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1,161 results for “Drosophila melanogaster”
Figure 4 in The effect of streptomycin on survival, development, and some biochemical aspects of Drosophila melanogaster
Figure 4. Effects of dietary streptomycin on CAT enzyme activities in 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adults of D. melanogaster. Bars represent the means of four replicates. Means followed by different letters are significantly different (p <0.05, LSD test).
Figure 1 in The effect of streptomycin on survival, development, and some biochemical aspects of Drosophila melanogaster
Figure 1. Effects of dietary streptomycin on MDA content in 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adults of D. melanogaster. Bars represent the means of four replicates. Means followed by different letters are significantly different (p <0,05, LSD test).
Data from: Intergenerational paternal effect of adult density in Drosophila melanogaster
1. Notwithstanding recent evidences, paternal environment is thought to be a potential but unlikely source of fitness variation that can affect trait evolution. Here we studied intergenerational effects of males' exposure to varying adult density in Drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations. 2. We held sires at normal (N), medium (M) and high (H) adult densities for two days before allowing them to mate with virgin females. This treatment did not introduce selection through differential mortality. Further, we randomly paired males and females and allowed a single round of mating between the sires and the dams. We then collected eggs from the dams and measured the egg size. Finally, we investigated the effect of the paternal treatment on juvenile and adult (male) fitness components. 3. We found a significant treatment effect on juvenile competitive ability where the progeny sired by the H-males had higher competitive ability. Since we did not find the treatment to affect egg size, this effect is unlikely to be mediated through variation in female provisioning. 4. Male fitness components were also found to have a significant treatment effect: M-sons had lower dry weight at eclosion, higher mating latency and lower competitive mating success. 5. While being the first study to show both adaptive and non-adaptive effect of the paternal density in Drosophila, our results highlight the importance of considering paternal environment as important source of fitness variation.
Data from: Loss of reproductive parasitism following transfer of male-killing Wolbachia to Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans
Wolbachia manipulates insect host biology through a variety of means that result in elevated fitness of infected females, enhancing its own transmission. A Wolbachia strain (wInn) naturally infecting D. innubila induces male-killing, while native strains of D. melanogaster and D. simulans usually induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In this study, we transferred wInn to D. melanogaster and D. simulans by embryonic microinjection, expecting conservation of the male-killing phenotype to the novel hosts, which are more suitable for genetic analysis. In contrast to our expectations, there was no effect on offspring sex ratio. Furthermore, no CI was observed in the transinfected flies. Overall, transinfected D. melanogaster lines displayed lower transmission rate and lower densities of Wolbachia than transinfected D. simulans lines, in which established infections were transmitted with near-perfect fidelity. In D. simulans, strain wInn had no effect on fecundity and egg to adult development. Surprisingly, one of the two transinfected lines tested showed increased longevity. We discuss our results in the context of host-symbiont co-evolution and the potential of symbionts to invade novel host species.
Data from: Masculinisation of gene expression is associated with male quality in Drosophila melanogaster
The signature of sexual selection has been revealed through the study of differences in patterns of genome-wide gene expression, both between the sexes and between alternative reproductive morphs within a single sex. What remains unclear, however, is whether differences in gene expression patterns between individuals of a given sex consistently map to variation in individual quality. Such a pattern, particularly if found in males, would provide unambiguous evidence that the phenotypic response to sexual selection is shaped through sex-specific alterations to the transcriptome. To redress this knowledge gap, we explored whether patterns of sex-biased gene expression are associated with variation in male reproductive quality in Drosophila melanogaster. We measured two male reproductive phenotypes, and their association with sex-biased gene expression, across a selection of inbred lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. Genotypes with higher expression of male-biased genes produced males exhibiting shorter latencies to copulation, and higher capacity to inseminate females. Conversely, female-biased genes tended to show negative associations with these male reproductive traits across genotypes. We uncovered similar patterns, by reanalysing a published dataset from a second D. melanogaster population. Our results reveal the footprint of sexual selection in masculinising the male transcriptome.
Data from: The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster
Here we present a statistically rigorous approach to quantifying microarray expression data that allows the relative effects of multiple classes of treatment to be compared and incorporates analytical methods that are common to quantitative genetics. From the magnitude of gene effects and contributions of variance components, we find that gene expression in adult flies is affected most strongly by sex, less so by genotype and only weakly by age (for 1- and 6-wk flies); in addition, sex x genotype interactions may be present for as much as 10% of the Drosophila transcriptome. This interpretation is compromised to some extent by statistical issues relating to power and experimental design. Nevertheless, we show that changes in expression as small as 1.2-fold can be highly significant. Genotypic contributions to transcriptional variance may be of a similar magnitude to those relating to some quantitative phenotypes and should be considered when assessing the significance of experimental treatments.
Data from: Evidence for canalization of Distal-less function in the leg of Drosophila melanogaster
A considerable body of theory pertaining to the evolution of canalization has emerged recently, yet there have been few empirical investigations of their predictions. To address this, patterns of canalization and trait correlation were investigated under the individual and joint effects of the introgression of a loss-of-function allele of the Distal-less gene and high-temperature stress on a panel of iso-female lines. Variation was examined for number of sex comb teeth and the length of the basi-tarsus on the pro-thoracic leg of male Drosophila melanogaster. I demonstrate that whereas there is evidence for trait canalization, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis of the evolution of genetic canalization as a response to microenvironmental canalization. Furthermore, I demonstrate that although there are genetic correlations between these traits, there is no association between their measures of canalization. I discuss the prospects of the evolutionary lability of the Distal-less gene within the context of changes in genetic variation and covariation.
Evolution of sex-specific heat stress tolerance and larval Hsp70 expression in populations of Drosophila melanogaster adapted to larval crowding
<p class="BodyA">The ability to tolerate temperature stress is an important component of adult fitness. In holometabolous insects like <i>Drosophila melanogaster,</i> adult stress resistance can be affected by growth conditions experienced during the larval stages. While evolution under crowded larval conditions is known to lead to the correlated evolution of many adult traits, its consequences on adult heat stress tolerance have not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the adult heat stress tolerance in populations of <i>D.</i><i> </i><i>melanogaster</i> adapted to a stressful larval crowding environment. We used replicate populations of <i>D.</i><i> </i><i>melanogaster</i>, selected for adaptation to larval crowding stress (MCUs), for more than 230 generations, and their respective controls (MBs). Larvae from selected and control populations were grown under crowded and uncrowded conditions and their adult heat shock resistance at two different temperatures was measured. Further, we compared Hsp70 expression in crowded and uncrowded larvae of both populations and also measured the Hsp70 expression after a mild-heat treatment in adults of selected and control populations. Our results showed that adaptation to larval crowding leads to the evolution of Hsp70 gene expression in larval stages and improves adult heat-stress tolerance ability in males, but not in females. </p>
Data from: Mapping QTL contributing to variation in posterior lobe morphology between strains of Drosophila melanogaster
Closely-related, and otherwise morphologically similar insect species frequently show striking divergence in the shape and/or size of male genital structures, a phenomenon thought to be driven by sexual selection. Comparative interspecific studies can help elucidate the evolutionary forces acting on genital structures to drive this rapid differentiation. However, genetic dissection of sexual trait divergence between species is frequently hampered by the difficulty generating interspecific recombinants. Intraspecific variation can be leveraged to investigate the genetics of rapidly-evolving sexual traits, and here we carry out a genetic analysis of variation in the posterior lobe within D. melanogaster. The lobe is a male-specific process emerging from the genital arch of D. melanogaster and three closely-related species, is essential for copulation, and shows radical divergence in form across species. There is also abundant variation within species in the shape and size of the lobe, and while this variation is considerably more subtle than that seen among species, it nonetheless provides the raw material for QTL mapping. We created an advanced intercross population from a pair of phenotypically-different inbred strains, and after phenotyping and genotyping-by-sequencing the recombinants, mapped several QTL contributing to various measures of lobe morphology. The additional generations of crossing over in our mapping population led to QTL intervals that are smaller than is typical for an F2 mapping design. The intervals we map overlap with a pair of lobe QTL we previously identified in an independent mapping cross, potentially suggesting a level of shared genetic control of trait variation. Our QTL additionally implicate a suite of genes that have been shown to contribute to the development of the posterior lobe. These loci are strong candidates to harbor naturally-segregating sites contributing to phenotypic variation within D. melanogaster, and may also be those contributing to divergence in lobe morphology between species.
Data from: X-linkage is not a general inhibitor of tissue-specific gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Developmental environment mediates male seminal protein investment in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Linkage disequilibrium and inversion-typing of the Drosophila melanogaster Genome Reference Panel
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Data from: Heat hardening capacity in Drosophila melanogaster is life stage specific and juveniles show the highest plasticity
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Data from: The “unguarded-X” and the genetic architecture of lifespan: Inbreeding results in a potentially maladaptive sex-specific reduction of female lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Autosomal and X linked additive genetic variation for lifespan and aging: comparisons within and between the sexes in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: In a variable thermal environment selection favors greater plasticity of cell membranes in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: No effect of environmental heterogeneity on the maintenance of genetic variation in wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Sexual conflict in wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Cross-sex genetic correlations and the evolution of sex-specific local adaptation: insights from classical trait clines in Drosophila melanogaster
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