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Fig. 7 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 7. The holopeid gastropod Ptychonema agyris Ebbestad, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgystan. A. Reconstruction of the shell in dorsal view. B. Reconstruction of the shell in lateral view. C. Reconstruction of the shell in presumed life position with the apertural plane horizontal and with slight regulatory detorsion to balance the shell. Note how the emargination is not in an anterior position. D. Reconstruction of the shell in presumed life position with the apertural plane horizontal, but without regulatory detorsion, so that the emargination is in an anterior position.

Fig. 6 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 6. The holopeid gastropod Ptychonema agyris Ebbestad, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgyz Range. A. NMW 98.66G.950, specimen with partially preserved aperture. B. NMW 98.66G.951, base of a specimen with shell preserved. C. NMW 98.66G.952, partial last whorl with shell intact. D. NMW 98.66G.953, cross section of large specimen. E. NMW 98.66G.954, cross section of initial whorls of small specimen. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 4. Antanal face of the eocrinoid Cardiocystites bohemicus Barrande, 1887 (MHNM.15406.13.1); Upper Ordovician, Morocco, Oued El Caïd Rami. A. Photograph of latex cast showing brachioles and stem articulated to the theca. B. Camera lucida drawing. Brachioles are not detailed because of their thinness. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 1. Location of the collecting site. A. General map of Morocco. B. Geological sketch−map of Anti−Atlas (after Destombes et al. 1985; modified). C. Geographical location of the studied section (black star).

Fig. 8 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 8. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Late Ordovician (early Caradocian) showing geographical destribution of shallow water (BA1) lingulid−mollusc associations on Kazakh terranes. The reversed position of the North China plate in low northern latitudes and position of Tarim plate at 36.5°S are mainly after Zhao et al. (1996). Relative positions of Gondwana, Armorica, Baltica, Avalonia, and Laurentia are mainly after Torsvik (1998). Kazakhstan in the Ordovician was not a single plate but an assemblage of island arcs and microplates (Apollonov 2000; Webby et al. 2000). Some Kazakh terranes (Chingiz−Tarbagatai) are remnants of several Early Palaeozoic intra−oceanic island arcs, in a part possibly representing the Cambrian eastern active margin of Baltica detached sometime within the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Another group of Kazakh terranes (North Tien Shan, Chu−Ili, Balkhash−Dzhungaria, Ulutau−Karatau−Naryn) are microplates presumably of a peri−Gondwanan origin. Position of North Tien−Shan at low southern latitudes after Bazhenov et al. (2003).

Fig. 1 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 1. Geological map of the western part of Kyrgyz Range (after Farid Kh. Apayarov and Matvei M. Gutermakher, unpublished) showing position of the measured sections and fossil localities. This mountainous area is a central part of the North Tien Shan mountain system, which is a series of parallel south−southwest to east−northeast ranges stretching for about 2500 km from Turkestan in the west to northern China in the east. Black arrows indicate direction of water flow in tributaries and rivers; 509 and 510 are fossil localities.

Fig. 3 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 3. The lingulid brachiopod Tunisiglossa almalensis Popov and Mambetov, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgyz Range. A. NMW 98.66G.869, ventral internal mould. B. NMW 98.66G.871, ventral valve, exterior. C. NMW 98.66G.865, dorsal valve exterior. D. NMW 98.66G.866, dorsal valve, exterior. E. NMW 98.66G.860–862, cluster of three disarticulated valves on a bedding surface. F. NMW 98.66G.872, dorsal valve, interior, latex cast. G. NMW 98.66G.870, holotype, dorsal valve, interior, latex cast showing position of muscle scars (tm., transmedian; o.l., outside latreral; a.l., middle lateral; c.m., central; anterior lateral) and proximal parts of dorsal vascular media (v.m.). H. NMW 98.66G.873, ventral valve, exterior, latex cast (H1) and ventral internal mould showing umbonal muscle scars (u.m.) (H2). I. NMW 98.66G.867, ventral valve, interiors showing position of pedicle nerve impression (p.n.) and NMW 98.66G.868, dorsal valve interior. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

Fig. 6 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the continent position for the Sandbian (Upper Ordovician); modified from Cocks and Torsvik 2004.

Fig. 3 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 3. Global morphology of the Cardiocystites bohemicus Barrande, 1887 eocrinoid featuring developed ambulacra and the well−preserved stem inserted into the theca (Upper Ordovician, Morocco, Oued El Caïd Rami). A. MHNM. 15406.13.1; A1, photograph of the antanal face showing brachioles, the theca and the well−preserved stem; A2, enlargement showing erect ambulacra and brachioles. B. MHNM. 15406.13.2; B1, photograph of the anal face; B2, enlargement showing the anal pyramid. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 5. Anal face of the eocrinoid Cardiocystites bohemicus Barrande, 1887 (MHNM.15406.13.2); Upper Ordovician, Morocco, Oued El Caïd Rami. A. Photograph of latex cast showing anal pyramid and brachioles articulated to the theca. B. Camera lucida drawing. Brachioles are not detailed because of their thinness. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in New occurrence of the Ordovician eocrinoid Cardiocystites: Palaeogeographical and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 2. Correlation chart between main stratigraphic subdivisions proposed for the Upper Ordovician by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy (ISOS; modified from Webby et al. 2004; Bergström et al. 2006), North Gondwanan graptolite biozones (after Vannier et al. 2003; Webby et al. 2004; Finney 2005), lithostratigraphic units defined in the Anti−Atlas (after Destombes et al. 1985; Gutiérrez−Marco et al. 2003; Vecoli and Le Hérissé 2004), British regional time scale (after Webby et al. 2004; Finney 2005), and Bohemian regional time scale (after Prokop and Petr 1999; Vannier et al. 2003; Vecoli and Le Hérissé 2004). Abbreviations: G., Geniculograptus; D., Dicellograptus; N., Normalograptus.

Fig. 5 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 5. Reconstructions of two possible modes of life of Conollia. A. A semi-infaunal mode of life. B. An infaunal mode of life. Adapt- ed from Domínguez Alonso (2004).

Fig. 2 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical position (A) and geographical location (B) of the site where Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. was collected. Adapted from Ingham (1992).

Fig. 3 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 3. Ctenocystoid echinoderm Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland, UK. A. GLAHM 131255/1, partial specimen. B. GLAHM 131255/2, complete specimen. C. GLAHM 131255/3, partial ctenidium in lateral view. D. GLAHM 131255/4, partial ctenidium in adoral view. E. GLAHM 131255/5, partial ctenidium. F. GLAHM 131255/6, partial ctenidium. G. GLAHM 131255/7, complete ctenidium in anterior view. H. GLAHM 131255/8, partial ctenidium in anterior view. I. GLAHM 131255/9, partial ctenidium in anterior view. Photographs of original specimens (A, B), latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate (C–F), and virtual reconstructions (G–I). Abbreviations: as, articulations for serrated spines; cp, ctenoid plates; ss, serrated spines; ts, thecal spines.

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B. Ctenocystis utahensis Robison and Sprinkle, 1969 from Cambrian Series 3 of the United States. USNM 163252 in dorsal (A 1) and anterior (A 2) views; USNM 595079 in right lateral view (B). C. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 1 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15428 in dorsal view. D. Courtessolea moncereti Domínguez Alonso, 2004 from Cambrian Series 3 of France. MNHN F.A45783 in dorsal view. E. Courtessolea sp. from Cambrian Series 3 of Spain. MPZ 2009/1234b in ventral view. F. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 2 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15317 in ventral view. G, H. Jugoszovia archaeocyathoides Dzik and Orłowski, 1995 from Cambrian Series 3 of Poland. ZPAL Ec1/9 in ventral view (G); ZPAL Ec1/1 in anterior view (H). All specimens are latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate.

Fig. 14 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 14. Trigonorhynchiid brachiopod Plectothyrella crassicostis (Dalman, 1828) from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian ( Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia. A. Ventral valve, LDM G 328-15, Blīdene-5, depth 816.6 m, exterior view (A1), interior view (A2) and the detail of the posterior part of the same (A3). B. Incomplete dorsal valve, GIT 542-16, Riekstini-15, 854.8 m, dorsal interior (B1), posterior (B2), and posteriorly tilted (B3) views of cruralium. C. Ventral valve, LDM G 328-149, Mežmali-16, depth 914.9 m, view of pedicle opening. D. Shell, LDM G 328-135, Ēdole-61, 848.1 m, lateral (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Shells, GIT 542-3/1–3, Adze-6, 838.5 m, posterior views of shells in live position and →

Fig. 15 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 15. Meristellid brachiopods of the genus Hindella from Porkuni Regional Stage, East Baltic, Kuldiga Formation, western Latvia (A–C, E, F) and Ärina Formation, northern Estonia (D). A, E, F. Hindella cf. crassa incipiens (Williams, 1951). A. Ventral valve, GIT 542-273, Aispute-41, depth 991.0 m, exterior (A 1), lateral (A 2), posterior (A 3), and anterior (A 4) views. E. Incomplete dorsal valve, GIT 542-278, Aispute-41, 991.0 m, interior view. F. Incomplete ventral valve, GIT 542-35, Stirnas-18, 907.5 m, interior view. B, C. Hindella sp. B. Ventral valve, GIT 542-34, Stirnas-18, 908.2 m, lateral (B 1) and exterior B 2) views. C. The bedding plane with brachiopods, including Hindella sp., GIT 542-4 (figured in Kaljo et al. 2008), Aispute-41, 998.25 m. D. Hindella cf. cassidea (Dalman, 1828), shell, GIT 542-267, erratics from the Kõnnu village, dorsal (D ) and posterior (D ) views. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 12. Heterorthid brachiopod Heterorthina? sp. from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia. Shell, LDM 328-75, Blīdene-5, depth 819.3 m, ventral (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), dorsal (D), and lateral (F) views, and detail of external ornament (E) of the ventral valve showing the growth lines and aditicules. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 13 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 13. Draboviid brachiopods of the genus Kinnella from the East Baltic, Upper Ordovician. A, C. Kinnella cf. kielanae (Temple, 1965) from Kuldiga Formation, Porkuni Regional Stage, western Latvia. A. Shell, GIT 542-229, Riekstini-15, depth 859.9 m, ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), lateral (A3), and posterior (A4) views. C. Ventral valve, GIT 542-226, Aispute-41, 1001.15 m, lateral (C1) and ventral (C2) views. B, D. Kinnella sp. B. Shell with shifted valves, LDM 328-43, Kuili Formation, Pirgu Regional Stage, western Latvia, Blīdene-5, 822.6 m, view of dorsal exterior and ventral interarea (B1) and ventral exterior (B2). D. Shell, GIT 509-71, Tudulinna? Formation, Vormsi Regional Stage (Katian), central Estonia, Lelle (102), 147.96–148.0 m, ventral D1) and lateral (D2) views. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 8 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 8. Plectambonitoid brachiopods from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia. A. Leangella sp., shell, GIT 542-222, Riekstini-15, depth 859.3 m, ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), and lateral (A3) views. B. Eoplectodonta sp., incomplete ventral valve, GIT 542-21, Stirnas-18, 911.9 m, ventral view.