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Fig. 5 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 5. Specimens of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon securiformis (Sharpe, 1850) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. A–C. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. A. Hinge plates of left and right valve. GML 25915. B. Interior of right valve, showing hinge arrangement and parts of the muscle scars. GML 25916. C. Left valve view of articulated specimen. GML 25917. D. Articulated, strongly elongated, gerontic specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Santa Cruz. GML 25918. E. Small articulated specimen with clearly visible commarginal lamellae. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Vestiaria. GML 25919. F. Articulated gerontic specimen with ventrally elongated shell. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salgados. GML 25920. G. Short, rounded, articulated specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. GML 25921. H. Large, high, and short specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Porto das Barcas. GML 25922.

Fig. 3 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 3. Specimens of mytilid bivalve Arcomytilus from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Portugal and France. A–F. Arcomytilus morrisii (Sharpe, 1850). A. Large articulated specimen with pointed umbones and slightly imprinted anterior part. Arranhó II member, earliest Tithonian, Serra de Alrota. GML 25900. B. Small adult specimen, left valve with fine ribbing pattern and relatively straight anterior margin. Alcobaça formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Consolação. GML 25901. C. Young adult specimen, left valve with coarse ribbing pattern and large, elevated disc. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25902. D. Small adult, articulated specimen. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salir do Porto. GML 25903. E. Large articulated specimen with extremely triangular outline and wide−spaced, strong ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Lameiro das Antas. GML 25904. F. Adult specimen, left valve with bi− and trifurcation and simultaneous insertion of ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25905. G. Arcomytilus asper. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN J 08224. H. Arcomytilus bathonicus. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN, coll. Deshayes 1876−8. I. Arcomytilus pectinatus. Right valve. "Corallien", La Rochelle, Charente−Maritime, France. MNHN, coll. d'Orbigny 4247.

Fig. 11 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 11. Lithostratigraphy plot of Arcomytilus. A. Different species and lithostratigraphically grouped Arcomytilus morrisii are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M; mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic rock suite in the Lusitanian Basin. Modified from Schneider et al. (2009). All units discussed herein are numbered in squared brackets. Formations and members that are not yet formally established are written in lower case letters. Abbreviations: A., Arisphinctes; As., Aspidoceras; Au., Aulacostephanus; C., Crussoliceras; D., Dichotomoceras; Fm., formation; M., Micracanthoceras; Mb., member; Q., Quenstedtoceras; S., Simoceras; Se., Semiformiceras.

Fig. 1 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 1. Geographic and geological overview of the Lusitanian Basin. The numbering of localities refers to Table 1, second column.

Fig. 14 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 14. Lithostratigraphy plot of Eomiodon securiformis. A. Lithostratigraphically arranged groups are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M, mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 16 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 16. Left valve of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon sp. from Early Tithonian, Arranhó II member, Santa Cruz (GML 25929) in internal (A) and external (B) views.

Fig. 7 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 7 Suggested ground patterns based on available data for numbers of serotonin-lir apical flask-shaped cells within bivalve apical organs. For further assessment, data on crucial clades, in particular Palaeoheterodonta and Protobranchia, are vital. Phylogeny of major bivalve lineages based on González et al. (2015). Red flask-shaped cells represent the cell count of respective serotonin-lir cells in the apical organ of studied species. Blue cells represent the hypothetical ground pattern. Within Heterodonta, Spisula solidissima shows three flask-shaped cells, while Dreissena

Fig. 6 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 6 Components of the serotonin-lir nervous system in the late veliger larva of Dreissena polymorpha. Serotonin-lir (bright yellow to dark red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a One flask-shaped serotonin-lir cell (red asterisk) remains of the apical organ and a neurite (n) projects dorsally into the velum (ve). The anlage of the future cerebral ganglion consists of six round, nonflask-shaped cells (turquoise x). (an) anus, (mo) mouth opening, (st) stomach. b Detail of a. Paired cerebro-visceral connectives (cvc) project

Fig. 2 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 2 Development of the serotonin-lir nervous system in Dreissena polymorpha from trochophore to early veliger stage. Serotonin-lir (bright-yellow to dark-red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Trochophore larva (23 hpf). First serotonin-lir flask-shaped cell (red asterisk) at the apical pole. (at) apical tuft, (pt) prototroch, (tt) telotroch. b Early veliger larva (39 hpf). Two flask-shaped serotonin-lir cells (red asterisks) in the apical organ underlying the velum (ve). Postero-ventrally, the posterior larval sensory organ (pso) develops. Faintly labeled paired cerebro-visceral connectives (cvc) connect the posterior larval sensory organ (pso) to the

Fig. 5 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 5 Development of the serotonin-lir nervous system in Dreissena polymorpha from mid- to late veliger stage. Serotonin-lir (bright yellow to dark red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). b, c Details of a. f Detail of e. All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Mid-veliger larva (114 hpf). One remaining flask-shaped cell of the larval apical organ (red asterisk) underlain by the anlage of the cerebral ganglion which contains five roundish non-flask-shaped cells (turquoise x). Paired cerebrovisceral connectives (cvc) project from the anlage of the cerebral ganglion to the posterior larval sensor organ (pso). (an) anus, (mo) mouth opening, (tt) telotroch b Detail of the remaining flask-shaped cell

Fig. 4 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 4 Components of the serotonin-lir nervous system in the mid-veliger stage of Dreissena polymorpha. Serotonin-lir (bright yellow to dark red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). c, d, e Details of a. All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Overview of major neural components including four flask-shaped serotonin-lir cells (red asterisks) that form the apical organ. Neurites (n) project dorsally into the velum (ve). The anlage of the cerebral ganglion (turquoise x) is located underneath the apical organ. Cerebro-visceral connectives (cvc) connect the posterior larval sensory organ (pso) with the apical organ (ao). b Same individual as in a but colorcoded for depth. c Detail of the apical organ (red asterisks) and the anlage

Fig. 3 in The bivalve Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) from the Cretaceous of Brazil

Fig. 3. Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) in the Late Cretaceous. For sources see text. Map for the Turonian based on Barron et al. (1981), Barron (1987), and Funnell (1990).

Fig. 4 in The bivalve Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) from the Cretaceous of Brazil

Fig. 4. Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) from Sergipe. A. Right valve (no. GPIH−BR C37.192), from Cajaíba 7, Cotinguiba Formation, upper Turonian or lower Coniacian. B. Right valve, internal mould with trace of bilobate internal nacreous layer (no. GPIH−BR C26.14), from Mucuri 7, Cotinguiba Formation, upper Turonian. C. Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) from Sergipe; internal moulds of two left valves preserved in life position (nos GPIH−BR C37.716, 717), from Cajaíba 7, Cotinguiba Formation, upper Turonian or lower Coniacian. D. Atrina reginamaris (Maury, 1930) from the Pernambuco−Paraíba Basin (no. DG−CT−UFPE 3232), from "Pedreiras do Roger", João Pessoa, Paraíba ("locality 5" of Muniz 1993), Gramame Formation, Maastrichtian; specimen housed in the collections of the Department of Geology of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. Scale bars 2 cm.

Fig. 2 in The bivalve Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) from the Cretaceous of Brazil

Fig. 2. Inferred mode of life of Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813). A. External view of left valve. B. Internal view of right valve (modified from Seilacher 1984).

Fig. 1 in The bivalve Pinna cretacea (Schlotheim, 1813) from the Cretaceous of Brazil

Fig. 1. Sedimentary basins along the north−eastern coast of Brazil (A, B) with locality map for the Sergipe Basin (C). Abbreviations of state names: AL, Alagoas; BA, Bahia; CE, Ceará; MA, Maranhno; PB, Paraíba; PE, Pernambuco; PI, Piauí; RN, Rio Grande do Norte; SE, Sergipe.

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Fig. 1 in A new aviculopectinid bivalve from the Early Carboniferous of Guizhou, China

Fig. 1. Lithologic sequence of the Tournaisian Muhua Formation at the M2 (M2/1–4 and M2–8) and G (GB and GT) sampling sites, and the geological map around Muhua, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The map modified from Baliński (1999).

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Fig. 2 in The bivalve Pholadomya gigantea in the Early Cretaceous of Argentina: Taxonomy, taphonomy, and paleogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Schematic correlation chart of the Mendoza Group between Neuquén and Mendoza Provinces, Early Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, showing ranges of Pholadomya species. Modified from Uliana et al. (1977); stages from Aguirre−Urreta and Rawson (1997, 2003); ranges are based on Weaver (1931), Damborenea et al. (1979), and author's observations. Abbreviations: Bar., Barremian; Kim., Kimmeridgian.

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Fig. 7 in The bivalve Pholadomya gigantea in the Early Cretaceous of Argentina: Taxonomy, taphonomy, and paleogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Main differences between Pholadomya gigantea (Sowerby, 1836) (A) and Pholadomya agrioensis Weaver, 1931 (B). Schemes in ventral view.