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FIGURE 4 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953

FIGURE 4. Internal anatomy of a 27 mm preserved, mature specimen of Dendrodoris temarana (CRBA-92728). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral views. Abbreviations: ampulla; b: pharyngeal bulb; c: central nervous system; d: deferent duct; f: female gland; g: gill; ga: bursa copulatrix gp: genital pore; h: heart; hg: hermaphrodite gland; hp: digestive gland; i: intestine; o: esophagus; pr: prostate; s: blood gland; sr: seminal receptacle; t: ptyalin gland; v: vagina.

FIGURE 2 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953

FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree obtained from the analysis of the COI marker, including the geographic region of each specimen (MED=Mediterranean, EATL= East Atlantic, WATL=West Atlantic), the ABGD and bPTP delimitation analyses results and schematic chromatic patterns of each species.

FIGURE 1 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953

FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree obtained from the analysis of the COI+16S+H3 dataset. Posterior probabilities are indicated above the nodes and maximum likelihood bootstrap values below the nodes. Specimens of Dendrodoris sp. were previously misidentified as specimens of the species in the clades with a blue star.

FIGURE 3 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953

FIGURE 3. Chromatic variation in Dendrodoris temarana. A. Neotype MNCN-15.05/200177 (Temara). B. Egg mass. C–D. Specimen CRBA-92721 (Cubelles) with detail of the gill leaves. E–F. Specimen CRBA-92737 (Cubelles) with detail of the gill leaves. G–H. Specimen CRBA-92738 (Cubelles) with detail of the rhinophores.

FIGURE 5 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953

FIGURE 5. Anterior region of a 27 mm preserved Dendrodoris temarana (CRBA-92728). Digestive system. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Reproductive system. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. Abbreviations: a: ampulla; b: pharyngeal bulb; bc: bursa copulatrix; c: central nervous system; dd: deferent duct dt: digestive tube; f: female gland; hd: hermaphroditic duct; o: esophagus; p: penis; pr: prostate; sr: seminal receptacle; tc: ptyalin duct; tl: left ptyalin gland; tr: right ptyalin gland; v: vagina.

FIGURE 21. Echinolittorina pascua. A, E in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 21. Echinolittorina pascua. A, E, Ovahe, Easter I. (BMNH 20040231). B–D, Hanga Tee, Easter I. (BMNH 20040232). F, G, North Beach, Henderson I. (BMNH 20040233). H, Littorina trochoides Gray, 1839, former lectotype, 'Low Island' (BMNH 1887.4.26.1). I, Nodilittorina (Nodilittorina) pyramidalis pascua Rosewater, 1970, holotype, Easter I. (USNM 679290). J, Punta Hanga Poukura, Easter I. (BMNH 20040234).

FIGURE 15 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 15. Radulae of Echinolittorina species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A–D, E. natalensis. A, B, Libanona Beach, Tolagnaro, Madagascar (BMNH 20030691; shell H = 8.9 mm). C, D, Tiwi Beach, Kenya (BMNH 20040209; shell H = 9.0 mm). E, F, E. subnodosa; El-Qalawi, 30.5 km S Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20040229; shell H = 14.2 mm). G, H, E. pascua; Hanga Tee, Easter I. (BMNH 20040232; shell H = 14.0 mm). Scale bars = 50 µm.

FIGURE 18. Echinolittorina omanensis new species. A–H, penes. I in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 18. Echinolittorina omanensis new species. A–H, penes. I, pallial oviduct, with transverse section. A, B, Mukalla, Aden, Yemen (BMNH 20040221; shell H A = 10.7 mm, B = 10.3 mm). C, D, Wadi Kharfot (Wadi Sayq), 10 km W Rahkyut, Dhofar, Oman (ZMA; shell H C = 8.7 mm, D = 8.6 mm). E, G, Wadi Haart, near Salalah, Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040222; shell H E = 7.0 mm, G = 7.6 mm). F, Monument Point, N Masirah I., Oman (BMNH 20040223; shell H 5.1 mm). H, I, W Mughsayl I., Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040217; shell H H = 7.5 mm, I = 11.4 mm). Abbreviation: b, copulatory bursa. Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 12. Echinolittorina marisrubri new species. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A, B, E, F in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 12. Echinolittorina marisrubri new species. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A, B, E, F, paratypes; Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20030886; shell H A = 10.7 mm, B = 10.4 mm, E = 9.3 mm, F = 10.3 mm). C, D, G, H, Ras Mohammed, Sinai, Egypt (BMNH 20030887; shell H C = 9.6 mm, D = 10.2 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 20. Echinolittorina subnodosa. A–D, penes. E, paraspermatozoa. F, pallial oviduct. G, head. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 20. Echinolittorina subnodosa. A–D, penes. E, paraspermatozoa. F, pallial oviduct. G, head. A, El-Qalawi, 30.5 km S Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20040229; shell H = 12.5 mm). B, C, F, Mukawwar I., Sudan (BMNH 20040226; shell H B = 13.0 mm, C = 12.3 mm, F = 13.1 mm). D, E, G, Ras Mohammed, S Sinai, Egypt (BMNH 20040230; shell H = 10.3 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 9. Echinolittorina arabica. A–G, penes. H, I, pallial oviducts. J, K, paraspermatozoa. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 9. Echinolittorina arabica. A–G, penes. H, I, pallial oviducts. J, K, paraspermatozoa. A, Kuwait (BMNH 20030878; shell H = 7.8 mm). B–D, J, K, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (BMNH 20030879; shell H B = 6.6 mm, C = 7.0 mm, D = 7.3 mm). E, Ghemeis Peninsula, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (BMNH 20030880; shell H = 7.6 mm). F, Fujaira, United Arab Emirates (BMNH 20030881; shell H = 7.7 mm). G, Ras al-Khaimah Khor, United Arab Emirates (BMNH 20030875; shell H = 8.4 mm). H, Hamriya, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (BMNH 20030871; shell H = 7.7 mm). I, Al Bustan, Muscat, Oman (ZMA; shell H = 9.2 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 10 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 10. Distribution of Echinolittorina arabica (solid circles) and E. marisrubri (open circles).

FIGURE 7 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 7. Distribution of Echinolittorina radiata. Literature records: A, Fujioka & Kurozumi (1981); B, Kurozumi (1994); C, Ma (2004); D, Ohgaki (1983b); E, Song et al. (2000).

FIGURE 6 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 6. Radulae of Echinolittorina species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, E. radiata; Kinkasan I., Miyagi Pref., Japan (BMNH 20050563; shell H = 8.7 mm). C, D, E. arabica; Hamriya, Sharjah (BMNH 20030871; shell H = 8.4 mm). E, F, E. marisrubri new species, paratype; Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20030886; shell H = 10.6 mm). G, H, E. omanensis new species, paratype; Wadi Sayq, Jabal Qamr, Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040220; shell H = 14.2 mm). Scale bars = 50 µm.

FIGURE 5. Echinolittorina radiata. A–E, penes. F, G, pallial oviduct. H in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 5. Echinolittorina radiata. A–E, penes. F, G, pallial oviduct. H, pelagic egg capsule (after Mak, 1995). I, J, paraspermatozoa. K–M, heads. A–C, I, Asamushi, Honshu, Japan (BMNH 20030896; A, B, lateral and medial views of same specimen; shell H A, B = 7.5 mm, C = 7.0 mm). D, Do Son, Hai Phong, Vietnam (BMHH 20030897; shell H = 6.5 mm). E, K–M, Sai Kung, Hong Kong (BMNH 20030894; shell H E = 5.0 mm, K = 5.3 mm, L = 6.4 mm, M = 6.6 mm). F, G, Nejiko, Hirado I., Kyushu, Japan (BMNH 20030898; lateral and medial views of same specimen; shell H = 9.1 mm). H, Hong Kong. J, Aberdeen, Hong Kong (BMNH 20030899). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 17. Echinolittorina omanensis new species. A, B in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 17. Echinolittorina omanensis new species. A, B, Merca, Somalia (HUJ 30002). C, F, M, Mirbat, Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040213). D, Mughsayl I., Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040214). E, Karachi, Pakistan (BMNH 20040215). G, H, W Mughsayl I., Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040217). I, Karachi, Pakistan (BMNH 20040216). J, holotype, Wadi Sayq, Jabal Qamr, Dhofar, Oman (BMNH 20040218). K, L, Mukalla, Aden, Yemen (BMNH 20040221).

FIGURE 19. Echinolittorina subnodosa. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 19. Echinolittorina subnodosa. A, no locality [Red Sea] (BMNH 20040224). B, C, Hammam-Fara'un, Gulf of Suez, Egypt (BMNH 20040225). D–F, Mukawwar I., Sudan (BMNH 20040226). G, I, S of Port Sudan Harbour, Sudan (BMNH 20040227). H, Litorina subnodosa Philippi, 1847, lectotype figure, Red Sea (Philippi, 1847, Litorina pl. 3, fig. 9). J, no locality [Red Sea] (BMNH 20040228).

FIGURE 4. Echinolittorina radiata. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 4. Echinolittorina radiata. A, Hoi Ha, Mirs Bay, Hong Kong (BMNH 20030888). B, G, Cat Ba Bay, Ha Long Bay, Vietnam (BMNH 20030889). C, O, Otsu, Ibaraki, Japan (BMNH 20030890). D, P, Nogita, Kyushu, Japan (BMNH 20030891). E, J, Haikou, Hainan I., China (BMNH 20030892). F, Yantai, Qingdao, China (BMNH 20030893). H, I, Sai Kung, Hong Kong (BMNH 20030894). K–M, Tsutsu, Tsushima I., Japan (BMNH 20030895). N, Littorina radiata Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852, lectotype, Touranne, Cochinchine [Da Nang, Vietnam] (BMNH 1854.7.24.389).

FIGURE 3 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 3. Terminology of Echinolittorina penes and pallial oviducts. A. Penis of E. wallaceana. B. Pallial oviduct of E. australis, with transverse section. The same conventions of shading and line are followed throughout subsequent figures. Abbreviation: bt, structure visible by transparency.

FIGURE 1 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 1. Molecular phylogeny of Echinolittorina species produced by Bayesian analysis of concatenated gene sequences from 28S rRNA, COI and 12S rRNA genes (outgroups removed). Branches with posterior probability (PP) <90% are grey, branches with PP 90% are black. The three measures of nodal support are: posterior probability / bootstrap (neighbour-joining algorithm) / bootstrap (maximum likelihood). Support values are only shown when at least two support values are>50%. Geographical occurrence is shown, with Indo-West Pacific taxa (subgenus Granulilittorina) being enclosed in a grey box. Also shown are the informal groups used in the Systematic Descriptions. (Phylogeny after Williams & Reid 2004).