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FIGURE 2. A in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)
FIGURE 2. A, Typical swamp habitat for the Albemarle turtle leech. Shown is Griffin Swamp, Pasquotank County, NC, where 8 specimens (4.5–44 mm) were collected overnight by means of the 'Essig' leech trap shown in B (see Methods). B, This pocketed, aluminium device transforms sampling leeches in such inhospitable swamps. Scale bars: A, 1 m; B, 2.5 cm.
FIGURE 1. A in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)
FIGURE 1. A, Map of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain showing location of the Albemarle region of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA. This wetlands (yellow shading) is the focus of an ongoing study of the Hirudinea. B, Close-up of locality stations (red stars) where over 675 Albemarle turtle leeches were collected in this study from 2008–2020. See Appendix for compilation of locality records. Scale bars: A, 100 km; B, 50 km. ABBREVIATIONS TO FIGURES. a, atrium; ae, accessory eye; ah, atrial horn; an, anus; b, 'brain'; cc, crop caecum; cl, 'colossal cells'; cu, detached cuticle; cup, detached cuticle of proboscis sheath; e, eye; ed, ejaculatory duct; f, female gonopore; g, ganglion; ic, intestinal caecum; lp, lateral head patch of segment IV; m, male gonopore; ma, metameric marginal pattern; mp, mouth pore; my, mycetome; oc, common ovisac; oe, oesophagus; op, posterior arm of ovisac; ov, vertical arm of ovisac; p, proboscis; pa, point of attachment; pb, base of proboscis; pd, paramedial stripe; pm, protractor muscle; pp, placobdellid head pattern; ps, proboscis sheath; pt, pre-anal tubercle; r, rectum; rm, retractor muscle; s, mid-dorsal stripe; sa, anterior salivary 'gland'; sb, common bundle of ductules from both salivary 'glands'; sd, bundle of ductules from salivary 'gland'; sp, posterior salivary 'gland'; pst, presumptive salivary tissue; sv, seminal vesicle; t2, second testisac; ta, paramarginal tubercle; ti, intermediate tubercle; tm, medial tubercle; tp, paramedial tubercle; ua, pre-ocular unpigmented area; vr, ventral rim of oral sucker; vs, ventral longitudinal stripe; wp, white patch.
FIGURE 15 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)
FIGURE 15. The multilinear pattern of dorsal tubercles in the Albemarle turtle leech correlates with the underlying crop caeca. For comparative purposes the intermediate tubercle (ti) of segment XIX is labelled in each respective image. A, orderly pattern of five rows of dorsal tubercles of an adult individual (PM-6). B, same individual as A under intense transmitted light showing the respective dorsal tubercles in relation to underlying blood-filled crop caeca. C, unfed embryo (4.8 mm) brooded by the adult in A, B, showing presumptive tubercles linked to the same respective crop caeca. A, reflected LED light. B, C, transmitted LED light. Scale bars: A, B, 5.0 mm; C, 0.2 mm.
Prevalence of Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, B. salamandrivorans, and Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Amphibians and Reptiles of North Carolina, USA
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The viral pathogen<b> </b><i>Ranavirus</i> (<i>Rv</i>) and the fungal pathogens <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>), <i>B. salamandrivorans </i>(<i>Bsal</i>), and <i>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</i> (<i>Oo</i>) infect amphibians and reptiles. In recent years, there has been increased interest in reporting the occurrences of these pathogens. North Carolina, USA has a rich diversity of amphibians and reptiles, and is notably the most species-rich U.S. state in salamanders. We assessed prevalence of <i>Rv</i>, <i>Bd</i>, <i>Bsal</i>, and <i>Oo </i>in a broad taxonomic and geographic representation of amphibians and reptiles in North Carolina. Non-lethal skin swabs were taken using standardized methods from 718 amphibians and 254 reptiles, most of which were wild caught across North Carolina, with some captive individuals from living collections at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and North Carolina State University Veterinary College. The presence and quantity of <i>Rv</i>, <i>Bd</i>, <i>Bsal, </i>or <i>Oo</i> DNA in the swabs was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). <i>Rv </i>was found in 29% of the amphibians and reptiles that were tested, <i>Bd</i> was found in 14% of the frogs and salamanders tested, and <i>Oo </i>was found in 10% of the snakes tested. Presence of <i>Bd</i> was positively associated with presence of <i>Rv</i> in frogs but not in salamanders. <i>Rv</i>, <i>Bd</i>, <i>Bsal, </i>and <i>Oo</i> were found in a wide variety of species and across the state. As none of the individuals sampled were apparently sick or coming from populations with recent mass die-off or mortality events, this research suggests that these three pathogens are probably endemic to North Carolina and found naturally in wild populations. <i>Bsal</i> was not found in any samples, consistent with the finding that this pathogen has not yet been detected in the wild anywhere else in the USA. As this pathogen is associated with wild salamander die-offs in Europe, its introduction into salamander-rich North Carolina could be catastrophic. Hence efforts to continue to monitor for <i>Bsal</i> and prevent its introduction into the USA remain very important.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIG. 12 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 12. (A±F) Antennula of species of diOEerent genera of the subfamily Leutzinae. (A) Panetela wol. (B) Exiliniscus acuteatus. (C) Thaumastosoma platycarpus. (D) Austroniscus norbi. (E) Nannoniscella biscutatus. (F) Leutziniscus jebamoni. (G) Antennula of the subfamily ConusinaeÐNannonisconus latipleonus. (Sources various.)
FIG. 10. Exiliniscus chandravoli n in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 10. Exiliniscus chandravoli n. sp., holotype female, length 2.9 mm. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Antennula. (C) Antenna. (D, E) Second pereopod. (F) Sixth pereopod. (G) Seventh pereopod. (H, I) Lateral view of the pleon showing the operculum. (J) Uropod.
FIG. 11 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 11. (A) Female Nannoniscella biscutatus (Siebenallerand Hessler, 1977) and (B) female Nannoniscoide s latediOEusus Siebenaller and Hessler, 1977.
FIG. 16. First pereopod with large carpus with immovable and elongated claw forming a in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 16. First pereopod with large carpus with immovable and elongated claw forming a hand and the movable propodus with ventral fringe and terminal claw, in three species of the genus Prochelator. (A) P. lateralis, (B) P. sarsi and (C) P. abyssalis.
FIG. 7 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 7. Five genera of the subfamily Leutzinae. (A) Leutziniscus e.g. L. jebamoni. (B) Thaumastosoma e.g. T. platycarpus Hessler, 1970. (C) Panetela e.g. P. wol Siebenaller and Hessler, 1981. (D) Exiliniscus e.g. E. clipeatus Siebenaller and Hessler, 1981. (E) Austroniscus e.g. A. norbi Svavarsson, 1982.
FIG. 14 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 14. Mirabilicoxa gracilipes (Hansen, 1916)Ðtype species. (A) Female. (B) Male. (C) Female operculum. (D) Male second pleopod with stylet. (E) Male ®rst pleopod.
FIG. 5. Prochelator sarsi n in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 5. Prochelator sarsi n. sp., Holotype female, length 2.6 mm. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Antennula. (C, D) First pereopod. (E, F) Second pereopod. (G) Third pereopod. (H, I) Fourth pereopod. (J) Seventh pereopod. (K) Uropod.
FIG. 2. Mirabilicoxa hessleri n in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 2. Mirabilicoxa hessleri n. sp., Holotype male, length 2.8 mm. (A) Dorsal view. (B, C) First pereopod. (D) Second pereopod. (E) Fourth pereopod. (F) Uropod. (G) Antenna. (H) Antennula.
FIG. 1 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 1. Beaufort±Bermuda transect in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean showing the four study-sites oOE North Carolina coast. (I) Site Alpha (square) on the upper Carolina slope. (II) Site Beta (rectangle) on the lower Carolina slope. (III) Site Sigma (round) on the continental rise and (IV) Site Omega (triangle) on the Hatteras abyssal plain.
FIG. 6 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 6. Five genera of the subfamily Nannoniscidae. (A) Nannoniscus e.g. N. muscarius (Menzies and George, 1972). (B) Regabellator e.g. R. profugus Siebenaller and Hessler, 1881. (C) Raponiscus e.g. R. crasipes (Hansen, 1916). (D) Hebefustis e.g. H. vafer Siebenaller and Hessler, 1977. (E) Nannoniscoides e.g. N. latediOEusus Siebenaller and Hessler, 1977.
FIG. 3. Mirabilicoxa alberti n in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 3. Mirabilicoxa alberti n. sp. Holotype female, length 2.8 mm. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Antennula and basal articles of antenna. (C) First pereopod. (D) Third pereopod. (E) Uropod.
FIG. 4 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 4. Eugerda latipes (Hansen, 1916). (A) Dorsal view. (B) First pereopod. (C) Uropod. (D) Antennula. (E) Eugerda svavarssoni n. sp. Dorsal view of holotype female, length 2.2 mm. (F) Antennula and peduncle of antenna.
FIG. 13 in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 13. Antennula of species of the diOEerent genera of the subfamily Leutzinae. (A) Regabellator profugus. (B) Nannoniscus muscarius. (C) Rapaniscus dewdeneyi. (D) Nannoniscoide s angulatus. (E) Hebefustis vafer. (Sources various.)
FIG. 9. Leutziniscus jebamoni n. gen. n in Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from bathyal and abyssal depths oOE North Carolina and their evolution
FIG. 9. Leutziniscus jebamoni n. gen. n. sp. Holotype female, length 5.8 mm. (A) Dorsal view. (B, C) First pereopod. (D, E) Second pereopod. (F) Antennula. (G) Operculum. (H) Uropod.
Fig. 2 in Records and Notes for Two Uncommon Species of Coleoptera, Trichodesma klagesi (Fall) (Ptinidae) and Oxylaemus americanus LeConte (Teredidae), from North Carolina, USA
Fig. 2. Dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus of Oxylaemus americanus collected from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA.
FIGURE 11 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA
FIGURE 11. Hypothesized passive margin escarpment evolution (PMEE) time series of the Stony Fork watershed (figure concept adapted from Prince et al. 2010). i) The initial Eastern Continental Divide (ECD) demarcated the higher-gradient, moderate elevation Yadkin River basin and moderate-gradient, higher elevation New River basin; the basins did not share an ancestral Cambarus species. ii) Erosion along the higher-gradient eastern slope of the ECD (dotted line) captured the headwaters of a historic New River Basin stream, bringing ancestral C. aff. robustus into the Yadkin basin and forcing a downstream retreat of ancestral C. species C. iii) Additional erosional events (dotted lines) pushed the ECD further inland and demarcated extant interior basin species from Atlantic Slope species; Cambarus lapidosus is isolated from C. aff. robustus in the Stony Fork headwaters by the extant ECD and from downstream C. species C by a natural waterfall barrier.
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