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Fig. 4 in A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Laos

Fig. 4. Lateral head view of the adult male holotype of Lycodon banksi sp. nov. (VNUF R.2015.20). Drawing by T. Ziegler.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Laos

Fig. 1. Bayesian cladogram based on the partial cytochrome b gene. Numbers above and below branches are bootstrap values of MP/ ML analyses (>50%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively. Asterisk denotes 100% value.

Fig. 3 in A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Laos

Fig. 3. Different head views of the adult male holotype of Lycodon banksi sp. nov. (VNUF R.2015.20). Photos V. Q. Luu.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Laos

Fig. 6. Map showing the type locality of Lycodon banksi sp. nov. in Khammouane Province (black dots) and other records of the genus Lycodon occurring in Laos (after Deuve, 1970; Vogel et al., 2012; Siler et al., 2013; Luu et al., 2013; Teynié et al., 2014).

Fig. 2 in A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Laos

Fig. 2. Adult male holotype of Lycodon banksi sp. nov. (VNUF R.2015.20) in life. (A) dorsolateral view. (B) Head in dorsolateral view. (C) Head in dorsal view. Photos: V. Q. Luu.

Fig. 5 in A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Laos

Fig. 5. Additional record of Lycodon banksi sp. nov. in life: (A- B) dorsolateral views. (C) Head in dorsal view. Photos A-C A. Sahu. (D) Dorsal view. Photo P. Jaeger.

Fig. 5 in Nemacheilus cacao, a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from the middle Mekong basin in Laos

Fig. 5. Tubercles on body side and pectoral fin of large male Nemacheilus cacao, new species, ZRC 62553, holotype, 56.9 mm SL. A, red outline depicts field of tubercles on body side; B–C, area of main tuberculation enlarged; D, dorsal view on right pectoral fin; E, tubercles on pectoral fin enlarged.

Fig. 1 in Nemacheilus cacao, a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from the middle Mekong basin in Laos

Fig. 1. Live specimen of Nemacheilus cacao, new species, ZRC 62554, paratype, male, 61.5 mm SL; Laos: Khamouane province: Thakkhet district: small tributary of Nam Thorn at cave Tham Nang Eng (Photo: J. Kühne).

Fig. 2 in Nemacheilus cacao, a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from the middle Mekong basin in Laos

Fig. 2. Nemacheilus cacao, new species, Laos: Khammouane prov: Thaket district: small tributary of Nam Thorn at cave Tham Nang Eng. a, ZRC 62553, holotype, 56.9 mm SL, adult male; b, ZRC 62558, paratype, 50.4 mm SL, adult female; c, ZRC 62556, 27.7 mm SL, juvenile.

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Liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) worm burdens and egg counts from humans in Thailand and Lao PDR

Helminth transmission and morbidity are dependent on the number of mature parasites within a host, however, observing adult worms is impossible for many natural infections. An outstanding challenge is therefore relating routine diagnostics, such as faecal egg counts, to the underlying worm burden. This relationship is complicated by density-dependent fecundity (egg output per-worm reduces due to crowding at high burdens) and the skewed distribution of parasites (majority of helminths aggregated in a small fraction of hosts). We address these questions for the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, which infects approximately ten million people across Southeast Asia, by analysing five epidemiological surveys (n = 641) where adult flukes were recovered. Using a mechanistic model, we show that parasite fecundity varies between populations, with surveys from Thailand and Laos demonstrating distinct patterns of egg output and density-dependence. As the probability of observing faecal eggs increases with the number of mature parasites within a host, we quantify diagnostic sensitivity as a function of the worm burden and find that > 50% of cases are misdiagnosed as false negative in communities close to elimination. Finally, we demonstrate that the relationship between observed prevalence from routine diagnostics and true prevalence is non–linear and strongly influenced by parasite aggregation.

Fig. 4 in Nemacheilus cacao, a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from the middle Mekong basin in Laos

Fig. 4. Nemacheilus cacao, new species, ZRC 62553, holotype, 56.9 mm SL; left suborbital flap in lateral view.

Fig. 10 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 10. Distribution of Nemacheilus pullus. One symbol may represent several localities. White circle is type locality. Dams, reservoirs and other alterations of original hydrographic network omitted.

Fig. 5 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 5. Anterior nostril at tip of a short tube and suborbital flap (arrow) in male of: a, Nemacheilus pullus, CMK 27566, 50.8 mm SL; and b, N. platiceps, CMK 7927, 40.8 mm SL.

Fig. 8. Nemacheilus pullus, CMK 27697 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 8. Nemacheilus pullus, CMK 27697, male, 55.6 mm SL; left pectoral fin, dorsal view. Note that this is one of the specimens with most developed tubercles on pectoral-fin rays; in most specimens they are fewer and restricted to branched rays 1–3.

Fig. 3 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 3. Nemacheilus platiceps; a, CMK 21392, 27.8 mm SL; Laos: Mekong drainage: Xe Kong watershed; b–d, CMK 7927, Vietnam: Dong Nai drainage, 36.2 mm SL (b, reversed), 40.8 mm SL, 54.4 mm SL (d, reversed); and e, NRM 15095, holotype, 40.1 mm; Vietnam Dong Nai drainage (reversed).

Fig. 2 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 2. Nemacheilus pullus, Laos: Mekong drainage: Nam Ngiep watershed; before fixation; a, CMK 27566, paratype, female, 51.9 mm SL; b, CMK 27552, female, 54.6 mm SL.

Fig. 1 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 1. Nemacheilus pullus, Laos: Mekong drainage: Nam Ngiep watershed; a, CMK 27518, paratype, male, 37.7 mm SL; b, MHNG 2787.091, holotype, male, 41.5 mm SL; c, CMK 27518, paratype, female, 64.1 mm SL. Note that in b the specimen is slightly tilted laterally and the eye appears more distant from the dorsal profile than in reality.

Fig. 11 in Nemacheilus pullus, a new species of loach from central Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

Fig. 11. Laos: Saysomboune Province: Nam Ngiep watershed: Houay Hok upstream of confluence with Nam Khai. Type locality of Nemacheilus pullus, 11 March 2018. Now at about, or below, full supply level of Nam Ngiep 1 reservoir.