the Rio Eira, up to its headwaters, E to the left bank of the Rio Tarauaca (no saddle-back tamarins have been recorded to the E of the Rio Tarauaca in Acre State as far as the upper Rio Purus), in SE Peru from the upper reaches of the Rio Breu and the Quebrada Breu, right bank affluents of the upper Rio Yurua.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca.

Distribution. Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, from the Rio Caqueta in Colombia, S through the Peruvian Amazon and the extreme W Brazilian Amazon into the Pando region of Bolivia. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, from the Rio Caqueta in Colombia, S through the Peruvian Amazon and the extreme W Brazilian Amazon into the Pando region of Bolivia.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. d. decemlineata Grandidier, 1867 — CW Madagascar (Menabe region). M. d. lineata Pocock, 1915 — SW Madagascar (S of the Mangoky River). The previous records ofthis form in the Lac Tsimanampetsotsa area are misidentified specimens of Grandidier's Vontsira. in Eupleridae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. d. decemlineata Grandidier, 1867 — CW Madagascar (Menabe region). M. d. lineata Pocock, 1915 — SW Madagascar (S of the Mangoky River). The previous records ofthis form in the Lac Tsimanampetsotsa area are misidentified specimens of Grandidier's Vontsira.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2022View details →

FIGURES 35–40. Distribution maps for Afrotropical Tetraponera. 35, T in The ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region: taxonomic review and key to species

FIGURES 35–40. Distribution maps for Afrotropical Tetraponera. 35, T. clypeata (circles), T. tessmanni (triangles); 36, T. emeryi (circles), T. dispar (triangle); 37, T. exactor (circle), T. furtiva (triangle), T. liengmei (squares); 38, T. continua (circles), T. cortina (triangles), T. gerdae (squares); 39, T. pedana (circles), T. penzigi (triangles); 40, T. pumila (circles).

opennotspecifiedFeb 2022View details →

FIGURES 41–46. Distribution maps for Afrotropical Tetraponera. 41, T in The ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region: taxonomic review and key to species

FIGURES 41–46. Distribution maps for Afrotropical Tetraponera. 41, T. andrei (circles), T. anthracina (triangles), T. insularis (square); 42, T. caffra (circles), T. redacta (triangles); 43, T. mocquerysi (circles), T. schulthessi (triangles); 44, T. natalensis (circles), T. setosa (triangle); 45, T. aethiops (circles), T. kosi (triangle); 46, T. latifrons (circles).

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 1. A map showing 10 in New data on the distribution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern part of the Baltic Coast region in Poland

Fig. 1. A map showing 10 km x 10 km grid coordinates, in which samples of Coccinellidae for this study were collected.

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in New data on the distribution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern part of the Baltic Coast region in Poland

Fig. 2. Species composition of Coccinellidae recorded in the eastern part of the Baltic Coast in Poland on deciduous trees and shrubs (A), conifers (B), herbaceous plants (C) and beaches (D). Filled bars – contribution of the invasive Harmonia axyridis. Records of individuals without indication of the habitat where caught (228 individuals) are omitted in this calculation.

Distribution. Widespread in the C and W regions of S Africa, reaching to about 15° N in SW Angola. Occupies mainly arid and semi-arid areas, but also occurs in regions with higher precipitation and denser vegetation, such as the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape Province. Cape Foxes have expanded their range over recent decades to the SW, where the species reaches the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines. May occur in SW Swaziland, and possibly also in Lesotho. in Canidae

Distribution. Widespread in the C and W regions of S Africa, reaching to about 15° N in SW Angola. Occupies mainly arid and semi-arid areas, but also occurs in regions with higher precipitation and denser vegetation, such as the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape Province. Cape Foxes have expanded their range over recent decades to the SW, where the species reaches the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines. May occur in SW Swaziland, and possibly also in Lesotho.

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. in Canidae

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. thous Linnaeus, 1766 — N Brazil, the Guianas, and SE Venezuela. C. t. aquilus Bangs, 1898 — N Colombia, N Venezuela. C. t. azarae Wied-Neuwied, 1824 — NE & C Brazil. C. t. entrerianus Burmeister, 1861 — Argentina, Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. C. t. germanus G. M. Allen, 1923 — Colombia (Bogota region). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. thous Linnaeus, 1766 — N Brazil, the Guianas, and SE Venezuela. C. t. aquilus Bangs, 1898 — N Colombia, N Venezuela. C. t. azarae Wied-Neuwied, 1824 — NE & C Brazil. C. t. entrerianus Burmeister, 1861 — Argentina, Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. C. t. germanus G. M. Allen, 1923 — Colombia (Bogota region).