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Figure 16 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 16. Cyerce ellingsonorum, radular scanning electron micrographs of LACM 3841 (isolate 06JAM09). A, complete radula with ascus. B, close-up view of tissue-free teeth from ascending limb, showing rectangular denticles. C, close-up view of ascus.

Figure 15 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 15. Cyerce piercei, radular scanning electron micrographs of LACM 3843 (isolate 07Stir02). A, complete radula, with ascus attached to descending limb. B, leading tooth. C, close-up view of ascus, slightly damaged.

Figure 14. Cyerce piercei, live specimens. A, B in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 14. Cyerce piercei, live specimens. A, B, dorsal views of specimen collected on Penicillus lamourouxii in Tarpon Springs, FL, USA; actual size, 9 mm. A, photographed with lighting from above. B, photographed with oblique lighting. C, D, dorsal view of specimen collected on Udotea looensis at 15 m depth from Mary's Ledge reef, offshore of St. Petersburg, FL, USA; actual size, 7 mm. C, photographed with lighting from above. D, photographed with oblique lighting.

Figure 12 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 12. Live specimens of Cyerce nicholasi. A, specimen from Penicillus dumetosus in Sweetings Cay, Bahamas (isolate 07Swe01); actual body length, 4 mm. B, specimen from Rhipocephalus phoenix in Bimini, Bahamas (isolate 10Bim02); actual body length, 3 mm preserved. C, specimen from Pe. dumetosus in Bocas del Toro, Panama (isolate 15Pan02); actual body length, 5 mm. D, alternative view of specimen 15Pan02, showing brown lines along ceratal margin.

Figure 10. Cyerce antillensis, radular scanning electron micrographs for isolates 10Bim01 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 10. Cyerce antillensis, radular scanning electron micrographs for isolates 10Bim01 (A–C) and MM109A (LACM 2004-04-9A; D, E). A, complete radula, including ascus, from isolate 10Bim01. B, leading tooth. C, close-up of ascus. D, complete radula from isolate MM109A; ascus not present. E, close-up of inset box, showing teeth on ascending limb.

Figure 9 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 9. Live specimens of Cyerce antillensis. A, specimen from Bimini, Bahamas, showing notum; actual size, 8 mm alive. B, specimen from Cayman Islands photographed underwater by Everett Turner. C, specimen from Bimini, Bahamas, showing ventral surface of foot. D, specimen from Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas; actual size, 9 mm alive. Photograph credit: Anne DuPont. E, specimen from Bimini, Bahamas, showing notum; actual size, 5 mm preserved. F, specimen from Bimini, Bahamas, showing close-up of pericardial complex; actual size, 9 mm alive.

Figure 8 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 8. Stained and mounted penial stylets of Cyerce species from the Western Atlantic. Black arrow indicates stylet. A, Cyerce nicholasi, isolate 10Bim03. B, Cyerce piercei, isolate KM66. C, Cyerce ellingsonorum, isolate 06Jam05. D, Cyerce antillensis, isolate 10Bim01. E, Cyerce browneveorum, isolate 09Gei01. F, Cyerce willetteorum, isolate 07Stir01. G, Cyerce cf. cristallina, isolate B101.

Figure 3 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 3. Histogram of pairwise Tamura–Nei (TrN)-corrected COI distances, showing barcoding gap; white bars denote intraspecific distances and black bars interspecific distances, based on automated barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and assemble species by automatic partitioning (ASAP) analyses.

Figure 6 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 6. Live specimens of Cyerce cf. cristallina photographed underwater. A, specimen from Pompano, FL, USA. B, side view of crawling specimen from Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, FL, USA, ~2 cm body length. C, D, orange spot morphotype from Roatan (C) and Pompano, FL, USA (D). E, specimen from Roatan nestled in the green alga Penicillus capitatus at night. Photograph credits: Ariane Dimitris (A, B, D) and Mickey Charteris (C, E).

Figure 4 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 4. Network of COI haplotypes colour coded by location, with the size of each circle denoting frequency. Black dots indicate unsampled haplotypes. Each bar crossing a line denotes one nucleotide substitution. A, Cyerce antillensis. B, Cyerce nicholasi.

Figure 5 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 5. Haplotype network of phased histone 3 alleles colour-coded by candidate species, with the size of each circle denoting the frequency of the sampled allele. A small black dot indicates an unsampled allele. Each bar crossing a line denotes one nucleotide substitution.

Figure 7 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 7. Cyerce cf. cristallina, radular scanning electron micrographs. Specimen from FL, USA, isolate MM98 (CPIC 01135); 5 mm preserved length. A, complete radula minus ascus. B, leading tooth.

Figure 2 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 2. Consensus phylogenetic tree for Cyerce and Sohgenia based on maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of three concatenated loci. Percentages corresponding to significant bootstrap support are given below branches, and posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference (BI) analysis are shown in bold above branches. Capital letters label three key supported nodes. Haplotypes are coded by date–location–specimen number on terminals. Results of four species delimitation analyses are indicated by vertical bars; horizontal shaded bars enclose specimens grouped as species entities by all methods.

Figure 1 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 1. Western Atlantic sampling sites; for more details, see Table 1. Top panel shows southern Florida peninsula and eastern Caribbean; bottom panel shows expanded view of inset box.

Figure 13 in A cryptic radiation of Caribbean sea slugs revealed by integrative analysis: Cyerce 'antillensis' (Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) is six distinct species

Figure 13. Cyerce nicholasi, radular scanning electron micrographs of isolate 10Bim03, 2 mm preserved body length. A, complete radula, with ascus attached to descending limb. B, leading tooth, showing damaged tip. C, close-up view of ascus, showing used teeth encased in tissue.

FIGURE 6 in Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa

FIGURE 6. Number of dead slugs (n = 60) over 12 days in Petri dish experiments without nematodes (▲), or with 2000 infective juveniles of Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. (■), at 17°C.

FIGURE 3 in Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa

FIGURE 3. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. SEM images. A, female, head; B, lateral field, male; C, male tail, ventral; D, anal area, male; E, male tail, lateral; F, vulva region; G, female tail; H, female tail, terminus base; I, female anus; J, dauer larva's tail. Arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres.

FIGURE 2 in Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa

FIGURE 2. Phasmarhabditis safricana sp. n. Male. A, entire worm; B, anterior end, lateral; C, head, lateral; D, head, ventral; E, spicules and gubernaculum; F–H, tail, F, ventral, G, lateral, H, subventral, arrows indicating phasmids. Scale bars in micrometres.

FIGURE 5 in Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Phasmarhabditis species, along with other related Agfa and Angiostoma species, based on analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, as inferred from ML, distance, and MP methods. Oscheius tipulae and O. insectivora are used as outgroup taxons. MP bootstrap values (65% and more) are given next to the nodes.

FIGURE 4 in Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic relationships of Phasmarhabditis species, along with other related Agfa and Angiostoma species, based on analysis of the D2–D3 LSU rRNA gene, as inferred from ML, distance, and MP methods. Oscheius tipulae and O. insectivora are used as outgroup taxons. MP bootstrap values (65% and more) are given next to the nodes.