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FIGURE 21A–F in The spider genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaeninae) in the Atlantic Forest biome, with the description of one new species from Brazil

FIGURE 21A–F. Patrera recentissima (Keyserling, 1891). Male (MCN 25925): A chelicerae, ventral view; B left palp, ventral view; C same, ventral view, distal area, detail; D same, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Female (MCN 25925): F epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; H, hood; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A 0.3mm; B 0.5mm; C–F 0.1mm.

FIGURE 16A–F in The spider genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaeninae) in the Atlantic Forest biome, with the description of one new species from Brazil

FIGURE 16A–F. Patrera opertanea (Keyserling, 1891). Male (Holotype): A chelicerae, ventral view; B left palp, ventral view; C same, distal area, detail; D same, ventral view; E same, retrolateral view. Female (IBSP 144471): F epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; H, hood; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, B 0.3mm; D 0.05mm; C–F 0.1mm.

FIGURE 15A–D in The spider genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaeninae) in the Atlantic Forest biome, with the description of one new species from Brazil

FIGURE 15A–D. Patrera opertanea (Keyserling, 1891). Male (IBSP 138477): A left palp, ventral view; B same, retrolateral view. Female (IBSP 138477): C epigynum, ventral view; D epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory ducts; CO, copulatory opening; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; H, hood; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae; SR, seminal receptacles; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–D 0.25mm.

FIGURE 19A–G in The spider genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaeninae) in the Atlantic Forest biome, with the description of one new species from Brazil

FIGURE 19A–G. Patrera recentissima (Keyserling, 1891). Male (MCN 24503): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E same, dorsal view. Female (MCN 24503): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; H, hood; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: A, B 3.5mm; C–E 0.66mm; F, G 0.25mm.

FIGURE 18A–D in The spider genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaeninae) in the Atlantic Forest biome, with the description of one new species from Brazil

FIGURE 18A–D. Patrera concolor (Keyserling, 1891). Male (IBSP 212646): A left palp, ventral view; B same, retrolateral view. Female (IBSP 212646): C epigynum, ventral view; D epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A, atrium; CD, copulatory ducts; CO, copulatory opening; E, embolus, FD, fertilization ducts; H, hood; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae; SR, seminal receptacles; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–D 0.25mm.

FIGURE 24A–F in The spider genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaeninae) in the Atlantic Forest biome, with the description of one new species from Brazil

FIGURE 24A–F. Patrera pellucida (Keyserling, 1891). Male (IBSP 35038): A chelicerae, ventral view; B left palp, ventral view; C same, ventral view, distal area, detail; D same, retrolateral view; E same, ventral view. Female (IBSP 139541): F epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: E, embolus; H, hood; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, B 0.4mm; C–F 0.1mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Dataset for The Chosen Few — Variations in Common and Rare Soil Bacteria across Biomes

Rarefied relative abundance data of soil bacterial 16S rDNA amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) merged from three studies [1-3] as previously reported [4]. The ASV abundance table provided here is based on the previously published data (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366252) and was compiled to analyze patterns of bacterial rarity across terrestrial biomes [5].This repository consists of the following files: - meta-samples.csv     Information on sample locations and additional variables (for units see Supplementary Information of reference [4], p.8) - meta-ASV.csv     Sequences and their taxonomic assignment with confidence for highest taxonomic level (see reference [4]). - abundance-table.csv     Table with relative abundance of rarefied counts (columns sum to one). The soil sample ids and ASV sequences are used as column and row indices, respectively.Dataset citation should refer to [4] and method reference to [5].References [1] Bahram, Mohammad, Falk Hildebrand, Sofia K. Forslund, Jennifer L. Anderson, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Peter M. Bodegom, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, et al. 2018. "Structure and Function of the Global Topsoil Microbiome." Nature 560 (7717): 233–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0386-6. [2] Thompson, Luke R., Aaron R. Jex, Alexandra H. Campbell, Alexandra M. Linz, Allison Berry, Allison E. Williams, Alyssa Cochran, et al. 2017. "A Communal Catalogue Reveals Earth's Multiscale Microbial Diversity." Nature 551 (7681): 457–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24621. [3] Zhou, Jizhong, Ye Deng, Lina Shen, Chongqing Wen, Qingyun Yan, Daliang Ning, Yujia Qin, et al. 2016. "Temperature Mediates Continental-Scale Diversity of Microbes in Forest Soils." Nature Communications 7 (July): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12083. [4] Bickel, Samuel, Xi Chen, Andreas Papritz, and Dani Or. 2019. "A Hierarchy of Environmental Covariates Control the Global Biogeography of Soil Bacterial Richness." Scientific Reports 9 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48571-w. [5] Bickel, Samuel, and Dani Or. 2021. "The Chosen Few — Variations in Common and Rare Soil Bacteria across Biomes." The ISME Journal, May. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00981-3.

opennotspecifiedJun 2012View details →

Figure 1 in Habitat selection by small mammals in Brazilian Pampas biome

Figure 1. Location of the study area (Taim Ecological Station) in South America and in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

opennotspecifiedJun 2012View details →

Figure 2 in Habitat selection by small mammals in Brazilian Pampas biome

Figure 2. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) graph comparing the environmental characteristics matrix and small-mammal abundance matrix of the Taim Ecological Station (TES), Pampas biome, southern Brazil. Arrows correspond to environmental variables: percentages of herbaceous plants, grasses and rushes, number of shrubs and terrestrial bromeliads, vegetation layers, invertebrate biomass and abundance, distance from water, presence of cattle; triangles correspond to the species: Akodon azarae, Akodon reigi, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Scapteromys tumidus. Some highly correlated variables (number of seedlings, canopy height and number of trees correlated with vegetation layers, and number of invertebrate orders correlated with invertebrate abundance) have been omitted in order to simplify the presentation.

Figure 4 in Description and notes on the bionomics of a new species of Potamophilops Grouvelle, 1896 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae), from the Cerrado biome in Brazil

Figure 4. Potamophilops bragaorum sp. nov. (A) Male genitalia, dorsal view; (B) male genitalia, ventral view; (C) male genitalia, left face of median lobe; (D) male genitalia, right face of median lobe; (E) spicule of male; (F) female genitalia, ventral view; (G) male sternite VIII; (H) female sternite VIII; (I) posterior end of male ventrite V; (J) posterior end of female ventrite V. Scale bar 0.50 mm.

Figure 1 in Description and notes on the bionomics of a new species of Potamophilops Grouvelle, 1896 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae), from the Cerrado biome in Brazil

Figure 1. Potamophilops species distribution in Brazil and Argentina, South America. (1) Corrientes province, Argentina; (2) Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil; (3) Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo state, Brazil; (4) Taquaruçú, Tocantins state, Brazil.

Figure 3 in Description and notes on the bionomics of a new species of Potamophilops Grouvelle, 1896 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae), from the Cerrado biome in Brazil

Figure 3. Potamophilops bragaorum sp. nov., holotype in detail. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view. Scale bar 2.00 mm.

Figure 5 in Description and notes on the bionomics of a new species of Potamophilops Grouvelle, 1896 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae), from the Cerrado biome in Brazil

Figure 5. Potamophilops bragaorum sp. nov. (A) Vai-Quem-Quer valley, Taquaruçú district, Palmas municipality, Tocantins state, Brazil; (B) cascade on the Ribeirão São João stream in the Vai-Quem-Quer valley, type locality of the new species; (C) P. bragaorum sp. nov. out of the water, as found in nature.

opennotspecifiedOct 2011View details →

Figure 2 in Anurans of Turvo State Park: testing the validity of Seasonal Forest as a new biome in Brazil

Figure 2. Ordination analysis of Seasonal Forest anuran communities using the index of geographic similarity coefficient (CGR) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). For abbreviations see Table 1. 1 = group formed by the sites in the mid-west and south-eastern Brazil, 2 = group formed by sites in the Atlantic Forest, 3 = group formed by sites in southern Brazil.

opennotspecifiedOct 2011View details →

Figure 1 in Anurans of Turvo State Park: testing the validity of Seasonal Forest as a new biome in Brazil

Figure 1. Map of South America highlighting the geopolitical division of Brazil. States of Rio Grande do Sul, (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) are represented in grey. The 19 locations of Seasonal Forest (grey points) and TSP anuran communities (black point) are shown. For abbreviations see Table 1.

dryad32/100

Facilitation by isolated trees triggers woody encroachment and a biome shift at the savanna-forest transition

1. Woody encroachment into grassy biomes is a global phenomenon, often resulting in a nearly complete turnover of species, with savanna specialists being replaced by forest-adapted species. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this change is important for devising strategies for managing savannas. 2. We examined how isolated trees favor woody encroachment and species turnover by overcoming dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. In a savanna released from fire in southeastern Brazil (Cerrado) we sampled woody plants establishing under 40 tree canopies and in paired treeless plots. These trees comprised eight species selected for habitat preference (savanna or forest) and dispersal syndrome (bird-dispersed or not). We recorded dimensions of each tree, dispersal syndrome and habitat preference of recruits, and quantified the physical environment within each plot, aiming at a mechanistic understanding of woody encroachment. 3. We found clear evidence that isolated trees cause nucleation and drive changes in functional composition of savanna. Effectiveness as nucleator differed among species, but was unrelated to their functional guilds (habitat preference or dispersal syndrome). Density of saplings in nuclei was partially explained by soil moisture (+), daily temperature amplitude (-), and sum of bases (-). 4. Our results indicate that isolated trees act first as perches, strongly favoring bird-dispersed species. They then act as nurse trees, considerably changing the environment in favor of forest-adapted recruits. In the long term, as the nuclei expand and merge, savanna specialists tend to disappear and the savanna turns into a low-diversity forest. 5. Synthesis and applications: Fire suppression has allowed the nucleation process and consequently the woody encroachment and fast replacement of savanna specialists by forest species in the Cerrado. By elucidating the mechanisms behind woody encroachment, we recommend using prescribed fires to burn forest seedlings and to reduce tree canopy size wherever the management goal is to maintain the typical savanna structure and composition.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

FIGURE 6a–l in A new leafhopper genus and four new species from the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

FIGURE 6a–l. Tetramelasma nodosatha sp. n. female. a, Habitus, submacropter; b, habitus, macropter (scale bar = 2 mm); c– g, sternite 7, ventrally; h, valvula 1; i, valvula 1 detail; j, valvula 2 detail; k, valvula 3; l, valvula 3 detail (scale bar = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 10a–j in A new leafhopper genus and four new species from the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

FIGURE 10a–j. Tetramelasma tanyphysis sp. n. female. a, Habitus (scale bar = 2 mm); b, sternite 7, ventrally, in situ; c-e, sternite 7, ventrally; f, valvula 1; g, valvula 2; h, valvula 1 detail; i, valvula 2 detail; j, valvula 3; k, valvula 3 detail (scale bar = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 2a–l in A new leafhopper genus and four new species from the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

FIGURE 2a–l. Tetramelasma litopyx sp. n. female. a, Habitus (scale bar = 2 mm); b, sternite 7, ventrally, in situ; c–e, sternite 7, ventrally; f, hind wing; g, valvula 1; h, valvula 2; i, valvula 1 detail; j, valvula 3 detail; k, valvula 2 detail; l, valvula 3 (scale bar = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 5a–f in A new leafhopper genus and four new species from the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

FIGURE 5a–f. Tetramelasma nodosatha sp. n. female. a, Habitus (scale bar = 2 mm); b–c, sternite 7, ventrally, in situ; d–f, sternite 7, ventrally (scale bar = 0.1 mm).