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FIGURE 16 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 16. All available figures of Alopecosa garamantica comb. n. (A–C), comparative figure of A. simoni (D), and A. werneri comb. n. (E). A_B, E after Roewer (1960a); C after Caporiacco (1936); D after Oger (2020)
FIGURE 14 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 14. Hogna ferox: types of Geolycosa atroscopulata (A–G) and holotype of Lycorma nigrichelis (H–I). A male habitus, dorsal; B male palp, ventral; C–D male palp, retrolateral; E male leg I, prolateral; F subadult female, dorsal; G pre-epigyne, ventral; H female, dorsal; I epigyne, ventral. Letters marked with ' refer to original figures by Roewer (1955a)
FIGURE 15. A in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 15. A—map showing the proportion of males of Trochosa hispanica with (white sectors) or without (black sectors) white pubescence on tibiae I among studied material (number in circles indicates how many males were examined). The broken line refers to the general distribution. B—map showing distribution of T. hispanica in Ukraine, black dots refer to recently collected material, and white dot refers to specimens collected in the 19th century (type locality of T. rustica). C—map showing distribution of T. hispanica in Iran, black dots refer to recently collected material, and white dots refer to Roewer's types, synonyms of T. hispanica
FIGURE 13 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 13. Holotype female of Pardosa persica (A–C) and Arctosa tbilisiensis females (D–G): holotypes of Trochosa impercussa (D–F) and T. afghana (G). A, D female habitus, dorsal; B, E photographs of epigyne, ventral; C, F–G original line figures of epigyne. C, F after Roewer (1955a) and G after Roewer (1960b)
FIGURE 12 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 12. Trochosa hispanica: types of Arctosa nava (A–C), Loculla austrocaspia (D–E) and Geolycosa flavichellis (F–H). A male palp, ventral; B male prosoma, lateral showing white setae on tibia I; C, E–H epigyne, ventral; D female, dorsal. Letters marked with ' refer to original figures by Roewer (1955a)
FIGURE 11 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 11. Carapace length/femur I length ratio in males (A) and females (B) of Trochosa hispanica from different localities
FIGURE 10 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 10. Trochosa hispanica (types of Trochosa rustica, A–B) and T. adjacens (C). A palp of lectotype, ventral; B epigyne of paralectotype, ventral; C epigyne of holotype, ventral. Scale bar C 0.2 mm. A–B photo: Torbjörn Kronestedt
FIGURE 9 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 9. Details of male tibiae I, dorsal view, of Trochosa hispanica from Crimea (A, F), France (B), and Iran (C–E, G). A–C tibiae without a white stripe; D tibia with a white stripe; E white setae; F black setae; G glabrous spots. Abbreviations: Bs and Ws black and white setae; Cs glabrous cuticular spots. To show the cuticle surface, part of setae were removed in A–D
FIGURE 8 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of male tibiae I of Trochosa hispanica from Iran (A–D), France (E–G), and Crimea (H–J). A tibia with a white stripe; B, E, H tibiae without a white stripe; C white setae; D, G, J black setae; F, I white setae on the distalmost part of the tibia. Scale bars A, B, E, H 0.5 mm; C–D, F–G, I–J 0.01 mm
FIGURE 17 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 17. All available figures of Arctosa annulipes comb. n. (A–D), A. depuncta (E), A. tangerana comb. n. (F–G), and A. villica (H), a possible senior synonym of A. tangerana. A–B, E–G after Roewer (1960a); C after Denis (1966); D after L. Koch (1875); H after Murphy & Tongiorgi (1979)
FIGURE 6 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 6. Ventral view of epigynes of Trochosa hispanica from France (A–B), Crete (C), Iran (D–E), Bulgaria (F), and Crimea (G–I). Abbreviations: Eh epigynal hoods, Ff furrow, Mp remnants of mating plug. Scale bars 0.2 mm
FIGURE 7 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of endogynes of Trochosa hispanica from France (A–B), Crete (C), Iran (D–E), Bulgaria (F), and Crimea (G–I). Abbreviations: Eh epigynal hood, Ff furrow, Mp remnants of mating plug. Scale bars 0.2 mm
FIGURE 5 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 5. Embolic divisions of Trochosa hispanica from France (A–B) and Crimea (C–D). A, C ventral; B, D posterior. Abbreviations: Em embolus, Se synembolus. Scale bar 0.1 mm
FIGURE 3. Leg I in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 3. Leg I of male Trochosa robusta (A), T. ruricola (B), T. hispanica (C), T. spinipalpis (D), T. terricola (E), and T. urbana (F). A–C from Crimea; D from Finland; E from Adygea Republic; F Seychelles. Scale bars 1 mm
FIGURE 4 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 4. Male palps of Trochosa hispanica from France (A, E, H–I), Crete (B), Iran (C), and Crimea (D, F–G, J). A–F ventral; G–H anterior; I–J retrolateral. Abbreviations: Em embolus, Se synembolus, Ta tegular apophysis. Scale bars A–H 0.2 mm; I–J 0.5 mm
FIGURE 2 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 2. Males of Trochosa hispanica from France (A, E), Azerbaijan (B), Iran (C–D, F–G, J–K), and Crimea (H–I). A–B prosoma, dorso-lateral; C–D general appearance, dorsal; E–H leg I, retrolateral; I chelicera, posterior view (arrow indicates position of tooth); J–K tibia I, dorsal-retrolateral. Scale bars A–H 1 mm; I–K 0.5 mm
FIGURE 1 in On the identity of Trochosa hispanica (Araneae, Lycosidae), with notes on the synonymy of West Palaearctic "Trochosa" species
FIGURE 1. Males (A–B) and females (C–D) of Trochosa hispanica from the Crimea. A, C–D living and B preserved in ethanol. Scale bar 2 mm
Data from: The importance of species identity and interactions on multifunctionality depends on how ecosystem functions are valued
Studies investigating how biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning increasingly focus on multiple functions measured simultaneously ('multifunctionality'). However, few such studies assess the role of species interactions, particularly under alternative environmental scenarios, despite interactions being key to ecosystem functioning. Here we address five questions of central importance to ecosystem multifunctionality using a terrestrial animal system: 1) Does the contribution of individual species differ for different ecosystem functions?; 2) Do inter-species interactions affect the delivery of single functions and multiple functions?; 3) Does the community composition which maximises individual functions also maximise multifunctionality?; 4) Is the functional role of individual species, and the effect of interspecific interactions, modified by changing environmental conditions?; and 5) How do these roles and interactions change under varying scenarios where ecosystem services are weighted to reflect different societal preferences? We manipulated species' relative abundance in dung beetle communities and measured 16 functions contributing to dung decomposition, plant productivity, nutrient recycling, reduction of greenhouse gases, and microbial activity. Using the Multivariate Diversity-Interactions framework, we assessed how changes in species identity, composition, and interspecific interactions affected these functions in combination with an environmental driver (increased precipitation). This allowed us to identify key species and interactions across multiple functions. We then developed a Desirability Function Approach to examine how individual species and species mixtures contribute to a desired state of overall ecosystem functioning. Species contributed unequally to individual functions, and to multifunctionality, and individual functions were maximised by different community compositions. Moreover, the species and interactions important for maintaining overall multifunctionality depended on the weight given to individual functions. This combination of methodological approaches allows us to resolve the interactions and indirect effects among species that drive ecosystem functioning, revealing how multiple aspects of biodiversity can simultaneously drive ecosystem functioning. Optimal multifunctionality is therefore context-dependent, and is sensitive to the valuation of services. Our results highlight the importance of a multifunctionality perspective for complete assessment of species' functional contributions.
Data from: Genetic structure and hybridization in the species group of Ficus auriculata: can closely related sympatric Ficus species retain their genetic identity while sharing pollinators?
Obligate mutualistic nursery pollination systems between insects and plants have led to substantial co-diversification involving at least some parallel cladogenesis, as documented in Yucca, Ficus and Phyllanthaceae. In such systems pollinators are generally species specific thus limiting hybridization and introgression among interfertile host species. Nevertheless, in the three systems, cases of one insect pollinating several plant species are reported. In most cases host plants sharing pollinators are allopatric. However in the case of the species group of Ficus auriculata, forms may co-occur over large parts of their range. We show here that the species group of F. auriculata is constituted by four well-defined genetic entities that share pollinators. We detected hybrids in nature mainly when both parental forms were growing nearby. Controlled crosses showed that F1 offspring could be successfully backcrossed. Hence, despite sharing pollinators and despite hybrid viability, the different forms have preserved their genetic and morphological identity. We propose that ecological differentiation among forms, coupled with limited overlap of reproductive season has facilitated the maintenance of these inter-fertile forms. As such, establishment of pollinator host specificity may not be a prerequisite for sympatric diversification in Ficus.
Data from: Variation in plant functional traits is best explained by the species identity: stability of trait based species ranking across meadow management regimes
1. It is commonly assumed in trait-based studies that plant functional traits are species-specific, being more variable among species than among different environmental conditions. If the environment affects traits it is assumed that species react in a similar direction and conserve the functional distances. The rank of species based on the trait values is then unchanged, which justifies the use of species trait averages from database values. Such assumptions of species specificity are, however, increasingly disputed by studies showing overall high intraspecific trait variability. 2. To test the species specificity and ranking stability of functional traits we sampled plant individuals of almost all species (66 in total) within each plot of a long term (19 years) land use management experiment, which comprised a factorial combination of fertilization, mowing and removal of the dominant species Molinia caerulea in an oligotrophic wet meadow in the Czech Republic. Plant individuals were measured for eight commonly used traits: height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf δ13C content, leaf carbon content, leaf δ15N content, and leaf nitrogen content. Height, LDMC, and SLA were also extracted from the LEDA trait database for comparison. 3. Species identity consistently explained the largest portion of trait variability (40%-68%). Land use managements had a considerably lower effect (0.4%-9% of explained trait variability for individual traits). The species trait averages computed for each land use management regime separately were mutually correlated, showing the stable trait-based species ranking. Ranking stability of species trait averages was observed despite land use management changing absolute trait values and despite the tremendous intraspecific trait variability (causing substantial overlap of trait values for different species). For all treatments our measured species averages for LDMC and SLA were also stably ranked with species averages from the LEDA database. 4. Synthesis. Our results showed that species conserve the functional distances in different environmental conditions from where they were measured. Species trait averages can describe general trends in functional composition, although averaging reduces the ecologically interesting information of the intraspecific trait variability.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.