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Fig. 8 in Tissue specificity of (E)-β-farnesene and germacrene D accumulation in pyrethrum flowers

Fig. 8. NADI staining and aniline blue staining for cross and longitudinal sections of young T. cinerariifolium flower peduncles. (A) Bright field micrographs of the cross sections of S2 flower peduncle double-stained by NADI reagent and aniline blue. (B) Cross section of the same S2 flower peduncles as in A observed under the UV light. The arrows point to stained terpene oil droplets. (C and D) NADI staining of two longitudinal sections of flower peduncles. Co, cortex; Vb, vascular bundle. The purple-violet oil droplet in the inset of A is pure EβF standard stained by NADI reagent.. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Transcriptome analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis illuminates the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal saponins in rhizomes and leaves

Fig. 2. Genes involved in Paris saponin biosynthesis. (a) Genes participated in the MVA and MEP pathways. (b) Genes participated in the downstream of saponin backbone biosynthesis.

Fig. 4 in Transcriptome analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis illuminates the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal saponins in rhizomes and leaves

Fig. 4. An overview of DEG expression patterns and GO enrichments. (a) Heatmap of expression values for all DEGs. (b) GO enrichments of DEGs, with displaying the top fifteen subcategories for each category.

Fig. 7 in Transcriptome analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis illuminates the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal saponins in rhizomes and leaves

Fig. 7. QRT-PCR validation of RNA-Seq data. Expression profiles of eight selected genes were determined by transcriptome and qRT-PCR data. The left vertical axis represents the relative expression of the gene based on qRT-PCR. The right vertical axis represents the expression level of the gene based on transcriptome sequencing. The asterisk above the bar chart denotes statistical significance based on the qRT-PCR data (* denotes P value <0.05, ** denotes P value <0.01, ns denotes P value> 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Transcriptome analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis illuminates the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal saponins in rhizomes and leaves

Fig. 1. The bioactive compound content and transcriptome characters. (a) Total content of three typical types of Paris saponins in leaves and rhizomes during the vegetative and fruiting stages. VL: leaves at vegetative stage, VR: rhizomes at vegetative stage, FL: leaves at fruiting stage, and FR: rhizomes at fruiting stage. (b) Proportion of three types of Paris saponins in leaves and rhizomes. (c) Distribution of the expressed unigenes in tissues during the two stages (log2 (TPMþ1)> 0). (d) Boxplot of unigene expression profiles.

Fig. 3 in Transcriptome analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis illuminates the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal saponins in rhizomes and leaves

Fig. 3. DEG statistics. (a) Venn diagram of DEGs from the four paired comparisons. (b) The number of up-down regulated DEGs of the four paired comparisons.

Fig. 3 in The toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates decreased levels of the major chloroplast lipids

Fig. 3. Lipid molecular species in non- and cold-acclimated wildtype and toc132toc120± mutant plants as revealed by ESI-MS/MS. Values are means ± S.D. of 5 biological replicates. Asterisks above the error bars indicate significant difference (P <0.05) when compared to non-acclimated wildtype (Col-0) as determined by student's t-test.

Fig. 2 in The toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates decreased levels of the major chloroplast lipids

Fig. 2. Expression of nuclear genes that encode plastid (A) and extraplastid (B) enzymes in the wildtype and toc132toc120± mutant plants. The mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and normalized to the levels of Actin8. The expression levels in the wildtype were set to 1, and values are means ± S.E. of 4 biological replicates. Asterisks above the error bars indicate significant difference (P <0.05) when compared to non-acclimated wildtype (Col-0) as determined by student's t-test.

Fig. 1 in The toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates decreased levels of the major chloroplast lipids

Fig. 1. Total amount of lipid in each head group class in non- and cold-acclimated wildtype and toc132toc120± mutant plants. Lipid samples were analyzed on a triple quadrupole MS/MS equipped for ESI. Values are means ±S.D. of 5 biological replicates. Asterisks above the error bars indicate significant difference (P <0.05) when compared to non-acclimated wildtype (Col-0) as determined by student's t-test. CA is cold-acclimated plants.

Fig. 4 in The toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates decreased levels of the major chloroplast lipids

Fig. 4. Changes in lysophospholipids molecular species in non- and cold-acclimated wildtype and toc132toc120± mutant plants as revealed by ESI-MS/MS. Values are means ± S.D. of 5 biological replicates.

Fig. 7 in Sites of biosynthesis and storage of Taxol in Taxus media (Rehder) plants: Mechanism of accumulation

Fig. 7. Model summarizes the dynamic production of Taxol in Taxus plant stem sections suggesting wood as the site of Taxol biosynthesis, and phloem and outer bark as the sites of storage.

Fig. 6 in Sites of biosynthesis and storage of Taxol in Taxus media (Rehder) plants: Mechanism of accumulation

Fig. 6. In situ immuno-labelling of TS enzyme and Taxol in Taxus stem transverse sections. (A) Control stem section received no primary Abs compared to (B) a section that received anti-TS Ab and (C) a section that received anti-Taxol Ab.

Fig. 5 in Sites of biosynthesis and storage of Taxol in Taxus media (Rehder) plants: Mechanism of accumulation

Fig. 5. Comparison between Taxus plant (A-G) tissues, (H–N) organs and (O–W) age on the contents of (A, H, O) Taxol (B, I, P) baccatin III, (C, J, Q) polyphenols, (D, K, R) HB and the expression of (E, L, S) TS, (F, M, T) PAL and (G, N, W) PAM genes. In case of (D) the comparison was between wood and phloem only, since the bark did not show HB. The data are displayed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. The statistical significance was calculated with a Student-T-test and oneway ANOVA, and the significance level indicated by asterisks. P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Fig. 4 in Sites of biosynthesis and storage of Taxol in Taxus media (Rehder) plants: Mechanism of accumulation

Fig. 4. Comparison between intact plant and plant callus culture (TC) in terms of (A) taxoid contents (Taxol versus baccatin III), number of HB (indicated as red droplets) in (B) TC and (C) intact plant stem sections, and expression of (D and E) TS, (F) PAL and (G) PAM genes. The data are displayed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. The statistical significance was calculated with the Student-t-test and the significance level indicated by asterisks. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Sites of biosynthesis and storage of Taxol in Taxus media (Rehder) plants: Mechanism of accumulation

Fig. 2. Taxol localization and storage. (A) Transverse section of a Taxus plant stem showing the location of Taxol-containing HB (red-stained droplets) within the wood and phloem in comparison to (B) close up view in the vascular bundle (VB) of a root section and (C) close up view in the vascular bundle (VB) of a needle (Taxus leaf) section. (D) and (E) Close up views in the wood and phloem, respectively, to show the distribution of Taxol-containing HB within Taxus stem sections. (F) Pearson's correlation between Taxol content and the number of HB within different plant samples (Pearson's correlation, r2 = 0.77). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Sites of biosynthesis and storage of Taxol in Taxus media (Rehder) plants: Mechanism of accumulation

Fig. 3. Correlation of Taxol accumulation to (A) baccatin III accumulation (Pearson's correlation, r2 = 0.12), (B) polyphenol accumulation (Pearson's correlation, r2 = 0.95) and (C) TS gene expression (Pearson's correlation, r2 = 0.07). (D) Correlation of baccatin III to TS gene expression (Pearson's correlation, r2 = 0.80). The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and the data were considered to have a normal distribution. P value <0.05 was considered as significant.