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Figs. 12–17. Anthrenocerus stigmacrophilus. Figs 12, 13 scale line 0.05 in Description of the Larval Stage ofMyrmeanthrenus frontalisArmstrong andAnthrenocerus stigmacrophilusArmstrong (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), with a Discussion of their Phylogenetic Relationships
Figs. 12–17. Anthrenocerus stigmacrophilus. Figs 12, 13 scale line 0.05 mm, figs 14–17 scale line 0.1 mm. 12, club-shaped spinulate seta from abdominal tergum 8; 13, hastiseta from abdominal tergum 8; 14, Left antenna, fronto-ventral, segments 2 and 3; 15, epipharynx; 16, maxilla, ventral; 17, apex of maxilla, dorsal.
FIGURE 12 in First record of Alainites sadati Thomas, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Tunisia, description of the larval stage and ecology
FIGURE 12. Map of the distribution of Alainites sadati in North Africa: star: type locality; round: sites hosting A. sadati.
FIGURE 1–6 in First record of Alainites sadati Thomas, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Tunisia, description of the larval stage and ecology
FIGURE 1–6. Larval structures of Alainites sadati from Khemis (Algeria) except Fig. 3b from Beja (Tunisia): 1. Labrum (left: ventral, right: dorsal). 2. Right mandible. 3a. Left mandible. 3b. Left prostheca and incisors. 4. Hypopharynx. 5. Right maxilla. 6. Labium (left: ventral, right: dorsal).
FIGURE 7–11 in First record of Alainites sadati Thomas, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Tunisia, description of the larval stage and ecology
FIGURE 7–11. Structures of Alainites sadati from Khemis (Algeria): 7a. Foreleg. 7b. Midtibia. 8. Tarsal claw. 9. Distal margin of fourth abdominal tergum. 10. Fourth gill. 11. Paraproct.
Fundamental niche narrows through larval stages of a filter-feeding marine invertebrate
<p>Ontogenetic niche theory predicts that resource use should change across complex life histories. To date, studies of ontogenetic shifts in food niches have mainly focused on a few systems (e.g. fish), with less attention on organisms with filter-feeding larval stages (e.g. marine invertebrates). Recent studies suggest that filter-feeding organisms can select specific particles, but our understanding of whether niche theory applies to this group is limited. We characterised the fundamental niche (i.e. feeding proficiency) by examining how niche breadth changes across the larval stages of the filter-feeding marine polychaete <em>Galeolaria</em> <em>caespitosa</em>. Using a no-choice experimental design, we measured feeding rates of trochophore, intermediate-stage and metatrochophore larvae on the prey phytoplankton species: <em>Nannochloropsis</em> <em>oculata</em>, <em>Tisochrysis</em> <em>lutea</em>, <em>Dunaliella</em> <em>tertiolecta</em> and <em>Rhodomonas</em> <em>salina</em>, that vary 10-fold in size, from the smallest to the largest. We formally estimated Levins' niche breadth index to determine the relative proportions of each species in the diet of the three larval stages and also tested how feeding rates vary with algal species and stage. We found that early stages eat all four algal species in roughly equal proportions, but niche breadth narrows during ontogeny, such that metatrochophores are feeding specialists relative to early stages. We also found that feeding rates differed across phytoplankton species—the medium-sized cells (<em>Tisochrysis</em> and <em>Dunaliella</em>) were eaten most, and the smallest species (<em>Nannochloropsis</em>) was eaten the least. Our results demonstrate that ontogenetic niche theory describes changes in fundamental niche in filter feeders—an important next step is to test whether the realized niche (i.e. preference) changes during the larval phase as well.</p>
FIGURE 8. Zoea V in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 8. Zoea V of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod; M) fifth pereiopod; N) third and fourth pereiopods as buds; and O) uropods and telson. (Scale: A, B = 0.5 mm; C, D, I–K, M, O = 0.2 mm; H, L, N = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).
FIGURE 9 in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 9. Morphological characters of larval shrimp of the genus Lysmata Risso, 1816. Phylogeny adapted from Baeza et al. (2009), Baeza (2010), and Alves et al. (2018). Character 1: present in all zoeae; Characters 2–8: only in zoea I; Characters 9–11: only in zoea II; Characters 12–14: only in zoea III. Legend: Character 1, Pterygostomial spine: ● presence Q absence; Character 2, Pereiopod buds: ● in the 1st Q in the 1st–5th ● in the 1st and 2nd; Character 3, Setae in the outer flagellum of the antenulle: ● two Q one; Character 4, Segments in the antenna exopod: ● six Q five; Character 5, Terminal setae on the exopod of the first maxilliped: ● four Q three; Character 6, Base of the second maxilleped with setae distributed in: ● 1+2 Q 2+2 ● 1+2+3; Character 7, Segments in the endopod of the third maxilliped: ● five Q four; Character 8, A pair of simple seta on the third pleonal somite: ● presence Q absence; Character 9, Antenna endopod: ● small and conical shape Q long plumose seta; Character 10, Setae in the antenna scaphocerite: ● eight Q six ● five; Character 11, Pereiopods 1st and 5th: ● developed and functional Q buds or absence; Character 12, Setae in the inner flagellum of the antenulle: ● two Q one; Character 13, Setae in the inner margem of the antenna: ● ten Q eleven ● ≥ twelve; Character 14, Setae in the uropod exopod: ● ≤ nine Q ten ● ≥ eleven.
FIGURE 7. Zoea IV in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 7. Zoea IV of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod; M) fifth pereiopod; N) third pereiopod as bud; and O) uropods and telson. (Scale: A, B = 0.5 mm; C, D, I–K, M, O = 0.2 mm; H, L = 0.1 mm; E–G, N = 0.05 mm).
FIGURE 6 in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 6. Zoea III of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod as bud; M) fifth pereiopod as bud; and N) uropods and telson. (Scale: A = 0.5 mm; B–D, I–K, N = 0.2 mm; H, L, M = 0.1 mm)
FIGURE 5. Zoea II in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 5. Zoea II of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; L) fifth pereiopod as bud; and M) uropods and telson. (Scale: A–B, I, J, M = 0.2 mm; C, D, H, K, L = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).
FIGURE 4. Zoea I in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 4. Zoea I of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; and L) telson. (Scale: A, B, I, J, L = 0.2 mm; C, D, H, K = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).
FIGURE 2. Zoea II in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 2. Zoea II of Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; L) fifth pereiopod as bud; and M) uropods and telson. (Scale: A, B, I, J, M = 0.2 mm; C, D, H = 0.1 mm; E–G, K, L = 0.05 mm).
FIGURE 3 in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 3. Zoea III of Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod as bud; M) fifth pereiopod as bud; and N) uropods and telson. (Scale: A = 0.5 mm; B–D, I–K, N = 0.2 mm; H, L, M = 0.01 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).
FIGURE 1. Zoea I in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages
FIGURE 1. Zoea I of Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; and L) telson. (Scale: A, B, I, J, L = 0.2 mm; C, D, H = 0.1 mm; E, F, G, K = 0.05 mm).
Data from: Larval environment alters amphibian immune defenses differentially across life stages and populations
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Larval diet quality affects allocation tradeoffs in both larvae and adult stages of a moth
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Fundamental niche narrows through larval stages of a filter-feeding marine invertebrate
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Data from: Oxygen limitation at the larval stage and the evolution of maternal investment per offspring in aquatic environments
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Data from: Metabarcoding on planktonic larval stages: an efficient approach for detecting and investigating life cycle dynamics of benthic aliens
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Data from: Acquisition of obligate mutualist symbionts during the larval stage is not beneficial for a coral host
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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