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Fig. 10 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 10. Unusual dorsal pattern in OMNH 35109, a putative hybrid female, SVL 69 mm, of Aspidoscelis neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis from South of Clabberhill Ranch (CL1*), Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico.

Fig. 9 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 9. Life colors in three lizards used in genetic studies. A. Diploid Aspidoscelis neomexicana adult female, AMNH R151740, SVL 72 mm, Cove Campground (CL13), Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico. B. Triploid Aspidoscelis neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis hybrid male, AMNH R151739, SVL 74 mm, from South Recreation Area (CL2*), Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico. C. Diploid A. sexlineata viridis adult male, AMNH R108142, SVL 69 mm, from Kiowa County, Colorado.

Fig. 3. A in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 3. A relatively stable topographically and ecologically complex area located north of the Canadian River and east of Conchas Lake Dam as viewed from the south side of the river, San Miguel County, New Mexico. North of Canadian River (CL4); V near middle shows the area with openstructured mesquite, grassesweeds, and junipers along an unpaved road on the upper bench near a precipice from which individuals of Aspidoscelis neomexicana, A. tesselata C, and A. exsanguis, but not A. sexlineata viridis or A. tesselata D, have been collected; lower V shows bench near the river with dense mesquite, grasses, and weeds in which only individuals of A. neomexicana have been observed. The presence of Aspidoscelis neomexicana along the rocky precipice at CL4, from which it flees into the boulders below when threatened, makes this site the most unusual known to us for the species throughout its range.

Fig. 13. Subadult Aspidoscelis neomexicana 3 A in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 13. Subadult Aspidoscelis neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis hybrids from components of the South Recreation Area (CL2*), Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico. A. UADZ 7561?, CL2J*, SVL 49 mm. B. UADZ 7556 /, CL2H*, SVL 49 mm. C. UADZ 7555 /, CL2H*, SVL 47 mm. D. UADZ 7452?, CL2H*, SVL 37 mm. E. UADZ 7448?, CL2H*, SVL 45 mm. F. UADZ 7455 /, CL2C*, SVL 48 mm.

Fig. 11 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 11. Adult specimens of Aspidoscelis neomexicana of special significance. A. AMNH R151740 /, SVL 73 mm, from Cove Campground (CL13), Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico, used in karyotypic and electrophoretic analyses in this study. B. MSB 65617 /, SVL 79 mm, from Fort Sumner–De Baca County Landfill (FS1), Fort Sumner, De Baca County, New Mexico; first reported specimen of the species from the county (Taylor, 2002). C. AMNH R151741 /, SVL 73 mm, from Fort Sumner–Railroad Depot (FS2), Fort Sumner, De Baca County, New Mexico, used in karyotypic and electrophoretic analyses in this study.

Fig. 8 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 8. Four or five generations represented by specimens of Aspidoscelis neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis from South Recreation Area (CL2*), Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico, inferred from date of collection and snout–vent length (mm). Some lizards are active at the site from May to October (MJJASO) each year; horizontal line representing each lizard extends from the inferred year and month of hatching to the actual year and month of collection (. 5 younger or older age uncertain).

Fig. 15 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 15. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of eight meristic characters for 49 A. neomexicana (Ơ), 26 A. sexlineata viridis (m 5? and M 5 /), 13 A. neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis (v 5? and V 5 /), AMNH 144085 5 UADZ 3272 (3, assigned to the hybrid group as indicated by Walker et al., 1990), OMNH 35109 (1, assigned to the hybrid group as suspected by B.E. Leuck), and 26 A. tesselata C (n) from Conchas Lake, San Miguel County, New Mexico. Ellipses represent the 95% confidence limits of each group.

Fig. 14 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 14. Comparison of mesoptychial scale size in parental forms and their hybrids. A. UADZ 7318 /, SVL 80 mm, small scales in Aspidoscelis neomexicana. B. UADZ 7464 /, SVL 68 mm, small scales in A. neomexicana. C. UADZ 7396 /, SVL 63 mm, greatly enlarged scales in A. sexlineata viridis. D. UADZ 7553?, SVL 72 mm, enlarged scales in A. neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis. E. UADZ 7554 /, SVL 79 mm, enlarged scales in A. neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis.

Fig. 6 in Hybridization Between Parthenogenetic Lizards (Aspidoscelis neomexicana) and Gonochoristic Lizards (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis) in New Mexico: Ecological, Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Context

Fig. 6. An example of extreme habitat degradation resulting from the activities of man south of Conchas Lake in South Recreation Area (CL2*), San Miguel County, New Mexico. Looking northeast across the Juniper Campground Component (CL2J*) from which individuals of Aspidoscelis neomexicana, A. tesselata C and D, A. exsanguis, A. sexlineata viridis, and A. neomexicana 3 A. sexlineata viridis (including AMNH R151739 used in karyotypic and electrophoretic analyses in this study) have been collected.

Figure 11 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 11. Four mid-Cambrian species from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. A, Laggania cambria (= Anomalocaris nathorsti), ventral; B, Anomalocaris canadensis, ventral; C, Amiskwia sagittiformis; D, Nectocaris pteryx. Scale bar = ∼200 mm (A, B), ∼5 mm (C, D). [A, B reproduced with permission from S M Gonn III (from 'The Anomalocarid Bauplan' http://www.geocities.com/goniagnostus/background3.html); C, D, from Marianne Collins in Gould, 1989.]

Figure 9 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 9. Reticulate phylogeny of adults and larvae of extant hemichordates and echinoderms, showing probable sequence of events. Time (horizontal) not to scale. Ord/Sil, Ordovician/Silurian boundary; pres, present; thick black lines, adults; thin black lines, larvae; grey arrows, larval transfers.

Figure 7. Two Cambrian trilobites. A–D in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 7. Two Cambrian trilobites. A–D, stages in the development of Sao hirsute: A, protaspis; B–D, early segmented stages. E, adult Agnostus pisiformis. Scale bar = ∼1 mm (A–D from Borradaile et al., 1935; E redrawn after Fortey, 2000.)

Figure 6 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 6. Stages in the development of the branchiopod crustacean Leptestheria syriaca, to different magnifications. (From Gurney, 1942; as Estheria.)

Figure 5. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 5. A, nauplius of Penaeus sp. (recent Crustacea: Penaeidae). B, C, Martinssonia elongata (upper Cambrian): B, paranauplius II (left first appendage omitted); C, oldest known stage. Scale bar = ∼0.1 mm (A after Gurney, 1942; B, C adapted from Müller & Walossek, 1986b.)

Figure 4 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 4. Enteropneust and pterobranch hemichordates and a planctosphere. A–E, enteropneusta: A, adult Dolichoglossus, B, tornaria larva; C–E, stages in metamorphosis; F, G, Pterobranchia: F, adult Rhabdopleara; G, pterobranch larva. H, Planctosphaeromorpha: adult Planctoshaera pelagica. Scale bar = ∼10 mm (A), ∼1 mm (B–E, G), ∼5 mm (F, H). (Adapted from Borradaile et al., 1935; Hyman, 1959.)

Figure 3. Bryozoan larvae and adult. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 3. Bryozoan larvae and adult. A, trochophore larva of Alcyonidium; B, cyphonautes larva of Membranipora; C, adult zooid of Electra. (After Williamson, 1992.)

Figure 2 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 2. Examples of overlapping metamorphosis. A, Luidia sarsi (Echinodermata): swimming bipinnaria larva and detached juvenile starfish; B, Polygordius sp. (Annelida): two stages showing segmented polychaete worm protruding from swimming trochophore larva; C, Cerebratulus sp. (Nemertea): juvenile nemertean worm within swimming pilidium larva; D, Doliolum mulleri (Urochordata): juvenile doliolid tunicate within cuticle of tadpole larva. Juvenile stippled in each case. (A, C adapted from Williamson, 1992; B, D adapted from Borradaile et al., 1935.)

Figure 1 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 1. Hydroid and medusae of Hebella (Hydrozoa: Thecata). A, gonophores of H. parasitica; B, male and female medusae of H. parasitica; C, medusa of H. furax. (A, B adapted from Boero, 1980; C adapted from Migotto & de Andrade, 2000.)

Figure 10. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 10. A phylogram of some metazoans, based on 18S rRNA. (From Williamson, 2002; after Michael Syvanen, unpubl. data)

Figure 8 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 8. Larvae of an enteropneust hemichordate and echinoderms. A, tornaria larva of an acorn-worm (Enteropneusta); B, auricularia larva of a sea-cucumber (Holothuromorpha); C, bipinnaria larva of a starfish (Asteromorpha); D, echinopluteus larva of a sea-urchin (Echinomorpha); E, ophiopluteus larva of a brittle-star (Ophiuromorpha); F, doliolaria larva of a sea-lily (Crinomorpha). Scale bar = ∼1 mm (Adapted from Williamson, 1992, 2003.)