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5,108 results for “North America”
Fig. 6. Megaxyela inversa Blank & D.R in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America
Fig. 6. Megaxyela inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov. (♀, paratype, DEI-GISHym 22356, USNM). A. Habitus, lateral; small insertion: original collection labels. B. Antenna. C. Head, frontal, arrowhead indicating carina along inner orbit. D–E. Metatarsus, lateral/lateroventral view. F–G. Wings.
Fig. 4 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America
Fig. 4. Megaxyela fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. A. Habitus lateral (♀, DEI-GISHym 5752, NSMT). B. Metatarsus lateral (♀, 5752, NSMT). C–D. Metatarsus lateral/ventral (♂, holotype, 5236, CSCS). E–F. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, holotype, 5236, CSCS). G. Head frontal (♂, 5239, NSMT).
Fig. 9 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America
Fig. 9. Megaxyela pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov. A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♀, holotype, DEI-GISHym 86249, ZIN). C. Abdomen lateroventral, arrowheads indicating black anterolateral spots on sterna (♀, 18504, NSMT). D–E. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, 22349, NSMT). F. Head frontal (♀, holotype, 86249, ZIN). G–I. Metatarsus ventral (♀, 22346, NSMT), lateral (♀, 22346, NSMT), lateral (♂, 22349, NSMT).
Fig. 8. Megaxyela parki Shinohara, 1992. A–B in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America
Fig. 8. Megaxyela parki Shinohara, 1992. A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♀, DEI-GISHym 18509, NSMT). C–D. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, 710, NSMT). E. Head frontal (♂, 710, NSMT). F–G. Metatarsus lateral/ventral, arrowheads indicate pulvilli (♀, 18509, NSMT). H. Metatarsus lateral (♂, 710, NSMT).
FIGURE 1 in Two New Records of Wing-reduced Tipulidae from North America
FIGURE 1. Tipula (Vestiplex) aldrichiana Alexander. A: Dorsal view. B: Left lateral view of head and thorax. C: Dorsal view showing wing morphology. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Does European-introduced Phragmites australis experience below-ground microbial enemy release in North America?
<p>Escape from native range enemies can give invasive species a competitive edge according to the enemy-release hypothesis. While more commonly associated with predators and herbivores, release from belowground microbial antagonists has been recently demonstrated to benefit invasive plants. Biogeographic variation in dominance and comparisons of soil communities suggest that invasive European <em>Phragmites australis</em> may have also benefitted from belowground enemy release in North America. Here we examine the effects of native range (Europe) versus introduced range (North America) soil communities on European native and North American introduced<em> P. australis</em> using a reciprocal inoculation seedling growth experiment. Contrary to the enemy-release hypothesis, we found that North American-introduced <em>P. australis</em> was sensitive to soil community origin in that the seedlings grown in European soil communities (native) had higher total biomass than seedlings grown in North American soil communities (introduced). This pattern was not observed in the European native <em>P. australis</em> seedlings which had similar biomass when grown with North American or European soil communities. Notably, introduced <em>P. australis</em> had higher biomass than native <em>P. australis</em> regardless of which soil community it was grown in, suggesting a growth-defense tradeoff. Though the relative abundance of mutualists and pathogens composition did not differ between the two ranges, an indicator analysis revealed that mutualistic fungi and bacteria were key components of European soil communities but not in North American communities. Interestingly, North American soil communities had lower β-diversity than European communities suggesting higher levels of community conservation amongst North American populations. This research represents the first evidence of growth-defense trade-offs in introduced <em>P. australis</em> and offers a novel mechanism for understanding the invasion of <em>P. australis</em> in North America.</p>
Unique functional diversity during early Cenozoic mammal radiation of North America
<p>Mammals influence nearly all aspects of energy flow and habitat structure in modern terrestrial ecosystems. However, anthropogenic effects likely have altered mammalian community structure, raising the question of how past perturbations have done so. We use functional diversity to describe how the structure of North American mammal communities changes over the past 66 Ma, an interval spanning the rebound radiation following the K/Pg and several subsequent environmental disruptions including the PETM, the expansion of grassland, and the onset of Pleistocene glaciation. For 264 fossil communities, we examine three aspects of ecological function: functional evenness, functional richness, and functional divergence. Shifts in functional diversity are significantly related to major ecological and environmental transitions. All three measures of functional diversity increase immediately following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, suggesting that high degrees of ecological disturbance can lead to synchronous responses both locally and continentally. Otherwise, the components of functional diversity respond differently to environmental changes and are decoupled for the last ~56 million years.</p>
Defoliator outbreaks track with warming across the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest of North America
<p>The biogeography of irruptive insect herbivores is determined by host availability and climate conditions. As such, outbreak distributions are sensitive to climatic change, especially across large latitudinal gradients. Here, we investigate the outbreak distributions of two understudied defoliators, hemlock sawfly (Hymenoptera; <em>Neodiprion tsugae</em>) and western blackheaded budworm (Lepidoptera; <em>Acleris gloverana</em>), that have both recently impacted the greatest land area recorded across the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest since the establishment of aerial survey programs. We compiled polygon-based estimates of insect damage collected by aerial observers, forest inventory, and downscaled climatic data to develop gridded estimates of bioclimatic conditions across the extent of the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest, including the continental United States, British Columbia, and Alaska. We leveraged these data to develop ensemble machine learning models with the goal of predicting the outbreak distribution of each insect. In this manuscript we: (1) describe the historical patterns of defoliator outbreaks, (2) identify and describe climatic conditions associated with outbreaks in both species, and (3) assess whether historic outbreaks have tracked geographic shifts in climate conditions across the region. We demonstrate that outbreaks of hemlock sawfly and western blackheaded budworm have been observed across the Pacific coastal temperature rainforests of North America in each decade since the establishment of the Canadian and United States aerial survey programs. The distribution of outbreaks by both insects were best explained by host availability, a limited range of spring, summer, and winter temperatures, and minimum precipitation. Finally, we demonstrate that outbreaks have tracked the poleward shift in suitable climate over the last century. This study establishes a baseline understanding of the climatic constraints and biogeographic patterns of historic sawfly and budworm outbreaks across the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest and emphasizes the overarching importance of climate in driving the irruptive dynamics of these defoliator species.</p>
FIGURE 4. Avicennia germinans. A in Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica
FIGURE 4. Avicennia germinans. A. Habit (composite from photos of living plants). B. Pneumatophore (Schwartz & Nickerson 9119). C. Fertile shoot (Calzada 434, Pipoly 9034, Sousa 3112). D. Inflorescence with flower in profile (Lakela 29824, Sousa 3112). E. Flower, front-view (Lakela 29824, Sousa 3112). F. Stamen (Sousa 3112). G. Gynoecium (Lakela 29824). H. Fruit with detail of surface (Lundell 7009). Drawn by Tom Davis from specimens at CAS.
FIGURE 3. Avicennia spp. A in Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica
FIGURE 3. Avicennia spp. A. Flower of A. germinans in Florida (photo by Bob Peterson, cropped, creative commons license, ). B Flower of A. marina subsp. australasica in Australia (photo by M. Fagg, cropped, source: Australian National Botanic Gardens at ). C. Inflorescence of A. biflora (Sediles 461, CAS). D. Fruits of A. bicolor (top; Barrera 8, CAS), A. germinans showing dehiscence (middle; Ferris 5396, DS), and A. marina subsp. australasica (bottom; Nickerson 6445a from New Zealand, CAS).
FIGURE 2 in Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica
FIGURE 2. Map showing distribution of Avicennia spp. in North America and Mesoamerica. The generalized distribution of A. germinans is shown. The distribution of A. germinans in Cuba and other West Indian islands is not shown.
Fig. 4 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America
Fig. 4. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica marincovichi (Kiel and Amano, 2010), from the Oligocene Kulthieth Formation, Alaska, USA. A. Rubber peel of holotype UCMP 555221 showing internal features including hinge dentition of the right valve. B. Paratype UCMP 555223, internal mold of a left valve, showing adductor muscle scars and small pallial sinus. C. Paratype UCMP 555224, an articulated specimen showing inflation, lunular incision, and escutcheon (C1) and external sculpture of right valve (C2). All images from Kiel and Amano (2010).
Fig. 3 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America
Fig. 3. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the upper Oligocene part of the Lincoln Creek Formation at Knappton, along the Columbia River, western Washington, USA. A. Holotype USNM 534954, left valve showing external surface (A1) and hinge (A2). B. Paratype USNM 534956, left valve showing external surface (B1) and hinge (B2). C. USNM 534955, posterior part of a left valve showing external surface (C1) and the posterior end of the nymphal ridge (C2). All images (except C2) from Amano and Kiel (2007).
Fig. 2 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America
Fig. 2. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the West Fork Satsop seep deposit, lower Oligocene, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington, USA. A. NRM PAL Mo 195149, articulated specimen with partially preserved shell, in lateral (A1, A3) and dorsal (A2) views. B. NRM PAL Mo 195150, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell; B2, close-up showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar (dotted line). C. NRM PAL Mo 195151, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell (C2) and with posterior adductor muscle scar barely visible (dotted line in C1). D. NRM PAL Mo 195153, articulated specimen showing inflation and ligament. E. NRM PAL Mo 195152, small specimen with fully preserved shell, view on outer shell surface. F. NRM PAL Mo 195154, right valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell, showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar. G. NRM PAL Mo 195155, left valve with mostly preserved shell.
Fig. 1 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America
Fig. 1. Map showing location of the studied localities in North America (inset) and western Washington State, USA. 1, the new West Fork Satsop seep deposit; 2, Knappton, the type locality of Squiresica knapptonensis.
FIGURE 12 in Pygocephalomorphan crustaceans further emphasise the similarities between the Carboniferous Piesberg quarry in Germany and the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte in North America
FIGURE 12. Time span of the species of Pygocephalomorpha during the Carboniferous of North America, the UK and continental Europe. Abbreviation: Ks, Kasimovian.
FIGURE 11 in Pygocephalomorphan crustaceans further emphasise the similarities between the Carboniferous Piesberg quarry in Germany and the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte in North America
FIGURE 11. Frequency plot of the distribution of ingroups of Eumalacostraca and of its sister-group Phyllocarida, during the Carboniferous (A) of North America, the UK and continental Europe, the Mississippian (B) and the Pennsylvanian (C).
FIGURE 10 in Pygocephalomorphan crustaceans further emphasise the similarities between the Carboniferous Piesberg quarry in Germany and the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte in North America
FIGURE 10. Restoration drawings of the pygocephalmorphan Anthracaris gracilis (Meek and Worthen, 1865) and Pygocephalus cooperi Huxley, 1857. (A–C) A. gracilis. (A) Dorsal aspect. (B) Ventral aspect of putative female, note the pouch on the last thorax segment. (C) Ventral aspect of putative male. (D–F) P. cooperi. (D) Dorsal aspect. (E) Ventral aspect of female with thorax sternites hidden by oostegites. (F) Putative male in ventral aspect.
FIGURE 8 in Pygocephalomorphan crustaceans further emphasise the similarities between the Carboniferous Piesberg quarry in Germany and the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte in North America
FIGURE 8. Restoration drawings of shields of pygocephalmorphans. (A) Specimen 1.587, (B) 1.228 and (C) Pal.590-2 of Anthracaris gracilis (Meek and Worthen, 1865) from the Carboniferous of Germany. (D) Anthracaris gracilis, based on Brooks (1962, pl. 32, fig. 2). (E) Pygocephalus cooperi Huxley, 1857, based on Schram (1979, fig. 39a). (F) Pygocephalus dubius (Prestwich, 1840), based on Schram (1979, fig. 39c).
FIGURE 7 in Pygocephalomorphan crustaceans further emphasise the similarities between the Carboniferous Piesberg quarry in Germany and the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte in North America
FIGURE 7. Plot of the eumalacostracan shields of Anthracaris gracilis (Meek and Worthen, 1865) from the Carboniferous of Germany (1.587A, Pal.590-2, 1.228A) and of A. gracilis from Mazon Creek, USA. Values for A. gracilis from Brooks (1962).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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