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Figure 5 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology

Figure 5. Variation in the tripus. A, D. malabaricus (MCZ 52394); B, D. pulcher CU 77840). Note the ridge on the lateral face (arrow) of the tripus of D. malabaricus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology

Figure 6. Reduction of the ascending process of the intercalarium. A, Zacco temminicki (CU 37570); B, D. aequpinnatus (AMNH 15761) with reduced ascending process of the intercalarium (shaded black) exemplifies the condition in Danio relative to the outgroups Zacco (A) and Opsariichthys. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology

Figure 4. Variation in the supraneurals. A, Opsariichthys unicirostris (MCZ 32375); B, D. quangbinhensis (AMNH 227913); C, D. malabaricus (MCZ 52399); and D, D. pulcher (CU 77840). Arrow 1 shows the fusion of the anterior margin of the supraneural seen in all danios (B) relative to the outgroup Opsariichthys (A). Arrow 2 indicates the bowl shaped depression (C) in the dorsal surface of the supraneural as seen in D. alabaricus, D. pathirana and D. regina. Arrow 3 indicates the fused, thin dorsal margin of the second supraneural (D) characteristic of D. kerri, D. pulcher and D. rerio. Arrow 4 indicates the saddle-like medial ridge of the anterior supraneural as seen in D. kerri and D. pulcher. Arrow 5 points out the medial curving of the anterior supraneural (B) as seen in D. quangbinhensis and D. aequipinnatus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 2 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology

Figure 2. Reduced parapophysis of the fifth vertebral centrum (arrow). Compare to unreduced vertebral parapophyses of vertebrae six and seven (D. malabaricus; MCZ 52399). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology

Figure 3. The Weberian apparatus and anterior vertebrae of Danio. Camera lucida drawings of A, D. aequipinnatus (AMNH 15761) note relative size of first lateral process (arrow 3), compare to G; B, D. albolineatus (CU 82547); C, D. devario (CU 82548) note absence of flange of os suspensorium (arrow 1), compare to J; D, D. kerri (CU 82554); E, D. malabaricus (MCZ 52399); F, D. pathirana (CU 85509); G, D. pulcher (CU 77840) note relative size of first lateral process (arrow 3), compare to A; H, D. quangbinhensis (AMNH 227913); I, D. regina (CU 82550); J, D. rerio (CU 82546) note presence of flange on os suspensorium (arrow 1), compare to C; K, D. browni (CU 77893). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 1. Left mastoid morphology of some species of Felidae showing the different development of the mastoid process (m.p.) and paraoccipital process (p.p.). A, Panthera leo. B, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1, B-1377. C, Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea. D, B-1377, skull of P. ogygia from Batallones-1 in left lateral view with mastoid area circled.

Figure 4 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 4. Left hemimandibles of Felidae showing differences in the development of the mandibular coronoid process. A, Panthera leo. B, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1. C, Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea.

Figure 5 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 5. Comparative views of the skull and mandible of two Smilodontini species. A, Paramachairodus ogygia. B, Megantereon cultridens (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 8 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 8. Composite reconstruction of the skull, mandible and cervical vertebrae of Paramachairodus ogygia, based on material of several individuals from Batallones-1, showing the inferred position of the main cranio-cervical muscles relevant to the canine shear-bite (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 9 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 9. Photographs of first to seventh cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) (anterior to left) in dorsal view. A, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1, respectively, B-4561, B-5407, B-744 (5), B-5458, B-5459, B-707 (12) and B-707 (12) (the latter have the same number); B, Panthera pardus, 1599.

Figure 30 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 30. Left lateral view of Anhanguera in a bird-like bipedal posture, with subhorizontal femora. The shoulder and intersyncarpal joints are in their close-packed positions, the carpometacarpal joints are supinated, and the elbow, radioulnocarpal, knuckle, and carpopteroid joints are maximally flexed. The femora are depressed by 60°. Scale bar: 500 mm.

Figure 8. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 8. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right elbow joint of Coloborhynchus robustus. Elements are oriented as in Fig. 7: humerus in lateral view, and radius and ulna in medial view. Scale bar: 50 mm. B, diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position and the joint axis. C, right humerus, radius, and ulna in the close-packed position in dorsal aspect, viewed along the joint axis. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.

Figure 7. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 7. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right shoulder joint of Coloborhynchus robustus (SMNK 1133PAL). Elements are oriented as if articulated in their close-packed position: scapulocoracoid in lateral view and humerus in medial view. Scale bar: 50 mm. B, diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position (shaded) and the joint axes. C, right scapulocoracoid and humerus in the close-packed position in anterior aspect, viewed along the primary axis. D, (C) in dorsal aspect, viewed along the secondary axis. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.

Figure 25 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 25. Ventral view of Anhanguera, with the elbow, radioulnocarpal, and knuckle joints flexed by 25° from their close-packed positions. The wingspan is 85% of the maximum. Scale bar: 500 mm.

Figure 18 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 18. Three-dimensional virtual model of Anhanguera, with all limb joints in their respective close-packed positions, except the knee, which is shown partially flexed so that the tibiotarsus is directed backwards. A, ventral view, with flight membranes. Three possible trailing edges of the cheiropatagium are shown: running from the wingtip to the distal end of the crus (solid line), the proximal end of the crus (broken line), and the hip (dotted line). Two possible leading edges of the propatagium are shown, corresponding to an anteroventral orientation of the pteroid (solid line) and a medial orientation of the pteroid (broken line – pteroid itself omitted in this case for clarity). Two possible trailing edges of the cruropatagium are shown: running from the tip of the tail to the distal end of the crus (solid line), and to the proximal end of the crus (broken line). See text for further explanation. B, anterior view, membranes omitted for clarity. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1. Scale bar: 500 mm.

Figure 5 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 5. Relative lengths of the long bones of ten selected ornithocheirid specimens, expressed as a percentage of the ulna length. The collection of points at each value of absolute ulna length represents measurements taken from a single specimen.

Figure 2 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 2. Diagrammatic representation of an articulating element undergoing a cardinal angulation (A) and an arcuate angulation (B). During a cardinal angulation, the joint axis remains fixed and the moving bone remains in a single plane. During an arcuate angulation, the joint axis rotates and the bone moves out of the plane.

Figure 10. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 10. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right intersyncarpal joint of Coloborhynchus robustus. Elements are oriented as in Fig. 7: proximal syncarpal in lateral view and distal syncarpal in medial view. Scale bar: 50 mm. B, diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position and the joint axis. C, right radius, ulna, syncarpals, and wing metacarpal in their respective close-packed positions in posterodorsal aspect, viewed along the joint axis. For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.

Figure 29 in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 29. Dorsal (A), anterior (B), and left lateral (C) views of Anhanguera in an upright bipedal stance. The humeri are retracted by 65°, requiring a maximal supination of 50°, and the other arm joints are maximally flexed.

Figure 13. A in Three-dimensional geometry of a pterosaur wing skeleton, and its implications for aerial and terrestrial locomotion

Figure 13. A, reconstructed articular surfaces of the right carpopteroid joint of Coloborhynchus robustus. Elements are oriented as in Fig. 7: medial carpal in anterior view and pteroid in posterior view. Scale bar: 25 mm. B, Diagrammatic representation of (A), showing contact areas in the close-packed position and the joint axis. The axis rotates with respect to the medial carpal during angulation of the pteroid, and is indicated at maximum extension (ext) and maximum flexion (flex). For a list of anatomical/arthrological abbreviations, see Appendix 1.