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FIGURES 3–6. Cyclocephala mafaffa Burmeister, lectotype male from MLUH. 3 in Mitochondrial sequence data clarify species concepts in the Cyclocephala mafaffa species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini)
FIGURES 3–6. Cyclocephala mafaffa Burmeister, lectotype male from MLUH. 3, Lectotype male, dorsal habitus. 4, Lectotype male, ventral habitus. 5, Lectotype male, lateral habitus. 6, Lectotype male specimen labels and aedeagus. Photographs courtesy of Matthias Seidel (Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic).
Data from: Extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' to global change ecology in the Anthropocene
<ol> <li>Research into global change ecology is motivated by the need to understand the role of humans in changing biotic systems. Mechanistic understanding of ecological responses requires the separation of different climatic parameters and processes that often operate on diverse spatiotemporal scales. Yet most environmental studies do not distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from those caused by external, natural (e.g. volcanic, solar, orbital) or anthropogenic (e.g. greenhouse gases, ozone, aerosols, land-use) forcing factors.</li> <li>We suggest extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' (DA) to unravel abiotic drivers of ecological dynamics in the Anthropocene. We therefore apply DA to quantify the relative roles of natural versus industrial temperature change on elevational shifts in the outbreak epicentres of the larch budmoth (LBM; <i>Zeiraphera diniana</i> or <i>griseana</i> Gn.); the classic example of a cyclic forest defoliating insect.</li> <li>Our case study shows that anthropogenic warming shifts the epicentre of travelling LBM waves upward, which disrupts the intensity of population outbreaks that occurred regularly over the past millennium in the European Alps. Our findings demonstrate the ability of DA to detect ecological responses beyond internal system variability, to attribute them to specific external climate forcing factors, and to identify climate-induced ecological tipping points.</li> <li>In order to implement the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' successfully into modern global change ecology, future studies should combine high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstructions and state-of-the-art climate model simulations to inform inference-based ecosystem models.</li> </ol>
FIGURE 1 in Additional DNA barcodes confirm recent morphological species concepts and synonymies in Callomyia Meigen (Diptera: Platypezidae)
FIGURE 1. Neighbour-Joining tree of 30 Callomyia specimens and two outgroup specimens with COI sequences ≥550 bp, including sex, unique voucher number, sequence length, geographic locality and GenBank number. Bracketed species names are the current species concepts used in Cumming & Wheeler (2016) and include Nearctic synonyms and misidentifications (shown on branch terminals) that are found in Kessel & Buegler (1972).
Building on challenges hindering practical use of smell concept: a systematic review (80 primary studies from 2002-2019)
<p>Data set of the research: Extending a systematic review on code smell effect: outlining catalogues, investigated smells and building on tool-related bias (80 primary studies from 2002-2019)</p>
A list of 171 body part concepts
<p>The list includes 171 body part concepts. The concepts are linked to the identifiers in <a href="https://concepticon.clld.org/">Concepticon</a>. Each concept was categorized into human, animal, or human/animal. In addition, the concepts received tags for gender (male/female) and if applicable, a reference for the relation to other body parts (part of, instance of).</p>
Estimation of environmental, genetic and parental age at conception effects on telomere length in a wild mammal
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Understanding individual variation in fitness-related traits requires separating the environmental and genetic determinants. Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that are thought to be a biomarker of senescence as their length predicts mortality risk and reflect the physiological consequences of environmental conditions. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual variation in telomere length is however unclear, yet important for understanding its evolutionary dynamics. In particular, the evidence for transgenerational effects, in terms of parental age at conception, on telomere length is mixed. Here, we investigate the heritability of telomere length, using the 'animal model', and parental age at conception effects on offspring telomere length in a wild population of European badgers (<i>Meles meles</i>). While we found no heritability of telomere length and low evolvability (<0.001), our power to detect heritability was low and a repeatability of 2% across individual lifetimes provides a low upper limit to ordinary narrow-sense heritability. However, year (25%) and cohort (3%) explained greater proportions of the phenotypic variance in telomere length. There was no support for cross-sectional or within-individual parental age at conception effects on offspring telomere length. Our results indicate a lack of transgenerational effects through parental age at conception and a low potential for evolutionary change in telomere length in this population. Instead, we provide evidence that individual variation in telomere length is largely driven by environmental variation in this wild mammal.</p>
Data from: Visualizing connectivity of ecological and evolutionary concepts – an exploration of research on plant species rarity
<p>Understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence species rarity has important theoretical and applied implications, yet the reasons why some species are rare while others are common remain unresolved. As a novel exploration of scientific knowledge, we used network analysis conceptually to visualize the foci of a comprehensive base of >800 studies on plant species rarity within the context of ecology and evolution. In doing so, we highlight existing research strengths that could substantiate novel syntheses and gaps that could inspire new research. Our results reveal strong integrated foci on population dynamics with other ecological concepts. In contrast, despite the potential for ecological and evolutionary processes to interact, few studies explored the interplay of environmental factors and microevolutionary patterns. The cellular and molecular biology, physiology, and plasticity of rare plant species within both ecological and evolutionary contexts similarly provide avenues for impactful future investigations.</p>
Quantum Tunneling Photodetector - concept movie
<p>simple illustration of the idea of Quantum Tunneling Photodetector</p>
FIGURES 68–77. 68 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 68–77. 68: Maiana callida (Hine) (CNC_Diptera105396), male, abdomen, ventral. 69: Maiana pumila (Austen) (JSS32861), male, terminalia, oblique fronto-ventral. 70–73: Hybobathus pola (Curran). 70: female terminalia (CNC_Diptera 161361), apex, dorsal. 71–72: male terminalia (CNC_Diptera 161366). 71: hypandrium, ventral. 72: terminalia, lateral. 73: holotype Baccha pola Curran (AMNH), male, habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 74: Fragosa aurora (Hull) (holotype Baccha aurora Hull, AMNH), male, habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 75: Nuntianus variegatus (Macquart) (holotype Baccha variegata Macquart, MNHNP, ED8265), female, habitus, dorsal, by MNHNP. 76: Fragosa virgilio (Hull) (holotype Baccha virgilio Hull, CNC, CNC_Diptera189124), male, habitus, dorsal, by CNC. 77: Victoriana oblonga (Walker) (holotype Baccha oblonga Walker, BMNH, NHMUK 010369937), female, habitus, dorsal, copyright of The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. c: cercus; e: epiproct; h: hypandrium; l: lobe; n: lateral notch; p: postgonite; ph: phallus; s: surstylus; s4 and 5: sternum 4 and 5; t7: tergum 7.
FIGURES 23–37 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 23–37. Nuntianus Miranda gen. nov., habitus, dorsal. 23: Nuntianus cultratus (Austen) (holotype Baccha satyra Hull, AMNH), male, by AMNH. 24: Nuntianus neptunus (Hull) (holotype Baccha neptuna Hull, AMNH), male, by AMNH. 25: Nuntianus luctuosus (Bigot) (holotype Baccha vespuccia Hull, AMNH), male, by AMNH. 26: Nuntianus peri (Hull) (holotype Baccha peri Hull, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 27: Nuntianus pullus (Sack) (holotype Baccha danaida Hull, AMNH), male, by AMNH. 28: Nuntianus cecrops (Hull) (INPA-DIP000246), female. 29: Nuntianus niobe (Hull) (holotype Baccha niobe Hull, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 30: Nuntianus verona (Curran) (holotype Baccha verona Curran, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 31: Nuntianus anona (Hull) (holotype Baccha anona Hull, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 32: Nuntianus debasa (Curran) (holotype Baccha debasa Curran, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 33: Nuntianus aeolus (Hull) (holotype Baccha aeolus Hull, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 34: Nuntianus zobeide (Hull) (holotype Baccha zobeide Hull, AMNH), male, by AMNH. 35: Nuntianus chapadensis (Curran) (holotype Baccha chapadensis Curran, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 36: Nuntianus zenillia (Curran) (holotype Baccha zenillia Curran, AMNH), female, by AMNH. 37: Nuntianus nora (Curran) (holotype Baccha nora Curran, AMNH), male, by AMNH.
FIGURES 61–67. 61 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 61–67. 61: Pseudoscaeva diversifasciata (Knab) (CNC_Diptera040088), female, katatergite, lateral. 62: Styxia eblis Hull (debu01088838), male, pleuron, lateral. 63: Hybobathus norina (Curran) (JSS25233), male, hypandrium, lateral. 64: Orphnabaccha aff. calda (CNC_Diptera210099), male, hypandrium, lateral. 65: Mimocalla erebus (Hull) (CNC_Diptera209355), male, epandrium, lateral, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 66: Fragosa argentina (Curran) (CNC_Diptera174232), female, tergum 1, dorsal. 67: Maiana callida (Hine) (CNC_Diptera105396), male, tergum 1, dorsal. c: cercus; ca: calypter; d: distiphallus; db: dorsal bridge; e: epandrium; h: hypandrium; k: katatergite; l: lobe; n: lateral notch; p: postgonite; ps: posterior spiracle; s: surstylus; t1: tergum 1.
FIGURES 12–22. 12–15 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 12–22. 12–15. Hypocritanus Miranda gen. nov.. 12: Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann), female, habitus, dorsal view, by Steve Marshall. 13: Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann) (debu01088980), male, epandrium, ventral view. 14–15. Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann) (debu00119165), female, terminalia. 14: dorsal view. 15: lateral view. 16–22. Maiana Miranda gen. nov. 16: Maiana pumila (Austen), female, habitus, dorsal view, by Steve Marshall. 17: Maiana sp. (INPA-DIP000172), male, head, dorsal view. 18: Maiana pumila (Austen) (JSS32861), male, wing. 19: Maiana pumila (Austen) (debu00178088), female, scutellum and tergum 1, dorsal view. 20–22. Maiana pumila (Austen) (JSS32861), male, terminalia. 20: epandrium, lateral view. 21: epandrium, ventral view. 22: hypandrium, lateral view. c: cercus; e: epiproct; h: hypandrium; p: postgonite; ph: phallus; s: surstylus; se: subepandrial sclerite; l: lobe; le: lobular expansion; lem: lateral eye margin; o: ocellar triangle; pem: posterior eye margin; t1: tergum 1.
FIGURES 48–60 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 48–60. Victoriana Miranda gen. nov.. 48: Victoriana melanorrhina (Philippi), female, habitus, dorsal, by Steve Marshall, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 49: Victoriana parvicornis (Loew) (CNC_Diptera237923), male, habitus, dorsal, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 50: Victoriana zilla (Hull) (holotype Baccha zilla Hull, AMNH), female, habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 51: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (debu00279441), male, epandrium, lateral. 52: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (debu00279441), male, epandrium, ventral. 53: Victoriana cf. attenuata (JSS22253), male, epandrium, ventral. 54: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (debu00279441), male, hypandrium, lateral. 55: Victoriana melanorrhina (debu01088955), male, hypandrium, lateral. 56: Victoriana cf. attenuata (JSS22253), male, hypandrium, lateral. 57–60. Victoriana parvicornis (Loew) (CNC_Diptera237923), male. 57: abdomen apex, ventral. 58: epandrium, frontal. 59: hypandrium, ventral. 60: hypandrium, lateral. c: cercus; d: distiphallus; e: epandrium; ex: extensions of sternum 5; p: postgonite; pr: process of sternum 8; s: surstylus; se: subepandrial sclerite; s8: sternum 8.
FIGURES 1–11. Fragosa Miranda gen. nov. 1 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 1–11. Fragosa Miranda gen. nov. 1: Fragosa sp. (INPA-DIP001362), female, habitus, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 2: Fragosa aff. titania (CNC), female, abdomen, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 3: Fragosa argentina (Curran) (CNC_Diptera196006), female, wing. 4: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088839), female, head, frontal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 5: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male, head, lateral view. 6: Fragosa sp., female, habitus, dorsal view, by Steve Marshall. 7: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male, epandrium, lateral view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 8: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088839), female, apex of abdomen, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 9–11. Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male. 9: epandrium, ventral view. 10: hypandrium, lateral view. 11: hypandrium, ventral view. ap: apodeme; b: basiphallus; bm: cell bm; br: cell br; c: cell c; d: distiphallus; e: epiproct; f: frons; h: hypandrium; oc: occiput; p: postgonite; s: surstylus; se: subepandrial sclerite; t: facial tubercle; t2, t3, t7 and t8: terga 2, 3, 7 and 8.
FIGURES 89–102. 89 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 89–102. 89: Victoriana sativa (Curran) (holotype Baccha sativa Curran, AMNH), habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 90– 91: Victoriana laudabilis (Williston) (holotype Baccha laudabilis Williston, BMNH, NHMUK010369870), copyright of The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 90: base of abdomen and metafemur, dorsal. 91: base of wing, dorsal (line drawing represents outline of the alula). 92–95: Fragosa sp. (species group tenuis, CNC_Diptera196012), male. 92: hypandrium, lateral. 93: surstylus, ventro-lateral. 94: epandrium, lateral. 95: epandrium, ventral (line drawing represents outline of the subepandrial sclerite). 96–97: Nuntianus abata (Curran) (CNC_Diptera209361), male, hypandrium. 96: lateral. 97: ventral. 98: Syrphus conjunctus Wiedemann (currently incertae sedis, CNC_Diptera209347), male, hypandrium, lateral. 99: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (debu00279441), male, hypandrium, ventral. 100: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (DEBU), female, terminalia, dorsal. 101: Victoriana parvicornis (Loew) (CNC_Diptera237922), terminalia, dorsal. 102: Maiana pumila (Austen) (debu00178088), female, terminalia, dorsal. a: alula; c: cercus; d: distiphallus; e: epiproct; l: lobe; p: baso-posterior pile; t7 and 8: tergum 7 and 8.
FIGURES 78–88. 78 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 78–88. 78: Fragosa harlequina (Hull) (holotype Baccha harlequina Hull, AMNH), male, thorax, lateral, by AMNH (line drawing represents outline of the alula). 79: Fragosa argentina (Curran) (CNC_Diptera174232), thorax, postero-ventral (line drawing represents outline of the incomplete post-metacoxal bridge). 80–81: Fragosa virgilio (Hull) (holotype Baccha virgilio Hull, CNC, CNC_Diptera189124), male. 80: habitus, lateral, by CNC. 81: head, oblique frontal, by CNC. 82: Fragosa titania (Hull) (JSS25229), female, head, dorsal. 83: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male, head, dorsal. 84–85: Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann), female, head. 84: frontal, by Ximo Mengual (http://syrphidae.myspecies.info/ taxonomy/term/879). 85: lateral (CNC_Diptera501). 86–87: Nuntianus cecrops (Hull) (INPA-DIP000246), female, head. 86: dorsal. 87: lateral. 88: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (DEBU), female, head, lateral. a: alula; ai: antennal insertion; f: frons; ft: frontal triangle; lem: lateral eye margin; mt: metafemur; o: ocellar triangle; oc: occiput; pmt: post-metacoxal bridge; t: facial tubercle.
FIGURES 38–47 in New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
FIGURES 38–47. Nuntianus Miranda gen. nov.. 38: Nuntianus aff. anona, male, habitus, oblique dorsal view, by Gil F. G. Miranda. 39: Nuntianus croceus (Austen), male, habitus, lateral view, in flight, by Gil F. G. Miranda. 40: Nuntianus cultratus (Austen), female, habitus, dorso-posterior view, in flight, by Gil F. G. Miranda. 41: Nuntianus cubanus (Hull) (holotype Baccha cubana Hull, MCZ), female, habitus, dorsal view [copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College (MCZ)]. 42: Nuntianus obliquus (Curran) (INPA-DIP000248), female, abdomen, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 43–44. Nuntianus hyalipennis (Curran) (holotype Callostigma hyalipennis Curran, AMNH), female, habitus, by AMNH. 43: dorsal. 44: lateral. 45: Nuntianus abata (Curran) (CNC_Diptera209361), male, epandrium, ventral (line drawing represents outline of the subepandrial sclerite). 46: Nuntianus cultratus (Austen) (CNC_Diptera209588), male, epandrium, ventral (line drawing represents outline of the subepandrial sclerite). 47: Nuntianus abata (Curran) (CNC_Diptera209364), female, terminalia, dorsal. l: lobe expansion; M1: vein M1; se: subepandrial sclerite; t2 and 7: tergum 2 and 7.
Data from: Comparative spatial genetics and epigenetics of plant populations: heuristic value and a proof of concept
Despite the recent upsurge of interest on natural epigenetic variation of nonmodel organisms, factors conditioning the spatial structure of epigenetic diversity in wild plant populations remain virtually unexplored. We propose that information on processes shaping natural epigenetic variation can be gained using the spatial structure of genetic diversity as null model. Departures of epigenetic isolation-by-distance (IBD) patterns from genetic IBD patterns for the same sample, particularly differences in slope of similarity-distance regressions, will reflect the action of factors that operate specifically on epigenetic variation, including imperfect transgenerational inheritance and responsiveness to environmental factors of epigenetic marks. As a proof of concept, we provide a comparative analysis of spatial genetic and epigenetic structure of 200 mapped individuals of the perennial herb Helleborus foetidus. Plants were fingerprinted using nuclear microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive AFLP markers. Expectations from individual-level IBD patterns were tested by means of kinship-distance regressions. Both genetic and epigenetic similarity between H. foetidus individuals conformed to theoretical expectations under individual-level IBD models. Irrespective of marker type, there were significant negative linear relationships between the kinship coefficient for plant pairs and their spatial separation. Regression slopes were significantly steeper for epigenetic markers. Epigenetic similarity between individuals was much greater than genetic similarity at shortest distances, such epigenetic 'kinship excess' tending to decrease as plant separation increased. Results suggest that moderate-to-high heritability and responsiveness to local environments are major drivers of epigenetic spatial structure in H. foetidus, and illustrate the heuristic value of comparing genetic and epigenetic spatial structure for formulating and testing hypotheses on forces shaping epigenetic diversity in wild plant populations.
Data from: Microbial functional diversity: from concepts to applications
Functional diversity is increasingly recognized by microbial ecologists as the essential link between biodiversity patterns and ecosystem functioning, determining the trophic relationships and interactions between microorganisms, their participation in biogeochemical cycles and their responses to environmental changes. Consequently, its definition and quantification have practical and theoretical implications. In this opinion paper, we present a synthesis on the concept of microbial functional diversity from its definition to its application. Initially, we revisit to the original definition of functional diversity, highlighting two fundamental aspects, the ecological unit under study and the functional traits used to characterize it. Then, we discuss how the particularities of the microbial world disallow the direct application of the concepts and tools developed for macroorganisms. Next, we provide a synthesis of the literature on the types of ecological units and functional traits available in microbial functional ecology. We also provide a list of more than 400 traits covering a wide array of environmentally relevant functions. Lastly, we provide examples of the use of functional diversity in microbial systems based on the different units and traits discussed herein. It is our hope that this paper will stimulate discussions and help the growing field of microbial functional ecology to realize a potential that thus far has only been attained in macrobial ecology.
Data from: Individual-level trait diversity concepts and indices to comprehensively describe community change in multidimensional trait space
Global environmental change can influence ecosystem processes directly or through changes in the trait composition of natural communities. Traits are individual-level features of organisms, and theory predicts that diversity in traits should relate to ecosystem processes. Validated indices that account for both intra- and interspecific trait variation in multidimensional trait space are lacking. In this article, we highlight how an individual-level perspective requires new concepts for trait diversity (TD) and we validate a set of measures suitable to study trait richness, evenness and divergence at the individual scale. First, we tested a selection of multivariate indices for trait richness, evenness and divergence from the literature (FRic, FEve, FDis and the Rao coefficient) using simulated and real individual-level data. We compared the observed changes in the tested indices with those predicted from their expected/required behaviour (i.e. increase or decrease under specific manipulation of community trait structure) and found unsatisfactory results only for FRic and FEve, whereas FDis and the Rao coefficient showed the expected changes. Therefore, we propose two novel concepts and related indices for individual-level trait richness (TOP = trait onion peeling) and evenness (TED = trait even distribution). TOP represents the sum of all successive convex hull areas touching all individuals (points) within a multidimensional trait distribution. TED is a measure of how evenly distributed are individuals within the multidimensional trait space. It is calculated comparing the probability distributions of pairwise distances between individuals and between points of a perfectly even reference distribution. We tested TOP and TED on the same simulated and real data as above, and results indicated appropriate behaviour for TOP (trait richness) and TED (trait evenness). By validating TD indices in an individual-level context, this study contributes to the expansion of functional ecology towards individual-level dynamics. Future comprehensive investigations of individual trait differences in natural communities may improve our understanding of the pathways by which environmental changes affect ecosystem functioning through biodiversity change.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.