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Mecistops leptorhynchus, photographed along the Bongo River, Moukalaba- Doudou National Park, Gabon. Researcher Matthew Shirley is using new techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, in taxonomic studies. Photograph: Matthew Shirley. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Mecistops leptorhynchus, photographed along the Bongo River, Moukalaba- Doudou National Park, Gabon. Researcher Matthew Shirley is using new techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, in taxonomic studies. Photograph: Matthew Shirley.

Barbara Thiers of the New York Botanical Garden and president of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections is among those leading the effort to harness the explosion of data being digitized by collections around the globe. Photograph: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Barbara Thiers of the New York Botanical Garden and president of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections is among those leading the effort to harness the explosion of data being digitized by collections around the globe. Photograph: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.

Transverse section of a whale earplug showing the alternating light and dark laminae. Stephen Trumble, left, and Sascha Usenko, right, with a jar containing whale earplugs in 10 percent formalin at the Natural History Museum in London. Photographs: Sascha Usenko. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Transverse section of a whale earplug showing the alternating light and dark laminae. Stephen Trumble, left, and Sascha Usenko, right, with a jar containing whale earplugs in 10 percent formalin at the Natural History Museum in London. Photographs: Sascha Usenko.

Jasmina Wiemann used the eggshell collection at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History for her dinosaur eggshell coloration study. Photograph: Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Jasmina Wiemann used the eggshell collection at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History for her dinosaur eggshell coloration study. Photograph: Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Dinosaur egg with bumpy shell, on right, with a collection of colorful bird eggs. The dark area on the left side of the dinosaur egg was likely blue in color. Photograph: Jasmina Wiemann. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Dinosaur egg with bumpy shell, on right, with a collection of colorful bird eggs. The dark area on the left side of the dinosaur egg was likely blue in color. Photograph: Jasmina Wiemann.

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FIGURE 3 in Additional data on the herpetological collection of Louis Amédée Lantz (1886 - 1953), with emphasis on specimens in the Natural History Museum, London

FIGURE 3. Rascas Islet was visited by L.A. Lantz in April 1931. That islet is located 170 meters from Port-Cros Island in the Hyères Islands Archipelago (also sometimes called the Porquerolles Islands). It is one of the smallest Mediterranean islets (0.45 ha) and is host to two species of lizard; the European Leaf-toed Gecko (Euleptes europaea) and the Wall Lizard (Podarcis muralis (Laurenti)). Lantz collected five Wall lizards and one European Leaf-toed Gecko but they were never published (Lantz 1931).

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FIGURE 2 in Additional data on the herpetological collection of Louis Amédée Lantz (1886 - 1953), with emphasis on specimens in the Natural History Museum, London

FIGURE 2. Podarcis muralis. This specimen (BMNH 1966.708) was collected by L.A. Lantz (27 April 1933) on Rascas Rock, a very small island north of Port-Cros Island, France.

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FIGURE 4 in Additional data on the herpetological collection of Louis Amédée Lantz (1886 - 1953), with emphasis on specimens in the Natural History Museum, London

FIGURE 4. Euleptes europaea from Rascas Rock (BMNH 1947.1.4.81), tag (top view) and dorsal view of the specimen (bot- tom). Scale: one square side = 1 cm.

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Fig. 3 in Lack of well-maintained natural history collections and taxonomists in megadiverse developing countries hampers global biodiversity exploration

Fig. 3 Correlation between the number of taxonomists and biodiversity collections in the 17 biologically megadiverse developing countries (see legend of Fig. 1 for details). Shown are the correlations between species

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Fig. 2 in Lack of well-maintained natural history collections and taxonomists in megadiverse developing countries hampers global biodiversity exploration

Fig. 2 Locations of holotype deposition of 1427 newly described animal species from the 17 biologically megadiverse countries. Data including all taxa from amphipods to mammals were gathered by surveying all

FIG. 4. A in The Expanding Role of Natural History Collections

FIG. 4. A specimen of Cope's Gray Tree Frog (Dryophytes chrysoscelis (Cope, 1880); USNM 530378) collected in 1982 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Prior to collection, the call of this frog was recorded, and this recording is archived in the Macaulay Library (Cornell University). (A) Photo of specimen in dorsal view. (B) Photo of specimen in ventral view. (C) Radiograph of the specimen. (D) Sonogram of this specimen's call (ML205607). Images in A, B taken by Esther Langan, and C, taken by Ken Tighe; images received from Steve Gotte (USNM).

FIG. 2 in The Expanding Role of Natural History Collections

FIG. 2. The lectotype of Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766 (LINN 90). This specimen is preserved as a dry, pressed specimen that was collected by Alexander Garden (1730–1791) in South Carolina (USA) and sent to Linnaeus in 1763 (information from Linnean Society of London). Photo courtesy of William E. Bemis.

FIG. 1 in The Expanding Role of Natural History Collections

FIG. 1. Presenters in the symposium ''The Expanding Role of Natural History Collections,'' held at the Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, July 2019 in Snowbird, Utah. Back row (left to right): Nelson Rios, Zachary Randall, Brian Sidlauskas, Randal Singer, Michael Webster, Aaron Bauer. Middle row (left to right): Katherine Bemis, Stacy Farina, Julie Winchester, Ai Nonaka, Luiz Rocha, Katherine Maslenikov, Casey Dillman. Front row, seated (left to right): Eric Hilton, Sarah Huber, Gregory Watkins-Colwell, Dante Fenolio. Not pictured: Brad Carlson, Sara Ruane, Rachel Welicky. Photo by Mark Sabaj.

FIG. 5 in The Expanding Role of Natural History Collections

FIG. 5. High resolution micro-computed tomography reconstructions of larval specimens. (A) Frontal and (B) lateral views of a larval specimen of the Slender Ocean Sunfish, Ranzania laevis (VIMS 32062). (C) Lateral (VIMS 33314) and (D) dorsal (VIMS 33317) views of larval specimens of Pleuragramma antarcticum that were stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) prior to scanning, allowing the visualization of soft tissues, including muscles (C) and brain and nasal rosettes (D). Images in A, B, generated by Adam Summers, and C, D, generated by Edward Stanley.

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FIGURE 1 in Andrew Beveridge Curror (1811-1844): collecting natural history specimens while preventing the slave trade along the west coast of Africa

FIGURE 1. Left: HMS Waterwitch. From a lithograph by H.J. Vernon, ca. 1850. © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Reference PAF8063. Reproduced with permission. Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. Middle: HMS Fantome. From a lithograph by N. E. Deey, 19th century. © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Reference PW8084. Reproduced with permission. Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. Right: Handwriting and signature of Andrew Beveridge Curror taken from his last known letter to W.J. Hooker (Curror 1844d), shortly before Curror set sail on HMS Larne on what was to be his final journey. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Directors' Correspondence 58/24 KADC7431. Reproduced with the consent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

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FIGURE 2 in Andrew Beveridge Curror (1811-1844): collecting natural history specimens while preventing the slave trade along the west coast of Africa

FIGURE 2. Loch Fitty in the county Fife in Scotland, United Kingdom, close to Dunfermline, one of Curror's residential addresses when not at sea. The farm of the Curror family, Wester Craigduckie, is near Loch Fitty. Photograph: E. Figueiredo; taken on 29 August 2019.

PLATE 4. Figs 1, 2 in An annotated catalog of types of Neotropical Pierinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

PLATE 4. Figs 1, 2: Catasticta philone patinoi Eitschberger & Racheli, 1998 [Catasticta philone variabilis Röber, 1924], holotype ♂; Figs 3, 4: Same, labels; Figs 5, 6: Catasticta chelidonis taminoides Eitschberger & Racheli, 1998, holotype ♂; Figs 7, 8: Same, labels.

PLATE 1. Fig. 1 in An annotated catalog of types of Neotropical Pierinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

PLATE 1. Fig. 1: Part of the building of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, facing Madison Drive, Washington DC; Fig. 2: Cabinets in the Department of Entomology on the 5th floor, East Wing; Fig. 3: Drawers of the "type" collection.

PLATE 5. Figs 1, 2 in An annotated catalog of types of Neotropical Pierinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

PLATE 5. Figs 1, 2: Andina coropunae Dyar, 1913 [Piercolias coropunae (Dyar, 1913)], holotype ♂; Fig. 3: Same, labels; Figs 4, 5: Infraphulia madeleinea Field & Herrera, 1977, holotype ♂; Fig. 6: Same, labels.

PLATE 8. Figs 1, 2 in An annotated catalog of types of Neotropical Pierinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

PLATE 8. Figs 1, 2: Pieris limona Schaus, 1913 [Ganyra phaloe limona (Schaus, 1913)], lectotype ♂, here designated; Fig. 3: Same, labels; Figs 4, 5: Pieris sublineata Schaus, 1902 [Ganyra phaloe sublineata (Schaus, 1902)], lectotype ♂, here designated; Fig. 6: Same, labels.