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FIGURE 2 in Two new species and one new record of Hyalopsora (Pucciniastraceae) on ferns in China
FIGURE 2—Hyalopsora minispora (holotype, BJFC-R03350). A. Features of infected leaves and an enlarged view of uredinium. B. Vertical section of uredinium containing amphispores (A) and urediniospores (U). C. Amphispores (A) and urediniospores (U) D. Germ pores of urediniospore. E. Germ pores of amphispore. F. SEM of amphispore. G. SEM of urediniospore. Scale bars: B =30 um; C = 5 μm; D, E = 20 μm; F, G = 5 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species and one new record of Hyalopsora (Pucciniastraceae) on ferns in China
FIGURE 1—MP phylogram based on ITS2+28S sequences. Parsimony bootstrap and likelihood bootstrap greater than 50% are shown (MP% /ML%). Thickened branches indicate PP> 0.90 from the Bayesian inferences. The new species are indicated in colorful font. Pucciniastrum agrimoniae was selected as the outgroup. Bars: 30 nucleotide substitutions.
Untying the Gordian Knot of plastid phylogenomic conflict: a case from ferns
<p>Phylogenomic studies based on plastid genome have resolved the recalcitrant relationships among various plants, yet the phylogeny of Dennstaedtiaceae at the taxonomic level remains unresolved due to conflicting plastid genes, limited molecular data and incomplete taxon sampling of previous studies. The present study generated 31 new plastid genomes of Dennstaedtiaceae (9 genera, 30 species) and combined 41 publicly available sequences of plastid genome (including 24 families, 26 genera, 41 species) to solve and explore the evolution of Dennstaedtiaceae. In order to minimize the impact of systematic errors on the resolution of phylogenetic inference, we applied six strategies to generate 30 datasets based on CDS, Spacer, and All datasets, and two tree inference methods (maximum-likelihood, ML; and multispecies coalescent, MSC) to comprehensively analyze the plastome-scale data. Besides, the phylogenetic signal among all loci was quantified for the controversial node using the ML framework, and the phylogenetic hypotheses among all datasets were tested. In the species tree based on different data sets and methods, obvious conflicts were detected at the base of the polypod ferns. Meanwhile, the topology of the "CDS-codon-align-rm3" (CDS removed the third codon) matrix was selected as the primary reference or summary tree due to its analysis results are consistent, and similar to the topological structure of the amino-acid matrix. The final phylogenetic tree supported Dennstaedtiaceae as the sister group to eupolypods, and<em> Dennstaedtia</em> (sen. lat.) can divided into smaller genera, which was also supported by geographical distribution and plastid structure. This robust reconstructed phylogenetic backbone established a framework for future studies on Dennstaedtiaceae classification, evolution and diversification. The present study suggests considering plastid phylogenomic conflict when using plastid genomes. From our results, reducing saturated genes or sites can effectively mitigate the tree conflicts of distantly related taxa. Moreover, amino acid sequences may verify the accuracy of nucleotide-based phylogeny.</p>
Variation in frequency of plastid RNA editing within Adiantum (Pteridaceae) implies rapid evolution in fern plastomes
<p>Premise</p> <p>Recent advances in studies of plant RNA editing have demonstrated that the number of editing sites can vary widely among large taxonomic groups (orders, families). Yet, very little is known about intrageneric variation in frequency of plant RNA editing, and no study has been conducted in ferns.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We determined plastid RNA editing counts for two species of Adiantum (Pteridaceae), A. shastense and A. aleuticum, by implementing a pipeline that integrated read mapping and SNP calling software to identify RNA editing sites. We then compared the edits found in A. aleuticum and A. shastense with previously published edits from A. capillus-veneris by generating alignments for each plastid gene.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found direct evidence for 505 and 509 plastid RNA editing sites in A. aleuticum and A. shastense, respectively, compared with 350 sites in A. capillus-veneris. We observed striking variation in the number and location of the RNA editing sites among the three species, with reverse (U-to-C) editing sites showing a higher degree of conservation than forward (C-to-U) sites. Additionally, sites involving start and stop codons were highly conserved.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Variation in RNA editing frequency observed within Adiantum implies that RNA editing sites can be rapidly gained or lost throughout evolution. However, varying degrees of conservation between both C-to-U and U-to-C sites and sites in start or stop codons, versus other codons, hints at the likely independent origin of both types of edits and a potential selective advantage conferred by RNA editing.</p>
Supplements - Apomictic fern fathers: An experimental approach to the reproductive characteristics of sexual, apomict and hybrid fern gametophytes
<p>Supplementary files for the article "Apomictic fern fathers: An experimental approach to the reproductive characteristics of sexual, apomict and hybrid fern gametophytes" published in American Journal of Botany</p>
FIGURE 1 in Athyrium aberrans (Athyriaceae), a new species of the lady ferns from southeastern Xizang, China, based on morphological and molecular evidence
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Athyrium based on five plastid markers (rbcL, rps4, rps4-trnS, trnL, and trnL-F). Maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) are given above and below the branches, respectively. The asterisk indicates MLBS = 100, BIPP = 1.00. The new species (in red) belongs to the A. otophorum clade (Wei et al. 2018b).
FIGURE. Taphonomic process corresponding to the abundance of different kinds of plant remains in the three layers of "vegetational Pompeii" tuff bed. Single, double and triple repeated icons in different layers indicate rare, moderate and frequent occurrence respectively. Note that the thickness of the tuff bed is scaled but that of the two coal beds is neglected. in Discovery of coprolites in an Early Permian fern mesophyll
FIGURE. Taphonomic process corresponding to the abundance of different kinds of plant remains in the three layers of "vegetational Pompeii" tuff bed. Single, double and triple repeated icons in different layers indicate rare, moderate and frequent occurrence respectively. Note that the thickness of the tuff bed is scaled but that of the two coal beds is neglected.
FIGURE. Coprolites preserved in an early Permian fern mesophyll. A, Gross morphology of a fragmentary fern frond, specimen PB23532. B, Basal part of a penultimate pinna showing sphenopteroid vegetative pinnules. C, Polished surface showing two sporangia with typical annulus structures (white arrowheads). D, SEM image showing an in situ trilete spore. E, The fertile pinnule which contains numerous coprolites along a transverse wound area. F, Enlargement showing coprolites filled with brown to black contents. G, SEM image of the same part in E. H, SEM image showing locally preserved epidermal cells and nearby coprolites. in Discovery of coprolites in an Early Permian fern mesophyll
FIGURE. Coprolites preserved in an early Permian fern mesophyll. A, Gross morphology of a fragmentary fern frond, specimen PB23532. B, Basal part of a penultimate pinna showing sphenopteroid vegetative pinnules. C, Polished surface showing two sporangia with typical annulus structures (white arrowheads). D, SEM image showing an in situ trilete spore. E, The fertile pinnule which contains numerous coprolites along a transverse wound area. F, Enlargement showing coprolites filled with brown to black contents. G, SEM image of the same part in E. H, SEM image showing locally preserved epidermal cells and nearby coprolites.
Supporting Information - An experimental assessment of competitive interactions between sexual and apomictic fern gametophytes using Easy Leaf Area
<p>Supporting Information for the paper titled <strong>An experimental assessment of competitive interactions between sexual and apomictic fern gametophytes using Easy Leaf Area</strong> published in Applications in Plant Sciences.</p>
FIGURE 1. Polystichum jinpingense.—A. Habitat.—B in Polystichum jinpingense (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from southeastern Yunnan, China
FIGURE 1. Polystichum jinpingense.—A. Habitat.—B. Habit of the plant on the rock.—C. Lower portion of plant showing dissection of rhizome.—D. Lower portion of plant showing petioles.—E. Frond.—F. Lower portion of abaxial lamina.—G. Middle portion of abaxial lamina.—H. SEM image of spores.
FIGURE 2. Polystichum jinpingense.—A. Habit.—B. Rhizome scale.—C in Polystichum jinpingense (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from southeastern Yunnan, China
FIGURE 2. Polystichum jinpingense.—A. Habit.—B. Rhizome scale.—C. Portion of petiole.—D. Portion of basal rachis with pinnae.— E, F. Rachis scales (Drawn by Z-LL based on the holotype, scale bars A & D = 1 cm, B & C = 1 mm, E & F = 0.5 mm).
FIGURE 3 in Cyathea fabiolae (Cyatheaceae, Polypodiopsida), a new scaly tree fern from the northern Andes
FIGURE 3. Croziers of A) C. fabiolae, B) C. tortuosa, and C) C. brunnescens. Note lack of villosity, near lack of scurf, and orange-brown scales in C. fabiolae in contrast to C. tortuosa (villous axes abaxially, brown scales) and C. brunnescens (markedly scurfy rachis, brown scales).
FIGURE 2 in Cyathea fabiolae (Cyatheaceae, Polypodiopsida), a new scaly tree fern from the northern Andes
FIGURE 2. Known localities (black circle, type locality; open circles, localities known from photographic evidence; gray circle, paratype locality) of Cyathea fabiolae along the Amazonian slope of the Andes in Peru and Ecuador. Photographic records: a. Pacto Sumaco, Napo: -0.618, -77.598; b. Mera, Pastaza: -1.438, -78.130; c. Quimi, Morona Santiago: -3.489, -78.417; by Adrian Tejedor, June, 2016.
FIGURE 1. Cyathea fabiolae. A in Cyathea fabiolae (Cyatheaceae, Polypodiopsida), a new scaly tree fern from the northern Andes
FIGURE 1. Cyathea fabiolae. A, pinna, silhouette; B, petiole scale; C, fertile pinnule abaxially; D, fertile segment, abaxially, from G. Calatayud 6220.
Data from: Phylogeny of the polybotryoid fern clade (Dryopteridaceae)
Premise of research. The polybotryoid fern clade is completely Neotropical and consists of Cyclodium, Maxonia, Olfersia, Polybotrya, and Polystichopsis. It has never received a detailed phylogenetic analysis. We performed such an analysis to examine the relationships among species and genera and to map the evolution of their morphological and anatomical characters.Methodology. Our study included 46 (77%) of the 60 species in the clade. It also included 37 outgroup species from 19 genera. We sequenced four plastid DNA markers (rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, and trnL-trnF) and analyzed the data with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. One anatomical and 11 morphological characters were mapped on the resulting phylogenetic trees using the criterion of maximum parsimony.Pivotal results. The polybotryoid clade was strongly supported as monophyletic, as were its component genera. Nearly all its species have long-creeping rhizomes. Polystichopsis was resolved sister to the other polybotryoid genera. Its monophyly is supported by the morphological synapomorphies of distichous phyllotaxy, long straightish white hairs on the leaves, and tuberculate perines. Two species currently classified in Arachniodes (Arachniodes macrostegia and Arachniodes ochropteroides) form a clade with Olfersia. No known morphological characters support this clade. Olfersia, however, is highly distinct from all other polybotryoids by the combination of its imparipinnate laminae, submarginal connecting vein, strong sterile-fertile leaf dimorphy, loss of indusia, and evolution of acrostichoid sori. Maxonia is defined by its terrestrial root-climbing habit and dimorphic sterile and fertile leaves. Cyclodium and Polybotrya were resolved as sister. The presence of peltate indusia is synapomorphic for Cyclodium. Polybotrya is defined by several morphological synapomorphies: a rhizome anatomy unique among dryopteroid ferns (each individual meristele is surrounded by a dark sclerenchymatous sheath), strong sterile-fertile dimorphy, and loss of indusia. A possible synapomorphy for Polybotrya is the terrestrial root-climbing habit. Within Polybotrya, anastomosing veins and round discrete sori have evolved more than once.Conclusions. This is the first phylogenetic analysis of the polybotryoid ferns. The clade was resolved as monophyletic, as were its genera. An unexpected result was that two species currently classified in Arachniodes (A. macrostegia and A. ochropteroides) were resolved sister to Olfersia. Most of the main clades of polybotryoids were supported by morphological and/or anatomical characters.
FIGURE 1. Polystichum neocavernicola Y.Y. Liang & Li Bing Zhang.—A in Polystichum neocavernicola (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae), a new cave fern from Guangxi, China
FIGURE 1. Polystichum neocavernicola Y.Y. Liang & Li Bing Zhang.—A. Outside view of the cave where the new species was found.— B. Habitat.—C. Habit.—D. Adaxial view of frond—E. Adaxial view of lower portions of fronds.—F. Portion of abaxial pinna showing sori.—G. Abaxial view of upper portion of lamina.—H. Polar views of spores.
FIGURE 1 in Polystichum gonggashanense (Dryopteridaceae): a new fern from Sichuan, China
FIGURE 1. An illustration of Polystichum gonggashanense.—A. Habit.—B. Pinna.—C. Petiole scales.—D. Rachis scales.—E. Microscales.—F. Indusium (based on Li-Bing Zhang 169; drawn by Jian Chen).
FIGURE 2. A in Polystichum gonggashanense (Dryopteridaceae): a new fern from Sichuan, China
FIGURE 2. A color plate of Polystichum gonggashanense.—A. The highest peak of Mt. Gongga where the new species was discovered.— B. Habit.—C. Lower portion of petiole showing blackish brown scales.—D, E. Portions of adaxial pinnae showing scales.—F. Portion of abaxial pinna showing sori and scales.
FIGURES 3–7 in Cytotaxonomy of the endemic Karst and Danxia ferns in Adiantum (Pteridaceae)
FIGURES 3–7. (Continued) Photomicrographs (left) and explanatory diagrams (right) of chromosomes of A. longzhouensis (2n = 60). 3-6: individuals collected in DX (wah2020060616); 7: individuals collected in DB (wah2020060618).
FIGURE 12 in Cytotaxonomy of the endemic Karst and Danxia ferns in Adiantum (Pteridaceae)
FIGURE 12. Morphology of individuals responding to Figs 1–11 and Table 1. A–I: A. gravesii complex; J: A. dentatum; K–L: A. mariesii complex; M: A. juxtapositum; N-O: A. longzhouensis. A: JEB, B: GAS; C: HFB; D: HMMB; E: JW1B1; F: HB1B; G: SJB; H: GGL1; I: GXM; J: HB2C; K: HMMX; L: SBSX; M: GSD; N: DX; O: DB. Among the A. gravesii complex (A–I), D and G were typical A. gravesii, the others were intermediate morphology. In A. mariesii complex, L is the typical A. mariesii and K was the A. mariesii complex. All short names of populations and their morphological characters were listed in Table 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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