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FIGURES 155–162 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 155–162. Orasema pirca. ♀: 155. Habitus. 156. Head. 157. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 158. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 159. Axillula. 160. Stigma and postmarginal vein (holotype).

FIGURES 53–58 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 53–58. Orasema cozamalotl. ♀: 53. Habitus. 54. Head. 55. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 56. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 57. Axillula. 58. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 115–120 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 115–120. Orasema llanthu. Holotype ♀: 115. Habitus. 116. Head. 117. Antenna, with F2 plus pedicel, and F6–F7 inset. 118. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 119. Axillula. 120. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 147–152 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 147–152. Orasema nyamo. ♀: 147. Habitus. 148. Head. 149. Antenna, with F2 plus pedicel, and F6–F7 inset. 150. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 151. Axillula. 152. Stigma and postmarginal vein (holotype).

FIGURES 97–104 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 97–104. Orasema kaspi. ♀: 97. Habitus. 98. Head. 99. Antenna, with F2 plus pedicel, and F6–F7 inset. 100. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 101. Axillula. 102. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 17–18 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 17–18. Orasema arimbome. ♀: 17. Propodeum, cal = propodeal callus, mtn = metanotum, ppd = propodeum. 18. Petiole (pet), ptc = anterior petiolar carina.

FIGURES 69–74 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 69–74. Orasema evansi. ♀: USA form: 69. Habitus. 70. Head. 71. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 72. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 73. Axillula. 74. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 47–52 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 47–52. Orasema costaricensis. ♀: 47. Axillula. 48. Axillula of slide-mounted adult syntype. 49. Propodeum. 50. Petiole. ♂: 51. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 52. Petiole.

Fig. 5 in Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages

Fig. 5: Deposit occurrences for all 211 genera with a fossil record (Cretaceous stem and crowngroup ants are excluded and detailed in Table 1). Grey circles indicate impression fossils while orange circles represent amber inclusions; numbers correspond to deposits outlined in Table 2. Grey lines indicate no fossil record while black lines demonstrate presumed temporal ranges for genera. ‡Ichnotaxon.?Unclear placement.cCollective genus sensu ARCHIBALD & al. (2006, 2011). Extant genera under incertae sedis are formally described belonging to a modern genus, but placement remains dubious. For example, Colobopsis brodiei DONISTHORPE, 1920 (Colobopsis placement following WARD & al. 2016), was recently suggested to be incertae sedis due to poor preservation (ANTROPOV& al. 2014). (pp. 1518)

Fig. 4 in Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages

Fig. 4: Number of species described across 67 antyielding fossil deposits ordered in chronologically. Numbers correspond to deposits outlined in Table 2. Orange bars correspond to amber deposits while grey bars denote impression localities. *Indicates some uncertainty in age of the deposit.

Fig. 3 in Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages

Fig. 3: A dated subfamilylevel phylogeny with first confident fossil occurrences for each lineage, last occurrences indicated for extinct lineages. Fossil deposit numbers correspond with Table 2, Figure 4, and Figure 5. Tree topology as well as crown and divergence dates from MOREAU& BELL(2013), which is so far the largest Formicidaewide analysis with respect to taxon sampling. No crown age included for Aneuretinae, Martialis, and Paraponerinae as these are monotypic. Agroecomyrmecinae includes no crown age due to insufficient terminal sampling. Lineages with dotted lines were not placed directly through analyses, but rather added to the moleculederived topology of Moreau & Bell, which did not include fossils. Stem ants andBrownimecia were placed according to conservative results of BARDEN& GRIMALDI(2016) – Note that while Sphecomyrminae and stem group ants are depicted on a single lineage, this group is not necessarily monophyletic. Formiciinae placement is based on WARD (2007), although this position was not recovered in the only two phylogenetic treatments of the subfamily (BARONIURBANI& al. 1992, GRIMALDI& al. 1997), it seems plausible to this author.

Fig. 1 in Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages

Fig. 1: The mesosoma of a Cretaceous ant, Gerontoformica robustus (BARDEN& GRIMALDI, 2014) in lateral view. The metapleural gland opening, visible posteroventrally on the propodeum, has traditionally been a key feature for assigning fossils to Formicidae. Note also the presence of a distinct metanotal sclerite, with clear sutures on all margins – present in many workers of early ant lineages, contrasted with almost all extant species where this segment is lost or reduced to a groove. Redrawn from BARDEN& GRIMALDI(2014).

Fig. 2 in Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages

Fig. 2: MicroCT reconstruction ofHaidomyrmex scimitarus BARDEN & GRIMALDI, 2012 in Burmese amber. While the red coloration of this image is artificial, any colorscheme applied would be as well as Xray imaging captures no coloration. Shapes surrounding the specimen are plant and mineral synclusions. Imaging performed at Cornell Biotechnology Resource Center Imaging Facility with help of M. Riccio.

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Fig. 2 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)

Fig. 2 Ultrametric tree of Ectatomma ants obtained from BEAST Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis of two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene. Ninety-five per cent highest posterior density divergence time estimates are presented as bars. Numbers on the scale at the foot of the figure represent millions of years. Corresponding geological epochs and their subdivisions are represented with differential

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Fig. 3 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)

Fig. 3 Ancestral area reconstruction results from RASP Bayesian analyses of Ectatomma ants based on biogeographic regions of Morrone (2006). Pie chart colours correspond to the posterior probability frequencies for each node. Letters in parenthesis correspond

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Fig. 1 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)

Fig. 1 Ectatomma ant species Bayesian phylogram obtained by Mr. Bayes analyses of two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene sequences. Node support is shown by two numbers, the first one corresponding to Bayesian posterior probabilities and the second one to bootstrap support

FIGURE 8 in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 8. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of the infected ants. a) C. bispinosus infected by O. camponoti-bispinosi; b) Close-up of the O. camponoti-bispinosi ascoma; c) close-up of the O. camponoti-atricipis ascoma; d) infected C. atriceps; e) infected C. indianus; f) close-up of O. camponoti-indiani ascoma. Images: João Araújo.

FIGURE 6. Infected Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis showing initial development. a in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 6. Infected Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis showing initial development. a) Day 1 (24th March 2011): Ant attaching to the leaf and dying a few hours later; b) Day 3: Cottony white fungal mycelium arises from ant sutures and joints, the stroma emerges from behind the ant head; c) Day 5: the covering mycelium becomes light brown and the pink-tipped stroma continues to grow. In 2–3 weeks, the ascoma forms and matures over time depending on climatic conditions. Images: João Araújo.

FIGURE 7 in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 7. Unusual aggregation of different ant species biting on the same leaf and even onto the stoma from another infected ant. Arrows show the four different ants (two species) dead at the same spot. Image: João Araújo.

FIGURE 4. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani a in Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 4. Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani a) Camponotus indianus biting into a leaf, several stromata arising from dorsal pronotum, mesonotum and leg joints, with a characteristic purplish coloration. a-1) lateral, fertile cushion (ascoma); a-2) Close up of the dead ant's head showing the biting behavior. b) Section through ascoma showing perithecial arrangement (bar = 500 μm); c) Ascospore after 24 h, with very long capilliconidiophores (1-3) with capilliconidia at the tip (bar = 50 μm); c-1) Detail of fusoid capilliconidium (bar = 10 μm); d) Close up of perithecia showing asci arrangement and the semi-erumpent ostiole (bar = 50 μm); e) Ascus showing the spiral arrangement of ascospores (bar = 20 μm); e-1) Ascus cap detail (bar = 5 μm); f) Section of upper part of stroma showing asexual morph (Hirsutellalike A type), with long-necked phialides (bar = 10 μm); g) Phialides formed as mycelial cushions (sporodochia) on leg joints and antenna (Hirsutella-like C type) (bar = 10 μm). Images: João Araújo.