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2,142 results for “by contact”
Social network structure is robust to parasite induced changes in contact behavior of domestic sheep
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Multi-contact loco-manipulation trajectories for the ANYmal robot with a 6-DoF Arm
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Prediction of Individual Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores based on neural responses during live eye-to-eye contact
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Hoi1 targets the yeast BLTP2 protein to ER-PM contact sites to regulate lipid homeostasis
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A new biomechanical approach on cranial sutures function: The role of contact elements in linear and non-linear models
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Reticulate evolution and rapid development of reproductive barriers upon secondary contact in a forest fungus
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Marten mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA from a contact zone in the United States
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Figure 3 in Antennae and the role of olfaction and contact stimulation in mate recognition by males of the pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen gravelyi (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
Figure 3. Micrographs of the antennae and chemosensory sensilla of male Ceratosolen gravelyi. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of the head and antennae, showing an exposed area of the 2nd–3rd flagellomeres (F2–F3). (b) Scanning electron micrographs of an excised antenna, showing the scape (Sc), pedicel (Pe) and flagellum (F). (c) High magnification image of the terminal flagellomere (the 3rd flagellomere, F3) showing the three types of chemoreception sensilla: multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) and basiconic sensilla types 1 (BS-1) and 2 (BS-2). Note the terminal indentation (De) in the BS on the insets in the lower left corner. (d) Longitudinal section of a multiporous plate sensillum showing dendritic branches (DB) running parallel to the sensillar lymph (SL) and ending with cuticular pores (Po) at the sensillum surface. (e) Longitudinal section of the basal area of a basiconic sensilla type 1 inserted into a socket surrounded by a raised cuticular ring (CR). (f) Longitudinal section of the basal area of a basiconic sensilla type 2. (g–i) Cross-sections of a multiporous plate sensillum and basiconic sensilla types 1 and 2. The sensillar wall (SW) of BS-1 and BS-2 is non-porous at this level.
Data and code for changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China
<p>Data and code for the paper "changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China" published in Science.</p>
POLYMOD social contact data
<p>This is the POLYMOD study data.</p>
Social contact data for France
<p>Social contact data for France, with a total of 1755 participants of which the same participants can be present in 2 waves (≈13%). In each wave, participants reported contacts in two consecutive days.</p>
Experimental data for 'The transfer of forces through rough surface contact in concrete'
<p>The data contained in this archive was produced within the research project described in the following thesis:<br> <em>Tirassa M. (2020). The transfer of forces through rough surface contact in concrete. Ph.D. Thesis, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.</em><br> The research project was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation through research grant 200021_169649.<br> The data relates to the topic of force transfer across concrete cracks and interfaces (rebar-to-concrete) subjected to mixed mode kinematics with constant opening angle. It comprises the measured forces (normal and tangential) and displacements (crack opening and sliding). Moreover, some of the resulting surfaces (scanned using a digital microscope) are included.</p>
Data from: Home-based TB contact investigation in Uganda: a household-randomized trial
Introduction: The World Health Organization(WHO) recommends household tuberculosis(TB) contact investigation in low-income countries, but most contacts do not complete evaluation. Methods: We performed a randomized trial of home-based, SMS-facilitated, household TB contact investigation in Kampala, Uganda. Community health workers(CHWs) visited homes of index patients with pulmonary TB to screen household contacts for TB. Entire households were randomly allocated to clinic(standard-of-care) or home(intervention) evaluation. In the intervention arm, CHWs offered adults HIV testing; collected sputum from symptomatic contacts and persons living with HIV(PLWH) if ≥5 years; and transported sputum for microbiologic testing. CHWs referred PLWH, children <5, and anyone unable to complete sputum testing to clinic. Sputum-testing results and/or follow-up instructions were returned by automated SMS. The primary outcome was completion of TB evaluation within 14 days; secondary, TB and HIV diagnoses and treatments among screened contacts. Results: There were 471 contacts of 190 index patients allocated to the intervention and 448 contacts of 182 index patients allocated to the standard-of-care. CHWs identified 190/471(40%) intervention and 213/448(48%) standard-of-care contacts requiring TB evaluation. In the intervention arm, CHWs obtained sputum from 35/91(39%) sputum-eligible contacts and SMS were sent to 95/190(50%) contacts. Completion of TB evaluation in intervention and standard-of-care arms at 14 days(14% vs 15%; difference -1%, 95%CI -9% to +7%, p=0.81) and yields of confirmed TB(1.5% vs 1.1%, p=0.62) and new HIV(2.0% vs. 1.8%, p=0.90) diagnoses were similar. Conclusions: Home-based, SMS-facilitated evaluation did not improve completion or yield of household TB contact investigation, likely due to challenges delivering the intervention components.
Secondary contact zones of closely-related Erebia butterflies overlap with narrow phenotypic and parasitic clines
Zones of secondary contact between closely related taxa are a common legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Despite their abundance, the factors that keep species apart and prevent hybridisation are often unknown. Here we study a very narrow contact zone between three closely related butterfly species of the Erebia tyndarus species complex. Using genomic data, we first determined if gene flow occurs and then assessed whether it might be hampered by differences in chromosome number between some species. We found interspecific gene flow between sibling species that differ in karyotype by one chromosome. Conversely, only F1 hybrids occurred between two species that have the same karyotype, forming a steep genomic cline. In a second step, we fitted clines to phenotypic, ecological and parasitic data to identify the factors associated with the genetic cline. We found clines for phenotypic data and the prevalence of the endosymbiont parasite Wolbachia to overlap with the genetic cline, suggesting that they might be drivers for separating the two species. Overall our results highlight that some gene flow is possible between closely-related species despite different chromosome numbers, but that other barriers restrict such gene flow.
Contrasting signatures of introgression in North American box turtle (Terrapene spp.) contact zones
Hybridization occurs differentially across the genome in a balancing act between selection and migration. With the unprecedented resolution of contemporary sequencing technologies, selection and migration can now be effectively quantified such that researchers can identify genetic elements involved in introgression. Furthermore, genomic patterns can now be associated with ecologically relevant phenotypes, given availability of annotated reference genomes. We do so in North American box turtles (<i>Terrapene</i>) by deciphering how selection affects hybrid zones at the interface of species-boundaries and identifying genetic regions potentially under selection that may relate to thermal adaptations. Such genes may impact physiological pathways involved in temperature-dependent sex determination, immune system functioning, and hypoxia tolerance. We contrasted these patterns across inter- and intra-specific hybrid zones that differ temporally and biogeographically. We demonstrate hybridization is broadly apparent in <i>Terrapene</i>, but with observed genomic cline patterns corresponding to species boundaries at loci potentially associated with thermal adaptation. These loci display signatures of directional introgression within intra-specific boundaries, despite a genome-wide selective trend against intergrades. In contrast, outlier loci for inter-specific comparisons exhibited evidence of being under selection against hybrids. Importantly, adaptations coinciding with species-boundaries in <i>Terrapene</i> overlap with climatic boundaries and highlight the vulnerability of these terrestrial ectotherms to anthropogenic pressures.
Data from: Lessons from movement ecology for the return to work: modeling contacts and the spread of COVID-19
<p>Human behavior (movement, social contacts) plays a central role in the spread of pathogens like SARS-CoV-2. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 was driven by global human movement, and initial lockdown measures aimed to localize movement and contact in order to slow spread. Thus, movement and contact patterns need to be explicitly considered when making reopening decisions, especially regarding return to work. Here, as a case study, we consider the initial stages of resuming research at a large research university, using approaches from movement ecology and contact network epidemiology. First, we develop a dynamical pathogen model describing movement between home and work; we show that limiting social contact, via reduced people or reduced time in the workplace are fairly equivalent strategies to slow pathogen spread. Second, we develop a model based on spatial contact patterns within a specific office and lab building on campus; we show that restricting on-campus activities to labs (rather than labs and offices) could dramatically alter (modularize) contact network structure and thus, potentially reduce pathogen spread by providing a workplace mechanism to reduce contact. Here we argue that explicitly accounting for human movement and contact behavior in the workplace can provide additional strategies to slow pathogen spread that can be used in conjunction with ongoing public health efforts.</p>
Genome-wide patterns of divergence and introgression after secondary contact between Pungitius sticklebacks
<p>Speciation is a continuous process. Although it is known that differential adaptation can initiate divergence even in the face of gene flow, we know relatively little about the mechanisms driving complete reproductive isolation and the genomic patterns of divergence and introgression at the later stages of speciation. Sticklebacks contain many pairs of sympatric species differing in levels of reproductive isolation and divergence history. Nevertheless, most previous studies have focused on young species pairs. Here, we investigated two sympatric stickleback species, <i>Pungitius pungitius </i>and <i>P. sinensis</i>, whose habitats overlap in eastern Hokkaido; these species show hybrid male sterility, suggesting that they may be at a late stage of speciation. Our demographic analysis using whole genome sequence data showed that these species split 1.73 million years ago and came into secondary contact 37,200 years ago after a period of allopatry. This long period of allopatry might have promoted the evolution of intrinsic incompatibility. Although we detected on-going gene flow and signatures of introgression, overall genomic divergence was high, with considerable heterogeneity across the genome. The heterogeneity was significantly associated with variation in recombination rate. This sympatric pair provides new avenues to investigate the late stages of the stickleback speciation continuum.</p>
Contact zone of two different chloroplast lineages and genetic guidelines for seed transfer in Quercus serrata and Q. crispula
<p>Within their natural distribution ranges, plant species exhibit genetic structure which has been created by global climate change and natural selection over long periods. To conserve local forests with different genetic structures, genetic guidelines for seed and seedling transfer in individual species are therefore necessary. Genetic guidelines have been published for 43 Japanese tree species using population genetic data; however, for practical use, more detailed genetic borders between important genetic lineages should be clarified to inform seed collection and planting. Thus, we investigated in detail the genetic borders between two important Japanese oak species, Quercus serrata and Q. crispula, in the Chubu region of Japan using chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers, and we discuss the factors that influenced border creation using the results of species distribution modelling (SDM). Two distinct cpDNA haplotypes were found for each species (northern and southern haplotype) within the Chubu region of Japan but the difference in nuclear DNA between northern and southern haplotype populations was very small both in Q. serrata and Q. crispula. The results of SDM showed that during the LGM Q. serrata was distributed mostly along the coastline but Q. crispula was distributed not only along the coast but also in mountainous areas further inland. The cpDNA genetic borders of these two oak species are complex and seem to have been influenced by topography and their distribution during the LGM. We propose and discuss genetic guidelines for these two oak species based on the results of this study.</p>
Parasite turnover zone at secondary contact: a new pattern in host-parasite population genetics
<p>We introduce a new pattern of population genetic structure in a host-parasite system that can arise after secondary contact of previously isolated populations. Due to different generation time and therefore different tempo of molecular evolution the host and parasite populations reach different degrees of genetic differentiation during their separation (e.g. in refugia). Consequently, during the secondary contact the host populations are able to re-establish a single panmictic population across the area of contact, while the parasite populations stop their dispersal at the secondary contact zone and create a narrow hybrid zone. From the host's perspective, the parasite's hybrid zone functions on a microevolutionary scale as a "parasite turnover zone": while the hosts are passing from area A to area B, their parasites turn genetically from the area A genotypes to the area B genotypes. We demonstrate this novel pattern on a model composed of <em>Apodemus</em> mice and <em>Polyplax</em> lice by comparing maternally inherited markers (complete mitochondrial genomes, and complete genomes of vertically transmitted symbiont <em>Legionella polyplacis</em>) with SNPs derived from the louse genomic data. We discuss circumstances that may lead to this pattern and possible reasons why it has been overlooked in the studies on host parasite population genetics.</p>
Integrating QSAR models predicting acute contact toxicity and mode of action profiling in honey bees (A. mellifera): Data curation using open source databases, performance testing and validation
<p>This excel file (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3755675">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3755675</a>) provides the collection of raw data used for developing the first integrative Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) model using EFSA's OpenFoodTox, US-EPA ECOTOX and Pesticide Properties DataBase i) to predict acute contact toxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>) and ii) to profile the Mode of Action (MoA) of pesticides active substances in honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>)<em>. </em>Chemical identifiers (e.g. SMILES, CAS n., InChI) and acute contact toxicity data (LD<sub>50</sub>) on honey bees were used to develop and validate i) a two-category QSAR model (toxic/non-toxic; n=411) (sensitivity =0.93), specificity =0.85), balanced accuracy =0.90), Matthews correlation coefficient MCC=0.78), and ii) a regression-based model (n=113) (R2=0.74; MAE=0.52). Similarly, current study proposes the first MoA profiling for 113 pesticides active substances and the first harmonised MoA classification scheme for acute contact toxicity in honey bees, including LD<sub>50s</sub> data points from three different databases such as EFSA's OpenFoodTox, US-EPA ECOTOX and Pesticide Properties DataBase. Such classification allows to further define MoAs and the target site of Plant Protection Products (PPPs) active substances, thus enabling regulators and scientists to refine chemical grouping and toxicity extrapolations for single chemicals and component-based mixture risk assessment of multiple chemicals.</p> <p>The full data collection and analysis of QSAR models, toxicity data (LD<sub>50</sub>) and Mode of Action (Moa) data are described in Carnesecchi et al., 2020 (DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139243).</p> <p>This work was supported by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [contract number: OC/EFSA/SCER/2018/01 and NP/EFSA/AFSCO/2016/02 (Edoardo Carnesecchi)].</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.