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Fig. 10 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 10. First two relative warps (RWs) of the geometric morphometric analyses of the upper cheek teeth of fossil capybaras from Argentina, in occlusal view. A. P4. B. M1–2. J, juvenile.

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Fig. 9 in Late Miocene capybaras from Argentina: Skull anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, and biochronology

Fig. 9. First two relative warps (RWs) of the geometric morphometric analyses of the posterior region of the rostrum of fossil (Cardiatherium) and extant Hydrochoerus) capybaras from Argentina, in ventral (A) and lateral (B) views. J, juvenile.

Fig. 2 in A new Eliomys from the Late Miocene of Spain and its implications for the phylogeny of the genus

Fig. 2. The glirid mammals Eliomys yevesi sp. nov. (A–L) and Eliomys intermedius Friant, 1953 (M–U) from Spain, Villatoya-Venta del Moro Formation, Miocene (see Table 1 for locality name abbreviations). A. VVmA-42 (MGUV-27256), right p4. B. VVmA-1 (MGUV-27215), right m1, m2. C. VVmA- 6 (MGUV-27220), right m1, m2. D. VVmBC-5 (MGUV-27490), right m3. E. VVmA-40 (MGUV-27254), left P4. F. VVmA-16 (MGUV-27230), right M1, M2. G. VVmA-25 (MGUV-27239), right M1, M2. H. VVmA-13 (MGUV-27227), left M3. I. VVmA-14 (MGUV-27228), left M3. J. ABS3A-38 (MGUV-23529), right m1, m2. K. AF1'06-190 (MGUV-28334), right m1, m2. L. AF1'07-36 (MGUV-28427), left M1, M2. M. AC0-88 (MGUV-28551), right m3. N. LB2B-176 (MGUV-28727), right m1, m2. O. LB2B-241 (MGUV-28727), left M1, M2. P. LB2B-177 (MGUV-28728), left M3. Q. LB2B- 178 (MGUV-28729), left P4. R. AL2D-290 (MGUV-28063), left m1, m2. S. AL2D-356 (MGUV-28129), left m3. T. AL2D-291 (MGUV-28064), right M1, M2. U. AL2D-293 (MGUV-28066), left M1, M2.

Fig. 1 in A new Eliomys from the Late Miocene of Spain and its implications for the phylogeny of the genus

Fig. 1. Location of the Venta del Moro, Alcoy, Purcal, and Calicasas sites (stars) that have yielded specimens of Eliomys yevesi sp. nov. The dormouse symbol indicates the location of Venta del Moro, the type locality of E. yevesi. Abbreviations: ABS-3A, Alcoi Barranc Sud 3A; AF-1, Alcoi Forn 1; CLC-3B, Calicasas 3B; PUR-4, Purcal 4; VVm, Venta del Moro.

Fig. 5 in A new Eliomys from the Late Miocene of Spain and its implications for the phylogeny of the genus

Fig. 5. Early Vallesian (early Tortonian) to early Villanyan (Piacenzian) stratigraphic distribution and proposed phylogenetic relationships of the genus Eliomys (modified from García-Alix et al. 2008a). Abbreviations: ABS, Alcoi Barranc Sud; AC, Alcoy Cristian; AF, Alcoi Forn; AL, Alcoy; ALJ, Aljezar; ARQ, Arquillo; BLS, Barranco de Blas; CA/MN, Calatayud-Montalbán Basin; CB/AL, Cabriel and Alcoy Basins; CLC, Calicasas; DHS, Dehesa; ELMA, European Land Mammal Age; FOU, Lo Fournas; FRA, France; GER, Germany; GR/GU, Granada and Guadix Basins; HAU, Hautimagne; Ham, Hammerschmiede; LB, La Bullana; LC, Lomas de Casares; LG, La Gloria; LM, Los Mansuelos; MN, Mammal Neogene Units; ORR, Orrios; OTU, Otura; PE-2A, Pedregueras 2A; PUR, Purcal; SAR, Sarrión; SET, Sète; SOL, Solera; TCH, Tollo de Chiclana; TER, Teruel Basin; VAL, Villaba Alta; VVm, Venta del Moro; VP, Viveros de Pino. The double-headed arrow indicates the range of uncertainty.

Fig. 4. 50 in A new Eliomys from the Late Miocene of Spain and its implications for the phylogeny of the genus

Fig. 4. 50% majority rule consensus of the seven most parsimonious trees (L = 21, retention index = 0.619, consistency index = 0.619) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis. Numbers next to clades indicate the percentage of most parsimonious trees in which the clade was recovered. The extant glirid Dryomys nitedula, a form closely related to Eliomys, was chosen as outgroup.

Fig. 3 in A new Eliomys from the Late Miocene of Spain and its implications for the phylogeny of the genus

Fig. 3. Comparison of length and width measurements (in mm) of p4 (A), P4 (B), m1, m2 (C), M1, M2 (D), m3 (E), and M3 (F) of Eliomys truci from Aljezar B, Hautimagne, Los Mansuetos, Orrios, Sarrión, Sete, Villalba Alta (Adrover 1986), Concud 2 and 3, Concud Barranco de los Calaveros, Los Mansuetos, Masada del Valle 2, 5 and 7, Tortojada A and C (Weerd 1976), DHS-1 and 16, PUR-23, 24, and 25A, OTU-1, TCH-1B and 13 (García-Alix et al. 2008a), Negratín-1 (Minwer-Barakat et al. 2009); Moreda 1A, 1B, Rambla Seca 1 (Castillo 1990) and Puente Minero (Alcalá et al. 1991); Eliomys yevesi sp. nov. from VVm-A, B, BC, C, and D, ABS-3A, AF-1'06, AF-1'07, CLC-3B, and PUR-4; Eliomys intermedius from Arquillo 3, Sete, Orrios 3, Villalba Alta (Adrover 1986), Escorihuela, Orrios (Weerd 1976), PUR-13, TCH-1 and 1B, TCH3, TCH-13 (García-Alix et al. 2008), Moreda 1A, 1B, Bélmez 1 and Rambla Seca A1 and A2 (Castillo 1990) and Alozaina (Aguilar et al. 1993); Eliomys quercinus from Vallparadís and Cal Guardiola (Minwer-Barakat et al. 2011, Baños de Mula (Agustí et al. 1990), Peña de Estebanvela (Sesé 2006b), Valdocarros (Sesé et al. 2011), Sima de los Huesos (Cuenca-Bescós et al. 1997), Bois Roche (Sesé and Villa 2008), Santenay (Chaline 1972); and Eliomys aff. quercinus from Huétor Tájar 1 and 8.

Fig. 5 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 5. Sexual dimorphic scatter plots of Chilotherium wimani. A. Occipital surface. B. Occipital surface area. C. Mandible. D. Length of upper molar teeth.

Fig. 3 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 3. Tusks (i2) and symphyses of perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani Ringström, 1924 (Liushu Formation, late Miocene, Linxia Basin, Gansu, China). A. Female (HMV 1450). B. Male (HMV 0746).

Fig. 2 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 2. Skulls of perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani Ringström, 1924 (Liushu Formation, late Miocene, Linxia Basin, Gansu, China) with articulated mandibles. A. Female (HMV 1426). B. Male (HMV 1451).

Fig. 4 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 4 Sexual dimorphism in tusks (i2s) and symphyses of Chilotherium wimani. A. Tusks. B. Symphyses.

Fig. 1 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 1. Map of the Linxia Basin showing the fossil localities (triangles) where Chilotherium wimani were found.

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Fig. 2 in Anisodontherium from the Late Miocene of north-western Argentina

Fig. 2. Megatheriine Anisodontherium sp. (PVL 6425), Cerro Castillo de Las Brujas, Tucumán Province, Argentina. Saladillo Formation (Upper Miocene). A–C. Mandible in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and occlusal (C) views. D. Digit III of the manus in lateral view.

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Fig. 3 in Anisodontherium from the Late Miocene of north-western Argentina

Fig. 3. Lower molariforms of megatheriines in occlusal view. A. Anisodontherium sp. (PVL 6425), Cerro Castillo de Las Brujas, Tucumán Province, Argentina. Saladillo Formation (Upper Miocene). B. Pyramiodontherium Rovereto, 1914 (MLP 31−XI−12−25), Bajo de Andalhuala, Catamarca Province, Andalhuala Formation (Upper Miocene). C. Megatherium Cuvier, 1796 (CICYTTP−PV−M−2−356), Entre Ríos Province, Tezanos Pinto Formation (Upper Pleistocene). Explanatory drawings (A1–C1), photographs (A2–C2).

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Fig. 1. A in Anisodontherium from the Late Miocene of north-western Argentina

Fig. 1. A. Map of Argentina showing the distribution of fossil Megatheriinae during the Late Miocene–Pliocene. 1, Abra Pampa (Jujuy Province); 2, Saladillo Formation (Tucumán Province); 3, Andalhuala and Corral Quemado formations (Catamarca Province); 4, Toro Negro Formation (La Rioja Province); 5, Huayquerías de San Carlos (Mendoza Province); 6, "conglomerado osífero", Ituzaingó Formation (Entre Ríos Province); 7, Arroyo Chasicó Formation (Buenos Aires Province); 8, Río Negro Formation (Río Negro Province). B. Geologic map of Cerro Castillo de Las Brujas area (Tucumán Province). C. Schematic profile of the sequence indicating the position of the fossiliferous level and the dated tuff.

FIGURE 6 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 6. Occlusal pattern of the dp4 of: 1, specimen from Şemsettin (SMT-2); 2, Hyotherium mesneri (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, illustrated after van der Made, 1994, plate IV4b, mirror view); 3, Aureliachoerus aurelianensis (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, MNHN Ar 2566); 4, Nguruwe kijivium (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, KNM SO1062, mirror view), 5, Eurolistriodon tenarezensis (Suidae, Listriodontinae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 6H); 6, Palaeochoerus (Palaeochoeridae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 6G); 7, Egatochoerus (Suoidea incertae sedis, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 6F); 8, Sanitherium (Sanitheriidae, THY 9, figured in Bonis et al., 1997); 9, Taucanamo sansaniense (MNHN Sa 4618, mirror view). All teeth represented with the same length, not to scale. Abbreviations: E, entoconid; ectE, ectoendocristid; ectH, ectohypocritid; ectP, ectoprotocristid; enE, endoentocristid; enH, endohypocritid; enPrm, endoprimocristid; H, Hypoconid; Hul, Hypoconulide; M, metacristid; P, Protoconid; Pa, paraconid; posecM, postectometacristid; posecP, postectoprotocristid; posH, posthypocristid; posM, postmetacristid; posP, postprotocristid; posPa, postparacristid; posPrm, postprimocristide; preM, premetacristid; prep, preprotocristide; prePa, preparacristid; prePrm, preprimonid; Prm, primonid.

FIGURE 2. Figure 2 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 2. Figure 2 Suid remains from Şemsettin, Çankiri-Çorum Basin, north Central Anatolia. Nguruwe? galaticum sp. nov.:1-3, fragmentary cranium, type specimen SMT-1 in 1) occlusal, 2) left lateral, 3) right lateral views; 6-9, right canine associated to SMT-1 in 6) ventral, 7) posterior, 8) lateral, 9) anterior view; 10-14, left P3 associated to SMT-1 in 10) occlusal, 11) labial, 12) anterior, 13) lingual, 14) posterior views. Hyotheriinae gen. et sp. indet: 4-5, isolated right dp4 SMT-2 in 4) occlusal, 5) labial views. Arrows indicate anterior direction for jugal teeth. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 5. Boxplots of 1, Antero-Posterior Length (APL) and 2, Labio-Lingual Length (LLL) measurements of Hyotherium meisneri in light grey (measurements from van der Made, 1994), Aureliachoerus aurelianensis in black (measurements from the material from Artenay curated in the MNHN and from van der Made and Morales, 1999), Chicochoerus minus in white (measurements from van der Made, 1998; van der Made and Morales, 1999; Orliac et al., 2006), Nguruwe kijivium in stripes (measurements from Pickford, 1986), Nguruwe namibense in dark grey (measurements from Pickford, 2008). The specimens from Şemsettin are represented by black stars. Abbreviations: C. m, Chicochoerus minus; H. m, Hyotherium meisneri; N. k, Nguruwe kijivium.

FIGURE 1 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 1. Geological map of the region around the Şemsettin locality (modified from Karadenizli et al., 2004 and from Özcan et al., 2007) and lithostratigraphic column across the Şemsettin locality (modified from Karadenizli et al., 2004).

FIGURE 4 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 4. Occlusal pattern of the M2 of: 1, specimen from Şemsettin (SMT-1); 2, Aureliachoerus aurelianensis (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, MNHN Ar 2611); 3, Hyotherium meisneri (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, van der Made, 1994, plate IV7); 4, Nguruwe kijivium (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, KNM); 5, Sanitherium (Sanitheriidae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 5J); 6, Palaeochoerus (Palaeochoeridae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 5H); 7, Taucanamo (Palaeochoeridae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 5I). Not to scale. Abbreviations: cul, centroconule; enP, endoprotocrista; enPa, endoparacrista; M, metacone; mesl, mesiostyle; mestl, metastyle; P, Protocone; Pa, paraconule; Pasl, parastyle; Paul, paraconule; posM, postmetacrista; posPa, postparacrista; preM, premetacrista; preP, preprotocrista; prePa, preparacrista.